El Espectador Research Articles

Discursos periodísticos de la represión estatal en Colombia y México, 1968-1982. Un estudio comparativo

This article analyzes the role of the political press in the construction of public opinion during the processes of state repression in Mexico and Colombia between 1968 and 1982. Its objective is to analyze the types of discourses through which the major political press influenced the way in which readers interpreted the dynamics of state repression in both countries. A historical-comparative analysis of two cases is carried out to review the journalistic positions of the primary sources, in this case, the newspapers Excélsior, El Sol de México, El Informador, El Tiempo, El Siglo, El Espectador and La República. The results reveal that the press promoted seven main discourses on state repression: 1) youth and university co-optation, 2) public order violated, 3) subversion and terrorism, 4) institutions, security and the state, 5) the external enemy, 6) human rights as a violation of national sovereignty and 7) the press as a guarantor of public opinion. These discourses positioned newspapers as actors in the political contest and in the construction of public opinion in the context of recent history.

Analysis of journalistic framing during the Covid-19 pandemic in Colombia's leading newspapers: El Tiempo and El Espectador

This study presents a content analysis of headlines featured on the front pages of Colombia's two most prominent newspapers during the COVID-19 health emergency. The objective was to examine the framing strategies employed by El Tiempo and El Espectador during their journalistic coverage of the initial phase of the pandemic. Criteria for analysis included informational tone, thematic approaches, grammatical structures in the headlines, information sources, coverage scope, and media perspective. Regarding interpretative frameworks, both newspapers predominantly adopted a negative approach towards the crisis and the structural impact the pandemic had on the country, especially within a context marked by uncertainty and tension. Primary themes were associated with economic and social aspects. The most prominent terms in the headlines during this period were linked to the pandemic, Covid-19, and the virus, concepts that consistently maintained a significant presence in the media agenda of the studied outlets.

Transitional justice and the media: a case study on the special jurisdiction for peace and the press in Colombia

Transitional justice applicable to the transition from dictatorships to democracies and from states of war to states of peace, supposes a very wide field of study, application and varied developments according to the transition scenarios. Its implementation under conditions of permanence of internal armed conflict and social and political cleavage, has led to divisions for or against it and for or against the armed actors in dispute in Colombia. These cleavages have been transferred to the media in the form of ideological positions, which construct truths that may or may not favor transitional justice. This article deals with transitional justice as a theoretical and political perspective, synthesizes the origin, development and characteristics of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, JEP in Colombia and presents the results of an investigation that seeks to identify the existence or not of a differential treatment by of the newspapers El Tiempo and El Espectador on the Transitional Justice Law in the case of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (2017), JEP applied to the FARC-EP guerrilla group in the framework of the Havana peace process signed in the year 2016.

José Ortega y Gasset (1934), Ibn Khaldūn Reveals the Secret to Us (thoughts on Africa Minor) translated from Spanish by Cynthia Scheopner

AbstractJosé Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955) was puzzled how Melilla remained a Spanish enclave on the North African coast. By 1927, Spain had solidified its hold on Northern Morocco and several books on the history and culture of “Africa minor” had been published; in one Ortega encountered Ibn Khaldūn. Ortega read the Prolegomena to History in the French translation by William MacGuckin de Slane. He found a key to understanding Spain that he explored in this essay, first published in El Espectador journal of Madrid in 1934. It introduced Ibn Khaldun to European audiences as the first philosopher of history three decades before an English translation of his work. Ortega, then, knew of Ibn Khaldun's theory of generations at the time he was developing his own. Ortega noted page numbers in parentheses in the text where he quoted from De Slane. The end notes are from the text as well, documenting Ortega's secondary sources for his impressions of Ibn Khaldūn, Islam, and North African culture.

