Abstract
Lucid dreaming, a specific phenomenon of dream consciousness, refers to the experience being aware that one is dreaming. The primary aim of this research was to validate a Spanish version of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale (LuCiD). A secondary aim was to explore whether meditation experience and mindfulness trait were related to LuCiD scores. Data from 367 Spanish men (34.6%) and women (65.4%) who completed LuCiD, the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were examined. From the total sample, 40.3% indicated some experience with formal meditation (meditators), while 59.7% did not have any meditation experience (non-meditators). A random subsample of 101 participants, who completed LuCiD for a second time after a period of 10–15days, was used for test–retest reliability analysis. The LuCiD scale comprises 28 items distributed across eight factors: insight, control, thought, realism, memory, dissociation, negative emotion, and positive emotion. Factor structure, reliability by both internal consistency and test–retest reliability, and construct and concurrent validity were tested. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the original eight-factor model, showing goodness of fit in contrast to a single-factor model. Item 15 was deleted from the Dissociation factor as it performed poorly (i.e., skewness and kurtosis, non-normal distribution of responses, and corrected item–total correlation under 0.40). The scale showed adequate values of internal consistency (between α=0.65 for Memory and α=0.83 for Positive Emotion) and test–retest reliability by significant Pearson correlations (p<0.001) for each factor. The scores of meditators were higher for the LuCiD scale Insight and Dissociation factors, in contrast to those of non-meditators. The Observing facet of mindfulness was positively associated with all LuCiD factors, except Realism and Positive Emotion, and the Acting with Awareness facet showed a negative correlation with the LuCiD factor Realism. Finally, positive and negative affects was associated with the LuCiD factors Positive Emotion and Negative Emotion. This study provides a valid and reliable measure for exploring lucidity and consciousness in dreams for a Spanish population, Moreover, the results suggest a relationship with meditation experience, mindfulness trait, and positive and negative affect.
Highlights
Lucid dreaming is a specific phenomenon of dream consciousness that has been defined as the experience of knowing one is dreaming while one is dreaming (LaBerge, 1985, 2009)
When observing the correlations from the I-Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)-SF and the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams scale (LuCiD) factors, the results showed that I-PANAS-SF-Positive Affect was negatively correlated with Negative emotion, while I-PANAS-SF-Negative Affect was positively correlated with Negative emotion and negatively with Positive emotion
The main purpose of the present study was to validate a Spanish version of the LuCiD
Summary
Lucid dreaming is a specific phenomenon of dream consciousness that has been defined as the experience of knowing one is dreaming while one is dreaming (LaBerge, 1985, 2009) This has been described throughout human history and is a field of growing scientific interest (Van Eeden, 1913; LaBerge, 1990; Harb et al, 2016; Saunders et al, 2016; Aspy, 2020; Yu and Shen, 2020; Ferreira et al, 2021). Stumbrys and Erlacher (2017) pointed out that full control over the dream plot is possible in about two-thirds of cases, while control of the dream environment and the ability to maintain dream awareness are possible in less than half of cases, where the main predictors of LD control were higher LD frequency and dispositional mindfulness in wakefulness, as well as younger age It has been suggested that deliberate control is possible in approximately one-third of LDs (Soffer-Dudek, 2020; for example, changing location and deliberately waking up; Aspy, 2020), it seems to be dependent on specific aspects of control (e.g., whether controlling the dream body or the environment) where higher rates were found (Stumbrys and Erlacher, 2017). Stumbrys and Erlacher (2017) pointed out that full control over the dream plot is possible in about two-thirds of cases, while control of the dream environment and the ability to maintain dream awareness are possible in less than half of cases, where the main predictors of LD control were higher LD frequency and dispositional mindfulness in wakefulness, as well as younger age
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