Eighth Five-Year Plan Research Articles

Agricultural Sector of Ulyanovsk Region (1966-1970): A Focus on Crop Production

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the modernization processes in the crop production sector of the Ulyanovsk region during the Eighth Five-Year Plan. The research draws on unpublished documents sourced from the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region and the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region, a significant portion of which is introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time, alongside statistical materials and periodicals. The study examines the efforts of party organs and farm leadership aimed at intensifying the development of crop production. It addresses the authorities’ personnel policies regarding the expansion of vocational and technical education institutions, the organization of training courses for specialists in mass professions, and the enhancement of their qualifications to meet agricultural needs. The dynamics of crop production development from 1966 to 1970 are analyzed, evaluating the achievements of regional farms in producing key agricultural products. The author concludes that, despite facing problematic farms and a slight reduction in areas allocated for grain crops, the authorities in the Ulyanovsk region managed not only to meet but also to exceed the planned targets for yield, total harvest, and state procurement volumes of primary crop products during this period.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN THE ULYANOVSK REGION IN 1966-1970

The article considers the development of the textile industry in the Ulyanovsk region during the eighth five-year plan. The materials of periodicals and archival documents, first introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time, taken from the fonds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk region and the State Archive of Modern History of the Ulyanovsk region formed the source base of the article. The authors have considered the complex of measures carried out by the party bodies, aimed at the implementation of the construction program and modernization of the material and technical base of the textile industry of the Ulyanovsk region in 1965-1970; traced the dynamics of the textile industry, identified specific features and contradictions of its development; revealed the specifics of the staff of textile industry enterprises and described the conditions of production activity and everyday life of workers and engineering and technical personnel. As the author concluded, the eighth five-year period was a period of intensive development of the textile industry of the Ulyanovsk region. Thanks to the policy pursued by the party bodies, the textile industry of the region was able to cope with the plan approved by the party to increase the volume of production of the main types of products. Nevertheless, the rate of increase in the output of textile enterprises could have been significantly higher if the management of the prevailing share of enterprises had been able to solve the problems of staff turnover and equipment modernization in a timely manner.

Socio-Economic Development of Tibet in the 8th Five-Year Plan (1991–1995). Part 6

The fourth session of the NPC of the VII convocation (March 25 — April 9, 1991) approved a ten-year plan for the socio-economic development of the People's Republic of China (1991–2000), as well as a plan for the 8th five-year plan. According to the eighth five-year plan, the average annual growth rate of the country's GDP in 1991–1995 was to be 6 %. However, the collapse of the socialist system in Eastern Europe and the dismantling of the USSR in December 1991 forced the Chinese leadership to reconsider the country's development strategy. In January-February 1992, Deng Xiaoping went to the south of the country, where he expressed ideas about the future development of the country. On the basis of this, a decision was made on a new acceleration of economic growth and the transition to a new economic strategy: the “socialist market economy system”. As a result of the measures taken, the average annual growth rate for the 8th five-year period amounted to 11.8 % — the best results in the economic history of the People's Republic of China. Tibet, as one of the five autonomous regions of China, has also revised the strategy of economic development in accordance with the general one in the country, considering its specifics. The main task of the economic development of Tibet was the accelerated development of the region, the fight against poverty, the full stimulation of market relations and openness. During the eighth five-year plan, Tibet managed to solve many problems and achieve many successes.

Research on the adjustment boundary of well pattern injection-production structure in the eastern area of South Second District

Since the “Eighth Five-Year Plan”, the practice of extracting fluid from low-water-cut wells and controlling fluid from high-water-cut wells has controlled the increase in water cut and the growth rate of fluid production, and achieved the goal of stabilizing oil and water. At present, the water cut of each well pattern is basically close, and the potential for structural adjustment is small. The effect of continuing to adhere to the previous adjustment of injection-production structure is not obvious. It is necessary to revise the injection-production structure adjustment policy to achieve balanced production of various oil layers and control production decline.

Развитие материально-технической базы предприятий городского общественного транспорта Западной Сибири в годы восьмой пятилетки (1966–1970 гг.)