The audiovisual mobilizing object: YouTube, Colombia National Strike 2019

The purpose of this work is to review the dialectical relationship between El noticiero de RCN Colombian public television channel and independent journalism published on YouTube, specifically the case of the opinion column La Pulla of the newspaper El espectador, the project conducted an analysis of material referring to the National Strike both of the RCN channel and the column, taking into account the political-social situation of the country. The research methodology was based on the case study during the end of 2019. A review of the theory of social movements and their implications was conducted. At the same time, it appealed to the postulates of journalism itself. It is concluded that the audiovisual can be implemented as a mobilizing object that has enormous potential not only for collective manipulation, but also for social revolutions. This makes it a political trigger that, following Puttnam (1998), has a powerful influence on society.

Tendencias Tendencias, trayectorias y relaciones de poder en el discurso de construcción de paz en el periódico El Espectador (Colombia)

Este artículo analiza las tendencias, trayectorias y relaciones de poder producidas en el discurso de construcción de paz de El Espectador en 3 hitos del proceso de paz adelantado en Colombia entre 2012 y 2016: inicio de diálogos, su suspensión y realización del plebiscito. Se realizó un Análisis crítico del discurso de 21 editoriales. Los resultados indican que el medio, aunque apuesta por el diálogo como estrategia para resolver el conflicto armado en Colombia, avala el uso de la violencia por parte del Estado y su postura, está influenciada por el vínculo que mantiene con el poder político del país.

Constructing the Images of the Female victims of Gender Based Violence During the Military Conflict in Colombia (following the Example of Publications in the Western and Latin American Media)

The author of this study focuses on the problem of violence against women who found themselves in difficult situations and were sexually abused during the civil war in Colombia. The study is centered around construction of the victims’ images in the publications of transnational, national and regional media (New York Times, Time, Vice, El Tiempo, El Espectador, El Colombiana). The author concludes that the mass media play a significant role in raising public awareness referring to violence against women in Colombia, and contribute to the development of an image of a woman who is ready to fight for her rights and help others.

Encuadres mediáticos del Perdón y Reconciliación en el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano

Debido a su duración e intensidad, el conflicto armado colombiano puede ser analizado como un conflicto intratable. La intratabilidad involucra el desarrollo del ethos del conflicto (EDC), un conjunto de creencias sociales compartidas por la mayoría de los miembros de la sociedad, de manera que es usualmente exhibido en el discurso mediático. Este estudio describe, a través de la lexicometría unidimensional y multidimensional, cómo el edc permeó el discurso de cuatro de los principales medios de comunicación en Colombia (El Tiempo, El Espectador, Noticias Caracol, Noticias RCN); específicamente, cómo el EDC caracterizó el encuadre del perdón y la reconciliación durante el proceso de paz entre el Gobierno colombiano y las FARC-EP (2012-2017). Los resultados sugieren que el edc en Colombia se transformó con los diálogos de paz, probablemente promoviendo una orientación hacia la paz. Sin embargo, simultáneamente, algunas de las creencias del edc que contribuyen a la intratabilidad también fueron presentadas en el discurso mediático.

El humor político como discurso para fomentar control democrático

¿Es el humor político un discurso que fomenta el control democrático de la gestión pública a través de la discusión y opinión?, para responder a la premisa se desarrolló un análisis de dos videos de humor publicados en YouTube que dan cuenta de la realidad política de Colombia desde un tono satírico y humorístico: “Fuimos a marchar contra la corrupción (pero no les gustó) FT Vladdo” del canal YouTube Hola Soy Danny del periodista Daniel Samper Ospina, y “¿Por qué nadie se mete con Álvaro Uribe?” del canal de opinión La Pulla en YouTube, del periódico El Espectador, videos que fueron analizados bajo la propuesta de Teun van Dijk para desentramar las representaciones mentales de la ideología que comparte una sociedad democrática, desde la estructura del discurso. El resultado de la investigación demostró que a través del humor político como estrategia discursiva es posible desentramar los discursos que vulneran la ideología compartida por una sociedad democrática, no solo porque al disgregar el pensamiento en unidades comprensibles (a través del humor) se señala a quienes transgreden las normas impuestas, sino también porque genera el debate, necesario para el control democrático.

