Nonrelativistic Research Articles

A Parametric Study of the SASI Comparing General Relativistic and Nonrelativistic Treatments* * Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or

We present numerical results from a parameter study of the standing accretion shock instability (SASI), investigating the impact of general relativity (GR) on the dynamics. Using GR hydrodynamics with GR gravity, and nonrelativistic (NR) hydrodynamics with Newtonian gravity, in an idealized model setting, we vary the initial radius of the shock, and by varying its mass and radius in concert, the proto-neutron star compactness. We investigate four compactnesses expected in a post-bounce core-collapse supernova (CCSN). We find that GR leads to a longer SASI oscillation period, with ratios between the GR and NR cases as large as 1.29 for the highest-compactness suite. We also find that GR leads to a slower SASI growth rate, with ratios between the GR and NR cases as low as 0.47 for the highest-compactness suite. We discuss implications of our results for CCSN simulations.

A perturbative approach to complexity during dissipative collapse

Radiative gravitational collapse is an important and much studied phenomenon in astrophysics. Einstein’s theory of general relativity (GR) is well suited to describing such processes provided closure of the system of nonlinear differential equations is achieved. Within a perturbative scheme, the property of vanishing complexity factor is used in order to complete the description of the radiative, self-gravitating system. We show that a physically viable model may be obtained which reflects the absence of energy inhomogeneities for lower density systems, in contrast to what might be expected for more aggressive collapse processes.

New Classical Relativistic Theory of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field

A new relativistic theory of the classical motion of a charged particle in an electric field has been developed. The resulting equations characterize the kinematic and dynamic features of particle motion, demonstrating peculiar behavior in areas with high attractive potentials. This changes the existing paradigm for the interaction of charge with an electric field, entailing profound consequences. The new theory converges with the conventional theory of electricity under conditions of low potentials and nonrelativistic particle velocities. The possibility of experimental verification of the new theory is discussed.

Rational Design of Metallylenes for Hydrogenation Reactions

AbstractThe hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes, carbonyls, and imines by H2‐activated metallylenes (H3C−EH2−L, CELH2; E=Si, Ge, Sn and L=NMe2, PMe2) was studied using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA‐BP86/TZ2P. By means of activation strain and Kohn–Sham molecular orbital analyses, the physical factors underlying the trends in reactivity were identified and quantified. Firstly, the hydrogenation reactivity increases on descending Group 14, that is from silylenes (E=Si) to stannylenes (E=Sn). This reactivity trend originates primarily from a reduced energy required to break the bonds between the Group 14 atom and the hydrogen atoms because the strength of these bonds decreases from Si−H to Ge−H to Sn−H. Secondly, the reactivity decreases as the Group 15 ligand changes from nitrogen to phosphorus (L=NMe2, PMe2) which stems from the trigonal pyramidal PMe2 geometry compared to the trigonal planar NMe2 geometry. The latter can, therefore, effectively engage in stronger orbital interactions with the substrate than the former, due to a more efficient HOMO–LUMO orbital overlap. By combining our insights, we rationally designed an optimally tuned catalyst (Group 14 atom and ligand) considering the overall catalytic cycle involving H2 activation of the metallylene and subsequent hydrogenation.

GINGERINO: a high sensitivity ring laser gyroscope for fundamental and quantum physics investigation

Ring Laser Gyroscopes, based on the Sagnac effect, are currently the most sensitive rotation sensors. GINGERINO, a RLG installed underground, shows a proved sensitivity that enters the few frad/s regime in about 2.5 days of integration time. On one hand, this sensitivity is well below the shot–noise–level as predicted applying to GINGERINO the so called independent beam model. On the other hand, it paves the way to the use of RLG in fundamental and quantum physics research. Indeed, high sensitivity rotation measurement opens to test general relativity and alternative theory of gravity. Moreover, it make possible to study the interplay between quantum effects in the optical domain and non-inertial reference frames.

