Elaeocarpus Floribundus Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review on Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume

Abstract: Elaeocarpaceae comprises of 615 species in 12 genera which belongs to angiosperm. It is a tropical and subtropical family with few genera extending into the temperate zone. The genus Elaeocarpus consists of about 350 species distributed through Eastern Asia and the Pacific region. Around 2 genera and 33 species of the family are distributed in India. Elaeocarpus floribundus (family: Elaeocarpaceae), commonly known as Indian olive, is famous for its fruits and their medicinal uses. Traditionally local people use leaves for rheumatism, fruits for dysentery and diarrhea and infusion of the bark and leaves are used as mouthwash for inflamed gum. The researchers are attracted to the plant due to its various pharmacological properties like antioxidative capacity, antimicrobial, antihistaminic, antidiarrheal, etc., of different extracts of this plant. The review also aimed to study the morphological characterization and presence of phytochemicals like phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, and carbohydrates. A domain in which the plant has ability to treat cancer, diabetes and infectious diseases. The ethnobotanical and pharmacological data would enable a comprehensive study of the Indian olive.

Phytotoxicity and Identification of Active Compounds from Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Plant for Controlling Weeds.

Phytotoxic compounds isolated and identified from different plants have the ability to use as plant-based herbicides. Phytotoxic chemicals may be essential to weed management and environmental protection in order to reduce the indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides. It has been reported that Elaeocarpus floribundus plant possesses phytotoxic compounds. The leaf extracts of this species demonstrated significant growth inhibition against the tested plants (dicot plant lettuce and plant monocot timothy) and inhibition was dose- and species-dependent pattern. Two phytotoxic compounds were separated using different purifications methods and identified as compounds 1 and 2. All phytotoxic compounds displayed potent growth limitation against the tested species (cress). The compound concentrations needed for the inhibition of 50% growth (IC50 value) of tested species ranged from 1.06 to 8.53 µM (micromolar). Findings of this research suggest that these compounds might be responsible for the phytotoxicity of Elaeocarpus floribundus plant. The results of this study may be helpful for the development of natural herbicide to control weeds.

Green synthesis of silver/silver chloride nanoparticles derived from Elaeocarpus floribundus leaf extract and study of its anticancer potential against EAC and MCF-7 cells with antioxidant and antibacterial properties

In this study, the formation of Elaeocarpus floribundus leaf extract-mediated Ag/AgCl-NPs was ensured by color changes, UV–visible spectrum and it was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmitted electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Synthesized Ag/AgCl-NPs scavenged DPPH and ABTS free radicals with the IC50 values of about 99.86 and 25.50 µg/ml, respectively. Among four pathogenic bacteria, Shigella dysenteriae was the most sensitive to Ag/AgCl-NPs with the lowest MIC value of 2 µg/ml. Besides, Escherichia coli failed to produce biofilm at 80 µg/ml of Ag/AgCl-NPs in a 24 to 96 h incubation period. Using MTT assay, 84.15 % EAC and 61.71 % MCF-7 cells growth inhibition caused at 32 µg/ml of Ag/AgCl-NPs. Moreover, Ag/AgCl-NPs inhibited 46.46 %, 54.54 %, and 71.28 % growth of EAC cells in mice at the doses of 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg/day after five consecutive days. Additionally, frequent apoptotic and altered morphological cells were found in Ag/AgCl-NPs treated groups during cellular morphological study. Moreover, incredible progress of hematological parameters (RBC, Hemoglobin, and WBC) with reduced average tumor weight and an increase in lifespan up to 73.82 % were observed in Ag/AgCl-NPs treated groups of mice and showed mild toxicity with an LC50 value of 138.56 µg/ml towards brine shrimp nauplii.

Effect of seed treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Indian Olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus)

Effect of seed treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Indian Olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus)

Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Production: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Northeast Himalayan Region