Apropiación de las Damas. El matrimonio, la maternidad y la familia, engranajes básicos del régimen heterosexual

En este artículo, la autora analiza el discurso heterosexual presente en los periódicos El Tiempo y El Espectador, entre 1920 y 1925, periodo clave en la emergencia del proceso de modernización en Colombia. La información recopilada fue abordada mediante el análisis crítico del discurso, a la luz del feminismo materialista francés, el feminismo poscolonial, el lesbofeminismo y la teórica crítica descolonial. Los hallazgos proponen que la prensa escrita fue un medio central para legitimar el régimen heterosexual, al promover la apropiación material y subjetiva de las mujeres por parte de los hombres.

Una tesis (1919) o el derecho a no obedecer de Fernando González: Polémica entre la iglesia y la universidad

This article will review, following the publications of the newspapers El Espectador and El Colombiano, the conflict that occurred between the University of Antioquia and the Antioquia Church due to the approval of the thesis written by Fernando Gonzalez Ochoa entitled The right not to obey. The confrontation went beyond the academic faculty, confronting the political, clerical and academic powers and evidenced the long tradition of educational control of the Church.

Autoritarismo e democracia em perspectiva: o golpe de 1964 no Brasil através da imprensa colombiana

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar olhares da grande imprensa colombiana sobre o golpe civil-militar brasileiro de 1964. Partimos daquele cenário histórico com suas especificidades políticas, para abordar a experiência jornalística do país relacionada ao golpe no Brasil. Para tanto, exploramos as divergências e as similitudes entre o discurso produzido pela imprensa colombiana e pela brasileira sobre 1964, tecendo relações entre o contexto global, regional e nacional na Colômbia e no Brasil em meados da década de 60. As fontes utilizadas integram coleta de publicações selecionadas em dois periódicos de ampla circulação na Colômbia: El Espectador e El Tiempo. A análise aponta para a construção de narrativas semelhantes, com destaque para o anticomunismo -, embora na Colômbia o regime democrático tenha se mantido formalmente durante todo o período.

El Dorado o la búsqueda de los migrantes colombianos en España

The Muisca legend of El Dorado fed the imaginary from a lot of conquistadors and has also motivated hundredth of expeditions. It’s a legend that has been broadly interpreted and integrated into the language related to the migratory contemporary universe in general but also into that one related to the Colombian migration. Based on this, the major goal of this paper is to present the way an imaginary around Spain as a new El Dorado for the Colombian migrants is built. Colombians represents in 2015 the second Latin-American community in that country just after the Ecuadorians. We will address the analysis based on the Colombians newspapers El Tiempo and El Espectador and the Spanish newspapers El País and El Mundo all over the period between 1990 and 2005.

JORNALISMO. Técnicas de reportagem e realismo mágico em Relato de um náufrago, de Gabriel García Márquez

O escritor latino-americano Gabriel García Márquez foi responsável por uma ampla obra jornalística. Suas técnicas de reportagem, sem o uso de gravador, com a atenção voltada às expressões do entrevistado e às conjecturas de investigação, resultaram em primorosos textos impressos, banhados pelo realismo mágico. Esse artigo observa as técnicas jornalísticas de García Márquez na produção da obra Relato de um náufrago, primeiramente publicada, em formato de folhetim, no jornal El Espectador. Observa-se, neste estudo, a apreensão dos fatos e o processo de criação do jornalista García Márquez pelas lentes da semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce.

