Eight-factor Model Research Articles

The Factors Affecting Innovative Behavior: An Employee Assessment System Based on Knowledge Creation

Organizations thrive on the innovative behavior of their personnel, but the specific factors that influence such behavior are not widely established, especially in the Thai context. An examination of the literature reveals that the knowledge management (KM) process, which has its basis in the process of knowledge creation known as the SECI process, serves to promote innovative behavior and is a key driver of competitive advantage within innovative organizations. This research study sought to determine which factors account for success in innovation, and to establish an assessment system to evaluate employee innovation. The study sample comprised 500 employees from companies operating in the technology sector. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out, and an eight-factor model was formulated on the basis of the available data. The eight factors in the model were determined to have a significant influence on the success of innovative behavior observed in Thai companies. The relevant factors comprised Sharing of knowledge (SK), Self-efficacy (SE), Problem solving skills (PS), Collaboration ability (CA), Culture of innovation (CI), Organizational support (OS), Culture of learning (CL), and Executive leadership (EL). Within the organizational context, the findings reveal the statistically significant contribution of Sharing of knowledge, Culture of innovation, Organizational support, and Self-efficacy in the promotion of innovative behavior. The study results may prove helpful for organizations wishing to assess the innovative capabilities of their staff, while the success factors may be implemented within organizations through the practical application of an assessment system. Also, by filling a research gap in the literature review, this work will be beneficial to academics and researchers in order to better promote innovative behavior. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2023-04-01-012 Full Text: PDF

Factor structure and measurement invariance of the psychosocial risk factors inventory of NOM-035-STPS-2018.

The primary objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Inventory for the Identification and Analysis of Psychosocial Risk Factors (IIA-PRF) of Reference Guide III proposed in NOM-035-STPS-2018. A total of 2,149 workers in Baja California, Mexico's industrial and education-government sectors, were administered an online inventory version. Preliminary analyses were performed, as well as a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) based on two models proposed by the standard itself: an eight-factor model (8-FM) and a four-factor model (4-FM). Likewise, based on the results and with the recommendations of the specialists, a threefactor model (3-FM) was proposed. In addition, nested model sequencing methods were subsequently applied to validate the invariance between the origin of the activity. The dimensionality of 3-FM was found to have adequate fit values according to a-priori established criteria. It is concluded that the IIAPRF does not have the reliability and validity parameters necessary to support interpretations, uses and consequences based on the theoretical structure established by NOM-035-STPS-2018 and that, although the 3-FM presents better reliability and validity indices, it is not invariant in terms of the origin of the activity. Finally, we discuss the implications and recommend reviewing and adjusting the design of the IIAPRF items to extend the measurement of invariance to other groups of relevance for decision making in the improvement of the work environment.

Development and validation of the Iranian version of the protection motivation theory questionnaire for fall prevention in older people

Background/Aims The protection motivation theory is a common framework illustrating the use of protective behaviours. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the protection motivation theory questionnaire for fall prevention in older people in Iran. Methods This study used a psychometric design. A literature review was initially performed and developed a 35-item questionnaire consisting of eight sub-constructs of the protection motivation theory. A panel of experts and a group of older people aged 60 years or above were invited to assess the content and face validity of the questionnaire. Thereafter, construct validity was evaluated by using confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was examined using test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Data analysis was performed using the partial least squares path modelling version three software. Results A total of 300 people living in retirement centres completed the questionnaire. In the expert panel review, all tasks received a content validity index above 0.90 and a content validity ratio above 0.80, representing good content validity. In total, 32 items remained in the final version of the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed an acceptable eight-factor model fit of the protection motivation theory sub-constructs with factor loadings from 0.59 to 0.93. The discriminant validity was verified using the Fornell–Larcker criterion. The Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.68 to 0.90 and the test–retest reliability ranged from 0.78 to 0.90, displaying an acceptable result. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the protection motivation theory questionnaire had good validation and can be used to measure the psychological predictors of fall behaviour in older people. Further studies are needed to evaluate the validity in various settings.