The article discusses the main activities of state authorities, labor collectives of transport enterprises in Western Siberia to improve the operation of urban public transport in the region during the eighth five-year plan (1966-1970). During the study period, the increase in the level of transport services for urban residents was directly related to measures to develop and strengthen the material and technical base of passenger transport enterprises, technical re-equipment of automobile and tram rolling stock, and construction of a new type of public transport in Western Siberia – the urban trolleybus. The author comes to the conclusion that during the eighth five-year plan, urban public transport enterprises in the region received significant material and technical development, which became the basis for increasing the volume of passenger traffic and improving the quality of transport services for the urban population of the West Siberian region

Decomposition of manufacturing-related electricity consumption intensity in China using the LMDI method: 1990–2015

China has become the largest manufacturer of power in the world after decades of development since the 1970s, and the “Made in China” is all over the world. Meanwhile, the manufacturing electricity consumption intensity experienced a prominent change, owing to the evolution of industrial structure, regional agglomeration of manufacturing activity, technological progress, and so on. Thus, the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition method is applied in this paper to reveal the three daring driving forces, i.e., transfer effect, structure effect, and intensity effect, of electricity consumption intensity in China’s manufacturing sector during 1990–2015 which includes the period from the Eighth Five-Year Plan to the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. Overall, the total effect has led to the electricity consumption intensity dropping by 657.7 kWh/10 thousand Yuan, while the intensity effect contributed most of the decline. The decline of electricity consumption intensity is most obvious during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the vigorous expansion of low energy-intensive manufacturing sector. Besides, the transfer effect and structure effect contributed a decrease of 27.5 kWh/10 thousand Yuan and an increase of 55.5 kWh/10 thousand Yuan, respectively, implying structural transformation of manufacturing sector is still far-reaching.

Leveraging Technology for Educational Inclusion

The divides created by inequalities of income, lopsided growth and by the vicious circle of poverty has ensnared learning and delayed the planned strategies for educational inclusion. India's eighth Five-Year Plan prioritised and allocated increased funding for education with focus on reach-out to the remote interiors and rural India. However, those who were outside the circle of inclusion decreased only marginally and the deviations from targets were a matter of genuine concern. Lack of mid-course corrective measures compounded with spiraling economic concerns widened the gulf between the haves and the have-nots. Skill development to enable taking up of opportunities and leveraging with technology to simplify reach-out with innovative methods will serve to unleash the untapped potential and thereby elevate lifestyles by ably empowering. 'Young India' with a population of 234 million in the age group of 15-24 years is expected to increase by 13% over 2005-2020 vs the world average of 4%. Channelising the youth by providing them access to global domains of knowledge and leveraging technology ably so as to usher in innovative strategies which are cost-effective can provide the desired reach-out for knowledge to be ingrained productively and seamlessly, eliminating barriers of distance, time, access and reach-out.

Impact of Liberalization in Services on Higher Education

Since independence, the higher education system has grown rapidly and today, India is the third largest higher education system in the world (after China and the USA) in terms of enrollment. However, in terms of the number of institutions, India is the largest higher education system in the world with 17973 institutions (348 universities and 17625 colleges).The actual expenditure has increased by more than 100 times from Rs. 140 million in the first Five-Year plan to Rs. 15 billion in the eighth Five-year plan at current prices, and 6.5 times in terms of real prices. Thus, although higher education in India is characterized by massive public investment, this investment is still regarded as much below the required levels. Based on the United Nations Provisional Central Product Classification, trade in educational services is organized in five categories of service — Primary Education, Secondary education, Higher Education, Adult Education and other Education.Different modes of higher education services are--Mode 1: Cross-border Supply, Mode 2: Consumption Abroad, Mode3: Commercial Presence, and Mode 4: Presence of Natural Persons.It is estimated that nearly 70,000 to 90,000 students leave India every year for studying abroad. At any given time these 320,000 students cost the country a foreign exchange out flow of nearly US $9 billion per year or nearly Rs. 400 billion per year, enough to build 40 IIM’s and 20 IIT’s per year. India can become an Educational Hub for the world and earn US $ 100 billion per year, after 10-20 years. Indian needs to start now, but has to liberalize higher education further.Presently India is incurring on an average expenditure of about Rs. 50 thousand per head for about 1,800 foreign students coming under the purview of the ICCR. Some of the leading universities are reluctant to accept ICCR scholars from abroad at normal fees.Presence of female students in the higher education in India has been constantly increasing. Female students’ percentage in academic year 2001- 2002 rose to 39.8% from 36% from that of 1995-1996.To combat the declining competitive advantage of India with respect to China and to emulate the Excellency of higher education institutions of US, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, the following steps may be initiated:* Develop efficient Higher Education Statistical Systems.* Reduce multiplicity of regulatory system (create credible mechanisms to strengthen regulation and universal access policies).* Diversify existing branded public institutions into different modes of trade in higher education services.* Setting up of export oriented higher education institutions/ institutional areas (Like 100 % export oriented manufacturing units).* Eulogize abroad ‘Study India Programme’.* Provide incentives for expanding into new geographical region for private sector higher education institutions.* Ease of facilitation for Indian faculty members & scholars while pursuing Mode- 2&4.* Differentiated academic system for fostering excellence.* Create at least 10 to 20 world class self sustaining higher educational and research facilities like ISB in the next five years.