Zero-Point Field is the Cause for the Lorentz Transformations and Leads to Find Misconceptions about the Special Relativity

Since the introduction of Special theory of Relativity (SR), Lorentz invariance has been a fundamental part of our description of nature. Over the past decades, this (Lorentz invariance) was tested and verified by many research groups and almost no Lorentz violation have been found. However, when we look at the Lorentz transformations, we can mathematically find that they are not symmetrical relations. In fact, the inertial frames are not symmetrical in relation to each other and as a result, there must be a reference frame. If the inertial frames are symmetrical in relation to each other, as the SR argues, some paradoxes and contradictions are happened. Hence, we need to find the misconceptions in this theory. Many researches up to now, focused on Zero-Point Field (ZPF) as a cause for many physical phenomena like mass, inertia, and gravity. One can argue that the Lorentz transformations can be applied only for the inertial frames, moving inside the ZPF and the inertial frames, being at rest in relation to the ZPF, must not bear the Lorentz transformations. In addition, we have found that the SR and General Relativity (GR) are not two separated concepts. They are one thing and the space-time of them are the same. In both cases, it is the ZPF, which curves around the accelerated body or a gravitational mass, causing changes in the body’s length, time, and mass.

Exploring modified gravity: constraints on the μ and Σ parametrization with WMAP, ACT, and SPT

ABSTRACT The cosmic acceleration problem remains one of the most significant challenges in cosmology. One of the proposed solutions to this problem is the modification of gravity on large scales. In this paper, we explore the well-known μ–Σ parametrization scenarios and confront them with observational data, including the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), and South Pole Telescope (SPT), as well as large-scale structure data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS; baryon acoustic oscillation + redshift-space distortion) and Pantheon supernova (SN) catalogue. We employ a Bayesian framework to constrain the model parameters and discuss the implications of our results on the viability of modified gravity theories. Our analysis reveals the strengths and limitations of the μ–Σ parametrization and provides valuable insights into the nature of gravity on cosmological scales. From the joint analysis of the ACT + WMAP + SDSS + SN, we find μ0 − 1 = 0.02 ± 0.19 and Σ0 − 1 = 0.021 ± 0.068 at 68 per cent confidence level (CL). In light of the SPT + WMAP + SDSS + SN, we find μ0 − 1 = 0.07 ± 0.18 and $\Sigma _0 -1 = -0.009^{+0.078}_{-0.11}$ at 68 per cent CL. In all the analyses carried out, we do not find any deviations from the theory of general relativity. Our results represent an observational update on the well-known μ–Σ parametrization in view of current CMB data, independent of and competitive with the constraints obtained with the Planck data.

Quantifying Protein Shape to Elucidate Its Influence on Solution Viscosity in High-Concentration Electrolyte Solutions.

Therapeutic proteins with a high concentration and low viscosity are highly desirable for subcutaneous and certain local injections. The shape of a protein is known to influence solution viscosity; however, the precise quantification of protein shape and its relative impact compared to other factors like charge-charge interactions remains unclear. In this study, we utilized seven model proteins of varying shapes and experimentally determined their shape factors (v) based on Einstein's viscosity theory, which correlate strongly with the ratios of the proteins' surface area to the 2/3 power of their respective volumes, based on protein crystal structures resolved experimentally or predicted by AlphaFold. This finding confirms the feasibility of computationally estimating protein shape factors from amino acid sequences alone. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that, in high-concentration electrolyte solutions, a more spherical protein shape increases the protein's critical concentration (C*), the transition concentration beyond which protein viscosity increases exponentially relative to concentration increases. In summary, our work elucidates protein shape as a key determinant of solution viscosity through quantitative analysis and comparison with other contributing factors. This provides insights into molecular engineering strategies to optimize the molecular design of therapeutic proteins, thus optimizing their viscosity.