Success factors to promote innovative behavior in organizations

Innovative behavior in organizations have been practiced in many countries but the success factors are not well established in Thailand. The primary objective of this study was to identify and confirm the success factors in Thailand. The sample included 500 peoples who were observed in automotive industry. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicates a good fit of a eight-factor model to the observed data. The CFA construct revealed eight success factors to promote organization’s innovative behavior in Thailand, including Knowledge sharing (KS), Self-efficacy (SE), Problem-solving capacity (PS), Collaborative skill (CS), Innovation culture (IC), Organizational supportiveness (OS), Learning culture (LC), and Executive leadership (EL). The results show that Knowledge sharing, Organizational supportiveness, Innovation culture and Self-efficacy are statistically important as influencer to promote innovative behavior in organizations. This paper proposes guidelines for the promotion of organization’s innovative behavior in relation to the Thailand context.

A national school-based screening program for mental health problems among children aged 6 to 12 years in Iran: scale development and psychometric evaluation

ABSTRACT Schools are an ideal setting in which to measure and promote mental health difficulties. The aim of present study was to develop the Nemad Electronic Mental-Health Assessment Devices for Children (NEMAD-C) aged 6 to 12 years in Iran. A sample of parents and teachers (N = 10,163) were recruited to complete the parent and teacher reports. Totally, explorative and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the eight-factor model provides a better fit for both parental report and teacher report versions. Results revealed a screening tool consisting of eight dimensions: child abuse risk, self-harm, anxiety, depression, disruptive behavior disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, academic achievement deficit, and self-regulation. Findings showed that the internal consistency coefficients of the subscales were high, and convergent validity was evidenced by significant correlations with theoretically related constructs. Therefore, the NEMAD-C has adequate reliability and validity and could be used for multi-dimensional assessment of mental health problems in Iran.

Cross-Cultural study of decision-making styles for contemporary young consumers

ABSTRACT This study addressed the cross-cultural applicability and tested the generalizability of the Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI) for profiling contemporary young consumers in the U.S. and South Korea. Online surveys were used to collect 411 American and 680 South Korean female responses from various universities in both countries, respectively. Using a cross-validation approach, this study revealed a seven-factor model for U.S. consumers and a five-factor model for South Korean consumers differed from the original Sproles and Kendall’s eight-factor model, suggesting a substantial modification to profile Decision-making Styles (DMS) of today’s global consumers. Findings are limited to young female consumers in both countries. The similarities and differences found between these two countries can provide helpful insights to apparel professionals targeting global consumers. The findings contribute a new way of profiling today’s young fashion consumers by modifying existing CSI that have been used for more than 30 years.

Factor Structure and Validation of the Electronic form of Persian Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions in Male School Students With Learning Disabilities

Background and Aims This study aims to evaluate the factor structure and validity of the electronic form of the Persian version of Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF) in male school students with learning disabilities. Methods This is a psychometric study using the structural equation modeling. Participants included 100 male school students with learning disabilities in Kerman for assessing the validity and 430 male school students with learning disabilities for assessing the convergent validity. They were selected by a random sampling method. The data were collected electronically using the Persian BRIEF and Nejati’s Executive Functions Questionnaire (EFQ). The reliability was determined by assessing internal consistency and split-half reliability. Results The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the questionnaire had eight factors with good validity and reliability. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the eight-factor model. The online Persian BRIEF score had a signifcant correlation with the EFQ score (P<0.001). Conclusion The online Persian BRIEF can be used to assess the executive functions in male school students with learning disabilities in Iran.

Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (F-EPSI) among Iranian University men and women

BackgroundLimited research has validated eating pathology assessments in Iranian men and women. The purpose of the current study was to translate and validate a Farsi version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (F-EPSI) in Iranian university students.MethodsMen (n = 279) and women (n = 486) completed questionnaires including the F-EPSI.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the F-EPSI had an acceptable fit to the data and supported the eight-factor model. The scale was partially invariant across genders. Men reported higher scores on Excessive Exercise and Muscle Building subscales, and women reported higher scores on Body Dissatisfaction and Restricting subscales. The F-EPSI subscales had good 5- to 6-month test–retest reliability. The F-EPSI demonstrated convergent validity with clinical impairment, eating pathology, and body mass index (BMI). Finally, individuals scoring above the Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) cutoffs reported higher scores on the F-EPSI subscales, further supporting convergent validity of the scale.ConclusionFindings suggest that the F-EPSI will enable researchers to examine eating pathology symptoms among men and women in Iran.