Numerous horticulture crops, both well-known and less well-known underutilized fruit crops native to this region, are grown in abundance in the north-eastern Himalayan region. If grown to their full capacity, these crops will produce significant revenue and contribute to the local economy. There is however, a decrease in their availability even before being fully exploited due to losses resulting from many factors including climate change and related variability. The primary consequence of climate change, among many others, is the changes in the agro-ecological region that are observable in some places where there is the replacement of native fruits, many of which originated at higher elevations, with low chilling-required fruits. In the Ukhrul district of Manipur (Northeast India), the abundance of many local temperate crops of the Prunus species such as peaches, plums, cherries, pears, bird cherry (Prunus nepalensis) and others like walnut, wild apple (Docynia indica), Pyrus pashia, Myrica spp., Rhus semialatus, Rubus spp., Eleagnus spp., Elaeocarpus floribundus, Spondias axillaris, etc. are reduced and being replaced by low chilling requiring crops like kiwi, avocado, low chilling apples (Anna, Golden Dorsett, HRMN 99) and area under these crops particularly kiwi is increasing. In household gardens at higher altitudes, tropical fruits like mango, banana and guava are now thriving; in the past, the harsh winter frosts made it impossible even for the seedlings to survive. Despite employing rootstocks that are more resistant to higher temperature, kiwi is replacing the apple-growing regions in the foothills of Bomdila and Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh, since the requisite quality is not achieved.

Total flavonoid content and in vitro study on the sunscreen activity of extracts of leaves of Elaeocarpus floribundus blume

Background: Elaeocarpus floribundus blume leaves have traditionally been used to treat a variety of diseases; Its hot water infusion is used as a gargle to treat inflamed gums and relieve rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, previous research has shown that its methanol extract contains a high level of total phenolic content. Objective: To determine the total flavonoid content (TFC) of E.floribundus leaves extracts and to conduct preliminary research on their sunscreen activity. Method: This plant's dried-bulk leaves were macerated in three different solvents, n-hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol, in that order. The TFC of all extracts was determined using a colorimetric method with AlCl3 as the reagent and quercetine as the standard. In contrast, sunscreen activity was assessed by determining the value of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and 3-benzophenone as the positive control. Result: The results indicated that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts contained 35.58 ± 1.87 mgQE/g extract, 60.59 ± 0.53 mgQE/g extract, and 149.28 ± 0.89 mgQE/g extract, respectively. With SPF values of 45.470; 44.791; 43.754; 38.861 and 21.102 for tested concentrations of 1000; 800; 600; 400 and 200 mg/mL, respectively, methanol extract demonstrated the highest potential for sun protection activity. However, this activity was not more potent than 3-benzophenone, which had an SPF value of 22,647 at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of E. floribundus blume's leaves had the highest total flavonoid content and the greatest potential for sun protection among the tested extracts.

Assessment of economically important tree-based NTFPs in Indo-Burma region, Manipur, India

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to identify economically important NTFPs yielding tree species. Surveys were conducted in 15 local markets in 7 districts of the state and assessment of value-added forest products were also conducted in Van Dhan Vikas Kendra (VDVK), a nationalized minor forest products market. During the survey, a total of 33 NTFPs yielding tree species with varied uses were recorded. Among those, edible fruit species were found to be the most important category with the most profitable items. Some species like, Baccaurea sapida, Docynia indica, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Phyllanthus emblica, Ficus semicordata, Prunus napaulensis, Rhus semialata, Spondias pinnata and Ziziphus mauritiana were utilised in value addition for making different items like candies, pickles, jams, beverages, etc, which have price range of 400–1200 INR per kg having a far higher market value than the raw form, and eventually improve the income of the locals. Poor transportation and unestablished market channels were some of the constraints faced by the people in the trade of NTFPs. Establishing proper market channels would help in improving livelihood of the locals.

Identification of four allelopathic compounds including a novel compound from Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume and determination of their allelopathic activity

Allelopathic compounds can play a vital role in protecting the environment from pollution by synthetic herbicides. Compounds isolated from plant species with allelopathic potential can be used as natural herbicides to control weeds and help reduce environmental pollution. Elaeocarpus floribundus has been reported to contain allelopathic compounds. Aqueous methanolic extracts of the leaves of this plant showed strong growth inhibitory potential against two test species (monocotyledonous Italian ryegrass and dicotyledonous alfalfa) in plants- and dose-dependent technique. Several extensive chromatographic separations of the E. floribundus leaf extracts yielded four active compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 (novel compound). All the identified compounds showed strong growth inhibitory potential against cress. The concentrations caused for 50% growth limitation (I50 values) of the cress seedlings were in the range 500.4–1913.1 μM. The findings indicate that the identified compounds might play a pivotal function in the allelopathic potential of E. floribundus tree. This report is the first on elaeocarpunone and its allelopathic potential.