CMB, Hawking, Planck, and Hubble Scale Relations Consistent with Recent Quantization of General Relativity Theory

We are demonstrating new relationships among the Hawking temperature, the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature, and the Planck scale. When understood deeply, these are in line with recent advancements in cosmological quantization and its connection to the Planck scale. This is also completely consistent with a recently published method for quantizing Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

Hamiltonian birefringence and Born-Infeld limits

Using Hamiltonian methods, we find six relativistic theories of nonlinear electrodynamics for which plane wave perturbations about a constant uniform background are not birefringent. All have the same conformal strong-field limit to Bialynicki-Birula (BB) electrodynamics, but only four avoid superluminal propagation: Born-Infeld (BI), its non-conformal “extreme” limits (electric and magnetic) and the conformal BB limit. The quadratic dispersion relation of BI is shown to degenerate in the extreme limits to a pair of linear relations, which become identical in the BB limit.

Two-component transformation inclusive contraction scheme in the relativistic molecular orbital theory

The incorporation of a two-component transformation into the contraction coefficients of basis functions is suggested. Such a contraction, referred to as “two-component transformation inclusive contraction (TIC)”, effectively eliminates the computational cost associated with the two-component transformation and can be readily implemented into conventional quantum chemistry programs. TIC was verified through numerical calculations using the second- and third-order unitarized Douglas–Kroll method, which is newly derived for the validation of TIC, and the infinite-order two-component method. The numerical validation results suggested that TIC could sufficiently reproduce the results of primitive basis sets for both atoms and molecules.

Research on the Innovation and Development of Gravitational Wave Detection Technology

According to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, gravity is described as the curvature of space-time caused by gravitational sources, and to prove the existence of gravitational waves, many scientific research institutes around the world have begun to build equipment to try to detect gravitational waves in the vast background signals of the universe. At present, gravitational waves have been detected by many scientific research institutions and scientists. Now, the detection of gravitational waves has shifted to the direction of high precision and accuracy. This paper starts with the laser interferometer, the most basic instrument for gravitational wave detection. It expounds on the latest development progress and key technologies of gravitational wave detection in the current physical world, including noise suppression and gravitational wave detection spacecraft projects. In terms of laser interferometers, this paper describes their principle and key technologies and puts forward the difficult problems that still need to be tackled and studied. In terms of noise suppression, this paper describes the noise and interference that may be generated and how to suppress the noise to avoid interfering with the accuracy of the experiment. It also points out the shortcomings of current noise suppression techniques. For gravitational wave detection spacecraft projects, this paper first focuses on several key projects in the world, then describes the technologies and shortcomings of spacecraft, and puts forward the direction of improvement and in-depth research on these technologies. This paper aims to summarize the key technologies of gravitational wave detection in the world today and point out the direction of its future development.

Spacetime geometry of acoustics and electromagnetism

Both acoustics and electromagnetism represent measurable fields in terms of dynamical potential fields. Electromagnetic force-fields form a spacetime bivector that is represented by a dynamical energy–momentum 4-vector potential field. Acoustic pressure and velocity fields form an energy–momentum density 4-vector field that is represented by a dynamical action scalar potential field. Surprisingly, standard field theory analyses of spin angular momentum based on these traditional potential representations contradict recent experiments, which motivates a careful reassessment of both theories. We analyze extensions of both theories that use the full geometric structure of spacetime to respect essential symmetries enforced by vacuum wave propagation. The resulting extensions are geometrically complete and phase-invariant (i.e., dual-symmetric) formulations that span all five grades of spacetime, with dynamical potentials and measurable fields spanning complementary grades that are related by a spacetime vector derivative (i.e., the quantum Dirac operator). These complete representations correct the equations of motion, energy–momentum tensors, forces experienced by probes, Lagrangian densities, and allowed gauge freedoms, while making manifest the deep structural connections to relativistic quantum field theories. Finally, we discuss the implications of these corrections to experimental tests.

Zersplitterte und gesammelte Gegenwart bei Augustinus: Das Verhältnis von physikalischer und psychologischer Zeit

Abstract This paper tries to ‘liberate’ Augustine’s view on time from certain modern prejudices, e.g. that the church father’s theory of time involves the modern dichotomy between subjectivism and objectivism (Ricœur), that his understanding of time can be seen as a precursor of modern phenomenology (Husserl, Heidegger), that Conf. XI lacks a coherent theory of time as such or that, at least, it falls short of the insights of Kant’s enlightened transcendentalism (Flasch). By contrast, the church father circumvents typically modern aporiai by both differentiating between time on the level of physics and time on the level of soul as well as by accounting for the link between these two ‘times’: Whereas the time of physics tends to non–existence, it is the soul that, by cognizing a certain process in its (relative) entirety, establishes actual time; on the level of soul, time persists and is preserved (in contrast to physical time). Neither does Augustine propose nor need the notion of any ‘absolute time’. Maybe Augustine’s theory of time is compatible with certain assumptions of modern physics (e.g. Einstein’s theory of relativity) although the church fathers’ view can in no way be reduced to the level of physics.