Measurement Invariance of Moral Foundations across Population Strata

A representative sample (n = 2282) of Swedish adults completed the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, which measures moral intuitions concerning care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. A subset (n = 607) completed a measure of intuitions about liberty. Measurement invariance was estimated across sex, age, education, income, left-right placement, religiosity, and party preference groups, based on multigroup confirmatory factor analyses of two-, three-, five-, six-, and eight-factor models, as well as bifactor models (with methods factors or a general factor). Acceptable configural, metric, and scalar invariance was obtained for most group comparisons, particularly based on the more complex models. The clearest exceptions were (1) configural non-invariance in comparisons involving participants with very low education or income, and (2) scalar non-invariance in comparisons of ideological groups based on three- and six-factor models but not the eight-factor model, which distinguished lifestyle liberty from government liberty.

Adapting the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms into Turkish

ABSTRACT This article describes the adaptation and validation of a Turkish version of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms (CCAPS). The original CCAPS was developed for use in pre- and post-treatment assessments and designed in a way to allow monitoring of ongoing treatments. So far it has met the clinical, research, and administrative needs of college counseling centers. Our adaptation study involved translating the scale, establishing construct equivalence between the target and the source language, and estimating the reliability of the scores. The findings supported an eight-factor model and provided substantial validity evidences of the CCAPS-Turkish based on construct and criterion. The reliability of the eight subscales’ score is similar to that of the original version. A Rasch analysis provided further evidence on the constructs. The results of the study are discussed in relation to the mental health issues and the cultural context of university students in Turkey.

Assessment of adult attachment: Construction and validation of a hybrid self-report measure

The factorial structure of a combined set of items originating from two frequently used adult attachment measures in the field of psychopathology was examined. By employing exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a nonclinical sample (N = 1533), an eight-factor model emerged covering four (higher-order) dimensions: (I) avoidance vs. security (avoidance of intimacy, distrust in others, confidence in self and others) (II) anxiety (preoccupation with others, the need for approval and separation anxiety); (III) relationships as secondary; and (IV) independency. In two validation studies, the interpersonal and affective meaning of these newly formed attachment scales were examined by using instruments that accentuate agentic and communal interpersonal orientations in human contact. Multiple regression analyses indicated that almost 40% of variance in depression and 15% of variance in dissociation could be explained by the hybrid attachment scales. The results show that distrust, preoccupation, and separation anxiety may increase the risk for depression, while confidence seems to diminish it. Distrust and relationships as secondary emerged as the only two significant predictors of dissociation. Notably, close inspection of the eight-factor model challenges the original composition of several subscales of the original questionnaires involved. Possibilities to further improve and extend the multi-dimensional assessment of adult attachment are being discussed in detail.

Факторная структура русскоязычной версии опросника «Метакогнитивная включенность в деятельность»

Metacognitive processes are important for the success in the wide range of educational activities of youth and young adults. However, the positive correlations between metacognition and academic achievements are not high enough, and the instruments used in these studies might be the reason. We explored the factor structure of the Russian version of the questionnaire “Metacognitive Awareness Inventory” developed by G. Schraw and R. Dennison and adapted by A.V. Karpov and I.M. Skityaeva into Russian. The participants of our study were 527 residents of St. Petersburg, which were studying at the university at the time. Among them there were 366 students getting their first diploma and 161students getting their second diploma (average age 23.8 ± 8.8). In this article the authors present the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of four models, which are the most frequently used in foreign and Russian literature: unidimensional model; two different two-factor models; eight-factor model. Evaluation of the model fit indices for the four models showed that none of them were a god fit. We reduced the number of items of the questionnaire and re-implemented the factor analysis of these four models. The values of indicators of a good model fit improved. In the short version of the questionnaire “Metacognitive Awareness Inventory” the authors discovered two scales – knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition, which included 8 subscales: declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge, conditional knowledge, planning, information management strategies, comprehension monitoring, debugging strategies, evaluation.

Cross-cultural validation and psychometric testing of the counseling center assessment of psychological symptoms: experience of Serbia.