Flower‐visitor diversity and pollination of Indian olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume)

AbstractThis study assessed flower‐visitor assemblages, breeding system and pollination of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume (Elaeocarpaceae) which is widely distributed throughout Asian countries. As soon as flowers opened, an array of flower visitors including members of Diptera, Hymenoptera and Thysanoptera visited flowers for their forage. The members of Diptera (82.6%) were the dominant visitors in comparison to Hymenoptera (10.4%) and Thysanoptera (7.0%). The flower visitor frequency, activity rate and index of visitation rate revealed that Chrysomya sp., Musca domestica and Eristalinus sp. of Diptera acted as potential pollinators. Self‐incompatibility index and reproductive efficacy were 0.53 and 0.35 respectively, indicating incomplete self‐compatibility. Hand pollination showed significantly higher fruit set in xenogamous pollination (36%) than open pollination (12.82%). A detailed understanding of such flower‐visitor interactions will be helpful in the conservation and sustenance of the species as well as biodiversity.

Myricitrin - a flavonoid isolated from the Indian olive tree (Elaeocarpus floribundus) - inhibits Monoamine oxidase in the brain and elevates striatal dopamine levels: therapeutic implications against Parkinson's disease.

Flavonoids exhibit several biological activities including inhibition of Monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that metabolizes several neurotransmitters. Thus, MAO inhibitors are well included in traditional therapeutic practices to fine-tune neuromotor behavior. This study aims to isolate flavonoids from a less explored plant of northeast India, named Indian olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus; Ef, family Elaeocarpaceae), and evaluate their MAO inhibitory properties. Four flavonoids from Ef leaf extract, namely, myricitrin, mearnsitrin, myricetin, and mearnsetin, are taken into consideration. Spectrofluorimetric assay is carried out to determine the MAO inhibitory properties. Next, in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies are performed in neuronal cell line and Drosophila, respectively. Furthermore, MAO inhibition by the selected compounds and their effect on dopamine levels are examined in the mouse brain. We evaluated the therapeutic potential in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) in terms of behavior, neurotransmitter levels, and dopaminergic neuronal loss. In an in vitro setup, all four compounds inhibited total MAO, whereas myricitrin exhibited some selectivity against MAO-B at 100 μM. Myricitrin and mearnsitrin exhibited no toxicity, in vitro or in vivo. However, only myricitrin inhibited MAO in the mouse brain and elevated dopamine levels. Myricitrin was able to attenuate motor incoordination in the mouse model of PD and improved dopamine levels in the striatum.

Identification of Four Allelopathic Compounds Including a Novel Compound from Elaeocarpus Floribundus Blume and Determination of Their Allelopathic Activity

Identification of Four Allelopathic Compounds Including a Novel Compound from Elaeocarpus Floribundus Blume and Determination of Their Allelopathic Activity

Allelopathic Activity and Characterization of Allelopathic Substances from Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume Leaves for the Development of Bioherbicides

To help protect the environment as well as increase agricultural production, the use of synthetic herbicides must be reduced and replaced with plant-based bioherbicides. Elaeocarpus floribundus is a perennial, evergreen, and medium-sized plant grown in different areas of the world. The pharmaceutical properties and various uses of Elaeocarpus floribundus have been reported, but its allelopathic potential has not yet been explored. Thus, we carried out the present study to identify allelopathic compounds from Elaeocarpus floribundus. Aqueous MeOH extracts of Elaeocarpus floribundus significantly suppressed the growth of the tested species (cress and barnyard grass) in a dose- and species-dependent way. The three most active allelopathic substances were isolated via chromatographic steps and characterized as (3R)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone, cis-3-hydroxy-α-ionone, and loliolide. All three substances significantly limited the seedling growth of cress, and the compound (3R)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone had stronger allelopathic effects than cis-3-hydroxy-α-ionone and loliolide. The concentrations of the compounds required for 50% growth inhibition (I50 value) of the cress seedlings were in the range of 0.0001–0.0005 M. The findings of this study indicate that all three phytotoxic substances contribute to the phytotoxicity of Elaeocarpus floribundus.