A representação do migrante colombiano na imprensa colombiana: do espaço individual ao espaço colectivo

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as representações dos migrantes colombianos na Espanha, através do discurso dos jornais El Tiempo e El Espectador. Com esse propósito, analisaram-se os artigos dos dois periódicos a partir do 01 de janeiro de 1990 até 31 de dezembro de 2006. Abordaremos a análise desde a perspectiva de Habermas sobre o espaço público e o espaço privado. Os resultados demonstram que a representação dos espaços se constrói a partir de um discurso não remetente à ideia nem de confronto nem de crença, mas, de modo contrário, reorganiza-se desde o espaço público ao universo masculino, problemático no país de destino, e desde o espaço privado ao universo feminino, que é conflitivo no país de origem.

MARQUETALIA FROM THE WRITTEN MEDIA

Marquetalia is the geographical area where the FARC guerrilla took up arms, which made it an area of military attacks by the government. The military operation was called Marquetalia Operation and was the first major operation the Colombian army carried out against the guerrillas, this operation was conducted in May 1964. The objectives of the operation were to eliminate the guerrilla’s progress and establish territorial control by the State. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role that the written media was played in the armed confrontation. For this, the study takes El Espectador, El Tiempo and Voz Proletaria, newspapers that are national circulation.

Representación indígena en el periodismo colombiano: el cómo y el por qué

Tomando como caso de estudio la representación de los medios colombianos de la Minga de Resistencia Social y Comunitaria del 2008 (MRSC), este trabajo muestra como los dos diarios de circulación nacional, El Tiempo y El Espectador, y los noticieros Caracol y RCN, cubren las demandas y propuestas políticas de organizaciones indígenas, sector tradicionalmente excluido en Colombia. Basado en el análisis de contenido de 238 artículos de dichos periódicos y de los noticieros emitidos durante esta movilización, este articulo muestra las técnicas visuales y de lenguaje utilizadas para criminalizar e/o invisibilizar, dependiendo del caso y contexto, los actos políticos de dichas comunidades. Como conclusión se discute cómo este tipo de representación es producto de tres factores que afectan el periodismo en los medios masivos en Colombia: el monopolio de los medios masivos, los problemas en el ejercicio del periodismo, y la afinidad ideológica entre el periodismo y el poder.

El efecto dominó de las revueltas sociales de 2011 visto desde la prensa de referencia colombiana

The demonstrations of 2011, which began with the Arab Spring and spread throughout the whole world, became an international media phenomenon, since they focused part of their action strategies on achieving visibility in the media. This work, result of an investigation, aimed to analyze how was the coverage of the revolts from de main colombian journals El Tiempo and El Espectador; get to know how was the framing and resources used to transmit information, since they are the only two national circulation newspapers. For that, were selected all journalistic pieces concerning to actions of protest around the world, published from December 15, 2010 to the same date of 2011, and was applied a matrix analysis of quantitative and qualitative content. The results pointed that the treatment given to information enhanced visibility of demonstrations, from a homogeneous perspective, presenting disparate and distant movements as a global and contagious phenomenon that transcends frontiers.

El efecto dominó de las revueltas sociales de 2011 visto desde la prensa de referencia colombiana

The demonstrations of 2011, which began with the Arab Spring and spread throughout the whole world, became an international media phenomenon, since they focused part of their action strategies on achieving visibility in the media. This work, result of an investigation, aimed to analyze how was the coverage of the revolts from de main colombian journals El Tiempo and El Espectador; get to know how was the framing and resources used to transmit information, since they are the only two national circulation newspapers. For that, were selected all journalistic pieces concerning to actions of protest around the world, published from December 15, 2010 to the same date of 2011, and was applied a matrix analysis of quantitative and qualitative content. The results pointed that the treatment given to information enhanced visibility of demonstrations, from a homogeneous perspective, presenting disparate and distant movements as a global and contagious phenomenon that transcends frontiers.

"El periodismo es un servicio público". Entrevista a Emiliano Cotelo

Emiliano Cotelo es periodista. Desde hace más de un cuarto de siglo conduce el programa de radio En perspectiva. En esta entrevista para dixit, repasa su trayectoria y reflexiona sobre el rol del periodista, el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías y los debates pendientes en la profesión.