Psychological distress in university students represents a rising public health concern. The complexity of this phenomenon calls for a more in-depth scrutiny, in order to address the wide diversity of mental health issues that may arise in this population. The instrument designed for the purpose of measuring the student-specific distress is needed. An appropriate tool is the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms 62 (CCAPS-62), multidimensional scale widely used at many universities. The objective of the present study was to translate, culturally adapt and psychometrically validate CCAPS-62 in Serbian student population. A total of 1326 Belgrade University students were recruited from twelve different faculties. Considering the possible culturally conditioned differences in the quality of distress both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. The results of the exploratory factor analysis supported the eight-factor model with the item composition of the factors different to a certain extent from the original version. This measurement model was verified by confirmatory factor analysis. Findings demonstrated good internal consistency for the total scale as well as for the eight subscales applied among Serbian students. Implications are discussed with respect to the cultural context of mental health concerns in student population.

Psycho-lexically based Openness to Experience

We investigated whether NEO-PI-R Openness to Experience (Costa & McCrae, 1992) and its six facets could be identified in the natural trait lexicon. To represent the NEO-PI-R Openness, a list of 113 items was selected from a lexically derived trait list developed for the eight-factor trait model of De Raad and Barelds (2008). We used ratings from two samples. The first (N=271) filled out the lexical Openness scales, the NEO-PI-R Openness scales, and scales measuring the eight-factor model. From the second sample (N=1,466), ratings were used to analyze the lexical Openness scales. Correlations between the eight-factor scales and the two sets of Openness scales indicated that Openness scales are fairly covered by the eight factors, except for the Ideas and Values facets of the NEO-PI-R. The lexical Openness scales correlated well with the NEO-PI-R Openness scales. Openness to Experience and its six facets were identified in the natural trait lexicon, but exploratory factor analyses did not support the six-facet structure of the NEO-PI-R Openness, neither did they lead to a similar six-facet structure across samples. Moreover, it did not consistently support a proposed two-facet structure emphasizing internal openness (fantasy, aesthetics) and external openness (ideas, change).

Development and Validation of the Barriers to Care Scale: Assessing Access to Care among Canadian Armed Forces Health Care Providers

Military health care providers (HCPs) under-access health services. Measures aimed at assessing barriers to care are either limited in scope, do not address barriers to physical healthcare, or are not grounded in theory. The current study developed and validated a measure of barriers to care based on an existing theoretical framework. Forty focus groups were conducted with 182 Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) HCPs across Canada focusing on barriers to accessing care. Focus group content was used to develop 52 unique barrier items. The Barriers to Care scale was completed by 1033 CAF HCPs. The sample was randomly split so that both an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) could be conducted. The identified factors were correlated with intent to access care to assess concurrent validity. Results of the EFA and CFA (CFI = .84; TLI = .84; SRMR = .08; RMSEA = .07) suggested an eight-factor model. The alphas of the eight subscales were excellent (> .85). All subscales significantly and negatively correlated with intent to access care. The findings suggest a promising first step toward creating a theory-based, valid, and reliable measure for assessing barriers to care.

Negative Cognitions and Emotional Distress Following Job Loss: Development and Validation of the Beliefs About Loss of Work (BLOW) Scale

Negative cognitions following job loss can contribute to emotional distress by motivating individuals to adopt coping styles that reduce stress in the short run while obstructing adjustment in the long run. It is unclear which specific cognitions are related to symptoms of complicated grief, depression, and anxiety following job loss. To fill this gap, this study introduces the Beliefs about Loss of Work (BLOW) scale and examines its psychometric properties. We recruited 222 Dutch workers who had lost their job, including 70 men and 152 women, with an average age of 52.5 years. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a second-order eight-factor model had the best fit to the data. The BLOW scale is a reliable instrument with a good convergent and divergent validity. This instrument may stimulate research on mechanisms involved in job loss-related distress and could inform the development of interventions to reduce this distress.

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams Scale.