Strategic policies and demonstration program of electric vehicle in China

Recent Chinese economic and energy policies recognize the transportation sector as a key element in the nation's effort to meet its energy and air quality goals. The development of alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) has been considered as a particularly promising strategy. AFV-related policies can be traced back to the eighth Five-Year Plan period (i.e., 1991–1995). All the work during the last twenty years has cumulatively prompted the transition of AFV development from policy-making to actual implementation and from research and development (R&D) to mass production. The year of 2009 is significant for the AFV industry in China in that the central government announced the “Plan on Shaping and Revitalizing the Auto Industry”. This Plan launched a demonstration program of electric vehicle (EV) deployment in 13 Chinese cities and set the national goal of manufacturing 0.5 million AFVs in three years. To better understand the current status, problems and uncertainties existed in the EV deployment in China, this paper reviewed the relevant policies and reported a survey with the pilot cities during the summer of 2009. Based on the survey findings, this paper developed a number of recommendations to help address the issues found in the demonstration program to date.

Research and control of well water pollution in high esophageal cancer areas.

In order to detect risk factors for esophageal cancer, a national research program was carried out during the Eighth Five-Year Plan (from 1991 to 1995). Cixian County and Chichen County in Hebei Province were selected as the index and the control for the study fields with higher or lower incidence of esophagus cancer in China, respectively. In these areas, we investigated the pollution of three nitrogenous compounds in well water for drinking and the use of nitrogen fertilizer in farming. In well water, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were 8.77 mg/L, 0.014 mg/L and 0.009 mg/L in Cixian County in 1993, respectively. They were significantly higher than their levels (3.84 mg/L, 0.004 mg/L and 0.004 mg/L) in Chichen County (P<0.01, t=6.281, t=3.784, t=3.775). There was a trend that the nitrogenous compounds in well water increased from 1993 to 1996. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in farming was 787.6 kg per hectare land in Cixian County in 1991, significantly higher than 186 kg per hectare in Chichen County (t=9.603, P<0.001). These investigations indicate that the pollution of nitrogenous compounds in well water for drinking is closely related to the use of nitrogen fertilizer in farming, and there is a significantly positive correlation between the level of three nitrogenous compounds in well water and the mortality of esophageal cancer (correlation coefficient =0.5992). We suggest that improvement of well system for drinking water quality should be an effective measure for esophageal cancer prevention and control in rural areas.

The Nan-Kun Railway and Sociocultural Change among Minority Nationalities

The Nanning-Kunming Railway runs through the minority nationality areas of Southwest China. Construction started during the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1991-1995) and extended into the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000). Now it is complete and functioning reasonably well. The railway goes through the Lunan Yi Autonomous County of Yunnan, the Bouyei-Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Southwest Guizhou, the Longlin All Nationalities Autonomous County of Guangxi, and Baise, where minority nationalities live in concentrated communities. Some minority nationalities, including Yi, Miao, Bouyei, and Zhuang, reside in officially designated impoverished counties or townships.

SMALL TOWN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERIPHERY OF BIG CITIES IN CHINA

Abstract Since adopting the policy of reformation and opening to the outside world in 1978, remarkable changes have taken place in the social economic structure of China, and its urbanization has been speeded up. During the period of the Eighth Five-Year Plan, there were nearly 50,000 small towns in the whole country which absorbed about 50 million rural surplus labour. A number of small towns within the areas of jurisdiction of coastal metropolises have emerged and probably become new growth nodes of these regions. These latter small towns have developed in different steps, as the “reform and opening policy” of the nation has been carried out firstly in South China, and was then extended to the North. Difference in location, resource and original development level have also given them different characteristics. We used the cases of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou Metropolitan Regions to focus on several problems on the development of small towns in China's coastal metropolitan surroundings, using data from reports of the CIDA funded Asian Urban Research Network (AURN) international collaborative research project on Small Towns Development and Planning.