Comparison of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two common fruits of Bangladesh in solvents of varying polarities

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two common fruits of Bangladesh, namely Phyllunthus emblica and Elaeocarpus floribundus, were measured in water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and hexane extracts. Several in vitro models including phosphomolybdenum assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and reducing power assay were used to assess the antioxidant activity of these extracts in comparison with reference antioxidants. Between the two fruits, P. emblica showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity in all the solvents used. In the DPPH scavenging assay, the activity of P. emblica extracts was close to reference antioxidants, ascorbic acid and BHT. Besides, considering the solvents used, extracts of both fruits had the highest phenolic and antioxidant activity in polar solvents. The correlation coefficient between total phenolics and antioxidant activities was found statistically significant. These findings suggest that P. emblica could be an excellent antioxidant resource for industries like food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics.

Antimicrobial activities of extract, fractions and isolated compounds from the fruits of Elaeocarpus floribundus growing in North-East India

BackgroundThe fruits of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume are edible and used for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea, a claim of which no scientific studies have validated and whose bioactive principles are unknown. Therefore, the present study centres in the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic crude extract, fractions and the identification of its active constituents. MethodsThe antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, fractions and the isolated compounds were determined using the broth microdilution method. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride assays were utilized to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Respectively, while the essential minerals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. ResultsThe crude extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active against the microorganisms among the fractions. The purification of this bioactive fraction yielded seven compounds which are reported for the first time from this source. Dibutyl succinate (1) exhibited the highest growth inhibitory activity with MIC values of 60, 80, 90 μg/mL against S. dysenteriae, C. albicans, and B. subtilis, respectively. The elemental analysis of the fruit revealed it to be a good source of essential elements. ConclusionThis study indicates that dibutyl succinate (1) can be considered as the main bioactive compound in the fruits of E. floribundus. Therefore, it can be further studied for the treatment of diarrhoea in vivo. These results thereby affirm the traditional uses of the fruits of E. floribundus.

Antimicrobial and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Constituents from Elaeocarpus floribundus

Antimicrobial and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activities of Constituents from Elaeocarpus floribundus

Identification of bioactive metabolites and evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antinociceptive and antiarthritic activities of endophyte fungi isolated from Elaeocarpus floribundus blume

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFunctional disability associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease is a challenging concern in healthcare systems. Along with environmental factors and epigenetic disorders, multiple pathways are reported as prominent mechanism for the progression of RA symptoms including; pain, swelling and stiffness of joints. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume has been used as a folklore medicine for RA from ancient times. This plant harbours a suite of endophytic fungi that produce a range of metabolites of potential interest. Thus, for the establishment of a scientific basis for this folklore use, it is essential to find out the involvement, if any, of the endophytic fungi living in this plant and the metabolites they elaborate, for the management of RA. Aim of the studyThis study was designed to isolate, identify and evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antinociceptive and antiarthritic activities of the compounds produced by the endophytic fungi living in different parts of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume. Materials and methodsEndophytic fungi from different parts of the plant were isolated and cultured for the production of secondary metabolites. Chromatographically fractionated fungal extracts were assessed for anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. For the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX1/COX2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory assays were performed. For the evaluation of in vivo antinociceptive activity, hot plate acetic acid induced writhing, and formalin induced paw licking methods were adopted, whereas complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced poly-arthritic method was adopted for the evaluation of antiarthritic activity. The most effective fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) in search of the bioactive extracellular metabolites. ResultsFive endophytic fungi viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum were isolated. COX1/COX2 and 5-LOX inhibitory assays state that the Aspergillus niger fraction possesses the greatest activity against these enzymes of inflammatory process. In vivo antinociceptive showed significant (***P<0.001) reduction of pain in a dose dependent manner. As well, significant (***P<0.001) reduction of paw volume was observed in CFA induce poly-arthritic test. LC/MS analysis of the Aspergillus niger fraction revealed the presence of bioactive compounds including tensyuic acid, hexylitaconic acid, chlorogenic acid, nigragillin, TMC-256C1, asnipyrone B, asperenone, fumaric acid and fusarubin, all having reported pharmacological activities. ConclusionThe present study demonstrates that secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi living in various parts of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume had potential to relief pain and inflammation. The endophytes were found to contain multiple biomolecules effective in rheumatoid arthritis. These findings provide a rationale for the folklore use of the plant in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.