Lucid dreaming, a specific phenomenon of dream consciousness, refers to the experience being aware that one is dreaming. The primary aim of this research was to validate a Spanish version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale (LuCiD). A secondary aim was to explore whether meditation experience and mindfulness trait were related to LuCiD scores. Data from 367 Spanish men (34.6%) and women (65.4%) who completed LuCiD, the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were examined. From the total sample, 40.3% indicated some experience with formal meditation (meditators), while 59.7% did not have any meditation experience (non-meditators). A random subsample of 101 participants, who completed LuCiD for a second time after a period of 10–15days, was used for test–retest reliability analysis. The LuCiD scale comprises 28 items distributed across eight factors: insight, control, thought, realism, memory, dissociation, negative emotion, and positive emotion. Factor structure, reliability by both internal consistency and test–retest reliability, and construct and concurrent validity were tested. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the original eight-factor model, showing goodness of fit in contrast to a single-factor model. Item 15 was deleted from the Dissociation factor as it performed poorly (i.e., skewness and kurtosis, non-normal distribution of responses, and corrected item–total correlation under 0.40). The scale showed adequate values of internal consistency (between α=0.65 for Memory and α=0.83 for Positive Emotion) and test–retest reliability by significant Pearson correlations (p<0.001) for each factor. The scores of meditators were higher for the LuCiD scale Insight and Dissociation factors, in contrast to those of non-meditators. The Observing facet of mindfulness was positively associated with all LuCiD factors, except Realism and Positive Emotion, and the Acting with Awareness facet showed a negative correlation with the LuCiD factor Realism. Finally, positive and negative affects was associated with the LuCiD factors Positive Emotion and Negative Emotion. This study provides a valid and reliable measure for exploring lucidity and consciousness in dreams for a Spanish population, Moreover, the results suggest a relationship with meditation experience, mindfulness trait, and positive and negative affect.

Chinese version of the Precursors to Boredom Scales: Evaluation and psychometric properties

We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Chinese Precursors to Boredom Scales (C-PBS) with a sample of Chinese college students. The results show that the C-PBS had acceptable internal consistency reliability and criterion validity, and that the eight-factor model fit the data well. We also investigated the characteristics of precursors to boredom in Chinese college students. Apart from one factor (being underchallenged), all precursors were significantly and negatively correlated with students' self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, and with academic achievement. It is notable that low-income (vs. high-income) students who were bored during mathematics classes felt less monotomy, lack of meaning, and oppurtunity costs. The C-PBS is, thus, a relevant instrument for the investigation of precursors to boredom in Chinese college students.

Validation and Adjustment of the Patient Experience Questionnaire (PEQ): A Regional Hospital Study in Norway.

This paper assesses the psychometric qualities of the Patient Experience Questionnaire (PEQ), thereby validating a patient-oriented measurement model in a hospital environment, and modifies the model based on empirical results. This study employed survey data gathered by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health from adult inpatients at somatic hospitals in the Health South-East RHF in Norway. The survey engaged 4603 patients out of 8381 from five main hospitals in the region. The study found that an eight-factor model of the PEQ generally showed good fitness to the data, but assessment of discriminant validity showed that this was not the optimal factor solution among four of the eight dimensions. After comparing models, the study proposed a model with a second-order factor for four of the factors: “nurse services”, “doctor services”, “information”, and “organization”, collectively named “treatment services”. The proposed model demonstrated good validity and reliability results. The results present theoretical and practical implications. The study recommends that inferential analyses on the PEQ should be done with the second-order factor. Furthermore, a revision of the PEQ is recommended subject to more confirmatory studies with larger samples in different regions. The study indicates a second-order factor structure for assessing and understanding patient experiences—a finding which has both theoretical and managerial implications.

Exploring the Factors Affecting Students’ Choice of Higher Education Institutes in India: A Factor Analysis Approach

The study seeks to identify and explore those factors the students consider while selecting a higher education institute or a university. The study is based on quantitative data as well as qualitative data. Individual interviews were conducted with subject experts and students. The data for analysis was collected from 212 students of the Indore region by using a structured questionnaire and judgemental sampling technique. With the help of exploratory study discovered eight factors were analysed namely– past placement record and programme design, college working hours and well-resourced library, co-curricular activities and alumni feedback, faculty expertise, benefits and expenditure, state-of-the-art, supportive staff, and additional facilities; that are considered while choosing a higher education institute. These eight factors were further examined through a confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the proposed model. An eight-factor model consisting of the factors affecting the students’ choice of higher education institutes.