Utilisation, Excess Capacity, and Performance of Family Welfare Centres in a District of Punjab

The Eighth Five-Year Plan has allocated Rs 9.1 billion to the Population Welfare Programme (PWP) which constitutes 0.5 percent of the total plan size of Rs 1700.5 biIlion (in 1992-93). During 1992-93, a total of Rs 828.9 miIlion was allocated to PWP, of which 85 percent was reported to be utilised, which amounts to Rs 702.87 million. Service delivery of family planning is a major focus and component of the PWP. The major service delivery sources include Family Welfare Centres (FWCs) in both the government and NGO sectors, Mobile Service Units (MSUs), Reproductive Health Services (RHS), Village-based Family Planning Workers (VBFPW), Hakeems, and Private Medical Practitioners, etc. All sources of delivery of family planning during the three decades of programme efforts have achieved the maximum extent of effective coverage, estimated to be between 15-20 percent in early 1990s but no more than 5 percent to rural population [Rukanuddin and Hardee Cleveland (1992)]. Besides limited coverage, the low level of accessibility and limited contraceptive availability, particularly to rural populace, have also seriously affected the performance of the PWP. These concerns have been addressed in the Eighth Five-Year Plan, which aims at increasing the urban coverage from 54 percent to 100 percent and the rural coverage from 5 percent to 70 percent. The major mode of service delivery to increase the rural coverage is the ViII age-based Family Planning Worker (VBFPW) scheme that would offer FP services to approximately 12000 villages. This scheme, however, focuses on non-clinical and temporary methods only.

SO2 emission scenarios of Eastern China

Under the National Key Project in Eighth Five-year Plan, a study was carried out on forecasting SO2 emission from coal combustion in China, with a special emphasis on eastern area. 3 scenarios, i.e. “Optimistic”, “Pessimistic” and “Business as Usual” scenario were developed trying to cover changing scale of coal consumption and SO2 emission from 1990 to 2020. “Top-down” approach was employed, and coal consumption elasticity was defined to project future economic growth and coal consumption. SO2 emission scenarios were outlined, based on coal consumption, estimated sulfur content level and prospective SO2 control situation. Emission level for each 1° longitude × 1° latitude grid cell within eastern China was also estimated to show geographical distribution of SO2 sources. The results show that SO2 emission of China will increase rapidly, if current situation for energy saving and SO2 control is maintained without improvement; measures enhanced reasonably with economic growth could stop further increase of emission by 2010; realization of more encouraging objective to keep emission at even below 1990 level needs, however, more stringent options. Share of eastern China in country's total emission would increase until 2000, while general changing tendency would principally follow the scenarios of whole country.

Shanghai Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal

Providing an adequate amount of safe drinking water is one of the most fundamental responsibilities of a government, yet it cannot be assumed that all countries or local administrations have achieved this goal. The task is influenced by the quantity and quality of water at its source and by the technology available to process it. In communities relying on surface-water intake, the goal is closely related to the condition of discharged wastewater that becomes part of the freshwater resource base. This water quality frequently depends on the amount of available public finance and on the desire of government to install or purchase water-treatment facilities that will upgrade the water to the desired standard. In a broad sense, the situation may be viewed as a policy decision in which there is a trade-off among economic development, environmental concerns, and budgetary decisions. The People's Republic of China must contend with water shortages as it tries to attain an adequate supply of safe drinking water for its burgeoning populace (Hou 1991). As a result of the eighth five-year plan (1991-1995), it is expected that good water quality will become a national goal in the near future; yet there is little indication that the central government will make environmental spending a priority. The challenge to achieve good water has been met with limited success. Urban areas have become focal points of great concern because of their large, rapidly growing populations and because of the interest of the government in attracting foreign investment. Shanghai, the largest city in China, is the case study for examining a municipal effort to provide safe drinking water; the problems are associated with wastewater discharge, water intake, and treatment facilities, as well as governmental efforts to improve the overall quality of water available to the residents of Shanghai. The extent of the concern is exemplified by parents who teach their children from infancy not to drink water directly from faucets. All water for human consumption is boiled. The perception of dangerous water is well founded, because many illnesses and diseases can be linked directly to poor water quality. Shanghai is a global-scale metropolis with a population of 12.5 million people and a position of prominence in commercial activity and industrial output in China. The old city forms the core of an area known administratively as Shanghai Proper, which is situated primarily on the western bank of the Huangpu River [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED]. The Huangpu drains an area of approximately 24,000 square kilometers and has a volume that exceeds 10 billion cubic meters annually (Duan ca. 1989, 1-7). This channeled tributary discharges into the Yangtze River near its mouth as it flows into the East China Sea. Shanghai Proper is a densely constructed area of residential and other urban uses that must utilize an aging infrastructure; yet it is considered the most attractive part of the city. Surrounding the inner city are ten counties that provide high-value agricultural commodities. Portions of these counties are rapidly developing urban concentrations that will place increasing demands on water resources. FRESHWATER SUPPLY Shanghai has always relied for its water supply on the Huangpu and its main tributary, Suzhou Creek, as well as on some canals. Although the Huangpu River will continue to provide virtually all of the water used in Shanghai, the quality of water from this source is usually below desired standards. Some water used to be pumped from wells as a supplement to the river water, but the practice was discontinued in the mid-1960s because it contributed directly to subsidence of land and related landuse problems (Shanghai Hydrogeologic Team 1976; Smil 1993). The annual natural recharge of groundwater was inadequate to maintain the historical hydrologic balance. Hydrologists measured the extent of this sinking land to be as much as 2. …