An Effective Refutation of General Relativity and Quantum Theories

It is briefly shown that all physical theories that rely on a mathematical application of the circle number as an irrational dimensionless number are irrational and flawed in their explanatory content, since they place the physical dimensions of space (L) [length] and time (T) in an inaccurate and irrational relationship. Albert Einstein's most important postulate (speed of light in a vacuum = constant) is thus refuted and shown that there π are no natural constants in nature – apart from the circle number π

Traversable wormhole supported by non-exotic gravitational fluid in the Lyra manifold

In this work, we construct traversable wormholes using a logarithmic shape function in the general theory of relativity (GTR) and Lyra geometry (LG). We observe that the gravitational fluid violates the null energy condition (NEC) in GTR whereas all the energy conditions (ECs) are satisfied in LG. The violation of NEC indicates the requirement of exotic matter in GTR for the construction of traversable wormhole whereas LG supports non-exotic matter for the same purpose. We analyze the stability of the wormholes using the Causality and Herrera’s cracking method and found that the obtained wormhole solution in the LG is stable.

Behavioral Labeling: Prompting Consumer Behavior Through Activity Tags

This research introduces behavioral labeling as the use of names or tags that reflect an associated activity, and it proposes that this can induce corresponding behavior. Contrary to the common intuition that descriptions of behaviors emerge as markings for popular actions (i.e., the label is a consequence of the behavior), the authors propose that a description itself might also induce the corresponding action (i.e., the label is an antecedent of the behavior). Building on linguistic relativity theory and based on five studies conducted in the lab and field, the authors show that merely attaching a fictitious name to a behavior can induce that very behavior. The authors also explore a potential explanation for this finding by showing that a behavioral label can evoke mental imagery regarding the associated behavior, which enhances the implementation of the behavior. The results contribute to marketing theory by introducing behavioral labeling and highlighting how language can shape behaviors. Marketers can use behavioral labels to promote their offerings based on the associated behaviors, while public policy makers can use behavioral labels to encourage prosocial and proenvironmental behaviors.

On the Hole Argument and the Physical Interpretation of General Relativity

Einstein presented the Hole Argument against General Covariance, understood as invariance with respect to a change in coordinates, as a consequence of his initial failure to obtain covariant equations that, in the weak static limit, contain Newton’s law. Fortunately, about two years later, Einstein returned to General Covariance, and found these famous equations of gravity. However, the rejection of his Hole Argument carries a totally different vision of space-time. Its substantivalism notion, which is an essential ingredient in Newtonian theory and also in his special theory of relativity, has to be replaced, following Descartes and Leibniz’s relationalism, by a set of “point-coincidences”.

Nuclear mass predictions of the relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov theory with the kernel ridge regression

Nuclear mass predictions of the relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov theory with the kernel ridge regression

Formulation of Galilean relativistic Born–Infeld theory

In this paper, we formulate, for the first time, in a systematic manner, Galilean relativistic Born–Infeld action in detail. Exploiting maps connecting Lorentz relativistic and Galilean relativistic vectors, we construct the two limits (electric and magnetic) of Galilean relativistic Born–Infeld action from usual relativistic Born–Infeld theory. An action formalism is thereby derived. From this action, equations of motion are obtained either in the potential or field formulation. Galilean version of duality transformations involving the electric and magnetic fields are defined. They map the electric limit relations to the magnetic ones and vice-versa, exactly as happens for Galilean relativistic Maxwell theory. We also explicitly show the Galilean boost and gauge invariances of the theory in both limits.