Elaeocarpus floribundus Bl. seeds as a new source of bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

The fruits of Elaeocarpus floribundus Bl. (Elaeocarpaceae) are edible and are normally prescribed for treatment of diseases. The medicinal uses of the fruit create considerable quantities of seeds as wastes. In an attempt to valorise this biomass, we studied the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the ethanolic seed extract. The extract inhibited the growth of the tested pathogens and was also a very strong scavenger of DPPH free radicals. Consequently, the extract was phytochemically investigated and this study reports the initial isolation of five phenolic compounds from this source. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectra analyses including HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The isolated compounds exhibited a wide range of antimicrobial activities against the tested pathogens. Gallic acid (4) showed the most activity against Bacillus subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 30µg/mL, while the MIC values of the antimicrobial standards range between 10 and 35µg/mL. Compound 4, crude ethanolic extract, and the ethyl acetate fraction were more a potent free radical scavenger of DPPH compared to ascorbic acid. Hence, the seeds of E.floribundus could be considered as a new source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and food-related industries.

Pattern of forest recovery and carbon stock following shifting cultivation in Manipur, North-East India.

Shifting cultivation has resulted in large-scale deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics; however the abandoned fallows are known to have high potential for carbon capture. The paper is an attempt to determine the forest recovery patterns following shifting cultivation by evaluating the tree species composition, diversity and abundance with respect to topographical factors in Manipur, India. We also used ordination analysis to understand the change in species composition with regard to environmental variables. The living woody biomass carbon of each fallow was quantified, and the factors affecting the recovery of carbon stock along an increasing fallow gradient was assessed. Our results showed that the species richness and basal area recovered relatively with time since abandonment, and the north-facing lower elevation fallow sites displayed higher species richness and stem density than those in higher elevations. Environmental variables had no impact on the regeneration of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume and Castanopsis hystrix Hook. f. & Thomson ex A. DC. which suggests that they may be capable of effective restoration of degraded forest areas. As these species appear naturally in the forests, it would facilitate quicker rehabilitation and reinstate the soil nutrients making the soil reusable in a short term. We also found that fallow age plays a vital role in recovering above-ground biomass carbon from living woody species followed by the aspect of the site. The total living woody biomass carbon ranged from 0.98 Mg ha-1 in 5 years fallow to 142.58 Mg ha-1 in 20 years fallow. The above-ground biomass carbon recovery of the oldest fallow was 39% to 40% of the reference undisturbed forest and the estimated time for the shifting cultivation fallows to reach that of the undisturbed forest level was approximately 39 years to 41 years.

THE DNA SEQUENCE ENCODING GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (GAPC) ENZYME ON TUNTUN ANGIN PLANT (ELAEOCARPUS FLORIBUNDUS BI)

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapC) is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. The expression of this gene tends to abundant in eukaryotic cells, so this gene is frequently used as an internal control in gene expression analysis. This research aims to isolate the DNA sequence of the GapC gene from tuntun angin (Elaeocarpus floribundus BI). Methods included a collection of the leaves from Kajuik Lake, Riau Province then the DNA extraction, electrophoresis, amplification of partial DNA sequence of GapC gene, cloning and sequencing. The DNA sequence was analyzed using the BLASTn program and MEGA6 software. The GapC sequence obtained in this study was 933 bp in size, consisting of four introns and five exons, and encoding 137 deduced amino acids. The BLASTn analysis showed that the sequence has 89.84%-90.16% similarity to other species of Cunoniaceae family, such as species from the genus of Spiraeanthemum and Codia. The parsial sequence of E. floribundus GapC gene was more resemble the one of Spiraeanthemum than Codia genus. The GapC sequence obtained in this study was the first reported from the Elaeocarpaceae family. This sequence has the opportunity to serve as an internal control after validation.

Isolation of Partial Housekeeping Genes on Tuntun Angin (Elaeocarpus floribundu)

Some genes like 18S rRNA, 26S rRNA, elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1a), and beta-tubulin (TUB) are members of housekeeping genes group that are commonly used as internal control in gene expression study. This study aimed to isolate those four housekeeping genes of tuntun angin (Elaeocarpus floribundus). The research material included fresh leaves of E. floribundus that were picked up from Kajuik Lake in Riau Province and four primer pairs. The procedures consisted of total DNA isolation using Genomic DNA Mini Kit Plant (Geneaid), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis. This study has been isolated 18S rRNA, 26S rRNA, EF1a, and TUB genes with the size of 422 bp, 922 bp, 856 bp, and 877 bp, respectively. The EF1a and TUB genes has never been reported in Elaeocarpaceae family. Thus, those partial DNA sequences are the first sequences reported from this species and can be used as reference genes in this plant after validation.