A Summation of the Research Topic of Educational Examinations in the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period and the Plans of the Research Topic in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period: Research Division of the Examination Center of the State Education Commission

Abstract On November 1-5, 1991, the Examination Administration Center of the State Education Commission convened in Beijing a conference for the summation of the research topic on educational examinations for the Seventh Five-Year Plan period and to determine the bids for carrying out research projects on the subject in the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. More than thirty people, including specialists and scholars in the area of examination research from all over the country and comrades in the area of research in the Examination Administration Center itself, participated in the conference.

Micro-level energy planning in India—A case study of bangalore north Taluk

Demand for energy in India is constantly on the rise and the conventional supply options available have failed to cope with this increase. The emergence of efficiency improvement, carrier substitution and renewable energy as alternative sources of energy supply, make adherence only to macro-level energy planning unrealistic. A micro-level (district/taluk) energy planning becomes pragmatic under these circumstances to pursue the goal of sustainable development and to harness locally available energy resources. This paper considers the energy consumption pattern in Bangalore North taluk in 1987–88 and projects the demand for energy in 1995–96. Taking into account the different energy sources used to provide different end-use services through different end-use devices, the paper presents a linear programming formulation for optimum allocation. The model considers the conventional and new alternative technologies for meeting the demand for energy service. The results show that substantial savings could be achieved by this optimal allocation. The cost savings could be to the tune of Rs 41.879 million in Bangalore North taluk during 1995–96 (terminal year of Eighth Five-Year Plan). Energy savings of about 27% and cost savings of 16% could also be achieved.

Research program on risk assessment of hazardous waste in the next five years in China

Research on the risk assessment of hazardous waste is the national key research program for the science and technology of environmental protection in China's Eighth Five-Year Plan. Based on a brief description of the developing situation in the management, legislation and standards of hazardous waste and toxic chemicals in China, the authors introduce mainly the expected content of the studies in risk assessment, including the screening of the ‘black list’ of hazardous wastes and toxic chemicals for priority control, and the procedures and methods of their risk assessment, as well as the risk assessment of control engineering for pollution from hazardous waste.

Policy alternatives for western and southern power systems in India

Utility policy issues addressed in this paper include: how much could be gained by interconnecting two regional grids?; what are the implications if the Indian eighth plan targets for capacity additions are reduced?; and, what is the role of energy conservation and reductions in peak power demand? A non-linear optimization model is used for simulating interconnection of two regional grids. The area under consideration includes seven major state utilities and six central sector plants, each having a pool of installed capacities of various types of plants and the transmission lines in place. The model minimizes the total variable costs for the total power system with physical constraints on the demand and supply side. The model is validated for the base-run for 1987–1988. Simulations are carried out for the terminal year of the eighth five-year plan (1994) assuming the capacity expansion plan already formulated by the government. The model is also capable of identifying the additional peaking capacity required for each utility. The simulation results for the eighth plan quantify the gains from interconnection and need for effective transmission linkages required between western and southern regions. This has to be backed-up by a suitable hardware programme, if the gains from interconnected systems are to be realized.

中国における労働衛生専門家の教育，訓練の現状と拡充政策

There are 40 post graduate schools of public health in China, from where 1,400 students are graduating every year. Fourteen percent of them are going into occupational health field. A total of about 25,000 specialists are now working in the occupational health field. However, this number is only 1 percent of all health workers in China. Facts on the educational resources in China including responsible institutions and programs for such occupational health specialists are introduced and discussed. Finally a program for increasing the number of occupational health specialists in the Eighth Five-year Plan of China is introduced.