Eight-factor Model Research Articles

AN examination of linear factor models in U.K. stock returns in the presence of dynamic trading

This study uses the approach of Ferson and Siegel, Rev Financ Stud 22:2735–2758 (2009), and Ferson, Siegel and Wang, J Financ Quant Anal, forthcoming, (2024) to examine the unconditional mean–variance efficiency, in the presence of conditioning information (UMV), of ten linear factor models in U.K. stock returns. The study finds that the UMV efficiency of all the multifactor models is strongly rejected in U.K. stock returns in two different sets of test assets. This rejection is mainly driven by allowing dynamic trading in the test assets and factors. The optimal use of conditioning information also has a significant impact in relative model comparison tests. In relative model comparison tests based on UMV efficiency, the best performing model is the eight-factor model of Chib and Zeng, J Bus Econ Stat 38:771–783 (2020) model.

Validation of the Chinese version of the coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying scale

BackgroundAlthough abundant evidence has confirmed cyberbullying as a global online risk, little is known about the coping strategies employed by victims and those who experiencing bullying. A validated scale for coping with cyberbullying could inform evidence-based social services and enable comparative studies of this phenomenon among victims from different backgrounds. This study aims to validate the Coping Strategies for Victims of Cyberbullying (CSVC) scale among Chinese adolescents and to compare its effectiveness between victims and bully-victims (individuals with dual roles).MethodsA 25-item CSVC scale was translated and adapted for cultural relevance in the Chinese context. A sample of 1,716 adolescents, aged 13–18 years, from two middle schools and one high school in China, was recruited. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted.ResultsThe EFA revealed that the Chinese version of the CSVC scale had satisfactory validity. The CFA demonstrated a good fit for the eight-factor model in assessing different coping strategies for cyberbullying. Differences in the selection of coping strategies were observed between the general adolescent population and sexual and gender minorities.ConclusionsFuture intervention studies may use this validated scale to educate adolescents, both those affected by cyberbullying and those who are not, to learn a broader range of coping strategies and to choose more effective ones.

On the importance of asset pricing factors in the relative valuation

In this study, we examine the implications of multi-factor asset pricing models in corporate valuation, focusing on the relative valuation approach. Our investigation centers around an eight-factor model, which we compare against traditional valuation methods that rely on industry or risk grouping and cross-sectional averages. The purpose of this comparison is to assess the efficacy of incorporating pricing factor variables into the valuation process and to understand their impact on valuation accuracy. The findings of our analysis suggest that the use of the eight-factor model leads to a reduction in estimation errors of valuation multiples, indicating an important improvement in precision compared to conventional valuation methods. Additionally, our research offers insights into the practicality of applying multi-factor models. It contributes to the intersection between empirical asset pricing and corporate finance by providing a detailed evaluation of advanced valuation models and their relevance in improving the accuracy of relative valuation.

Quality of Life Assessment in Danish Heroin Assisted Treatment Patients: Validity of the SF-36 Survey

Abstract Background Quality of life assessment is a crucial component of evaluating the treatment of substance use disorders such as opioid addiction. Method This study assessed the structural and external validity of the short form (SF-36) Health Survey in patients enrolled in the Danish Heroin Assisted Treatment Program (HAT). Exploratory and confirmation factor analysis was performed on 541 patients enrolled in the supervised injected HAT program who completed the SF-36 questionnaire at enrollment and with planned follow-ups. To investigate external validity, we correlated SF-36 factors with hospital contact prior to enrollment in HAT. Results Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated acceptable levels of statistical fit for the standard eight-factor model and provided evidence that quality of life can reliably be measured over time in this sample. SF-36 factors were correlated with the amount of prior somatic hospital contact but not psychiatric hospital contact. A stepwise regression approach revealed that the general health factor and the physical functioning factor were preferentially employed to predict the amount of prior somatic hospital contact. Conclusion Our findings support the validity of the SF-36 Health Survey as a measure of the quality of life in people undergoing Heroin Assisted Treatment. The fact that the factors structure of the SF-36 was stable over repeated measurements implies that it can be used as a measure of change in this population. Future studies should consider a longitudinal design and attempt to predict future hospital contact using quality-of-life measures in patients with opioid addiction.

Long- and short-term frequent attenders' perceptions of patient-centredness in Finnish primary healthcare: A cross-sectional survey and the equivalence of the factor structure of the 36-item patient-centred primary care instrument.

The study aimed to compare long- and short-term frequent attenders' (FAs) perceptions of patient-centredness and to assess the equivalence of the factor structure of patient-centred primary care (PCPC) instrument for long- and short-term FAs. A cross-sectional survey of long-term (n = 234) and short-term (n = 261) FAs within the primary healthcare of one city in Finland. The data collected in January-July 2020 via 'the 36-item PCPC instrument' were analysed using Pearson's chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Cronbach's alpha, and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). Long-term FAs had worse perceptions of patient-centredness than short-term FAs across all subscales: patients' preferences, physical comfort, coordination of care, continuity and transition, emotional support, access to care, information and education, and family and friends. The MGCFA indicated a good fit for the predicted eight-factor model. Long-term FAs' care needs are currently not being met, indicating the need for considering how the way healthcare services are arranged and care is provided affects prolonged and high care needs. Various dimensions of patient-centredness need to be addressed when developing not only FAs' care but also wider service paths. A distinction should be made between long- and short-term frequent attendance when identifying and addressing FAs' service needs.

Confirming Eight-Factor Structure of the Substance Use Motives Measure in a Sample of US College Students.

The 2020 National Survey on Drug Use indicates nearly three quarters of individuals ages 18-25 have used substances in the past year. Research suggests individuals who use substances to cope with negative mood states are typically more substance-involved, report more psychological distress, and have a more extensive treatment history. Additionally, the high rate of polysubstance use among substance using adults in the U.S. highlights the need for broadband measures that can adequately capture use, consequences, and motivations for use of multiple substances. However, most measures assessing motives for use are typically substance specific. Recently, Biolcati and Passini (2019) developed a brief, but comprehensive model of broad substance use motives (i.e., Substance Use Motives Measure, SUMM) based on well-established motives questionnaires (e.g., DMQ-R, MMQ). They found support for their proposed eight-factor model in an online sample of Italian citizens (ages 18-60). No studies to date have examined the psychometric properties of the SUMM with an English-speaking or US college student sample. The current study evaluates the factor structure of the SUMM in a sample of 143 college students (74.8% female, 77.6% White, and 94.4% non-Hispanic/Latinx) at a large, southeastern university in the United States. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis showed support for the previously identified eight-factor structure for the SUMM, with acceptable model fit and internal consistency of each factor found. Findings support using the SUMM as a broad measure of substance use motives, but more research is needed to assess measurement invariance across different groups and to evaluate external, concurrent, and convergent validity using other well-established measures of substance use motives, severity, and psychiatric symptomatology.

Validation of PleaseApp: a digital tool for the assessment of receptive pragmatic abilities in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Pragmatic skills allow children to use language for social purposes, that is, to communicate and interact with people. Most children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) face pragmatic difficulties during development. Nevertheless, pragmatic skills are often only partially assessed because the existing instruments usually focus on specific aspects of pragmatics and are not always adapted to children with communication difficulties. In this sense, digital tools (e.g., apps) are an optimal method to compensate for some difficulties. Moreover, there is a lack of pragmatic tools measuring the receptive domain. Therefore, the present study aims to validate PleaseApp as a digital instrument that measures eight pragmatic skills by presenting the design of the assessment tool and its psychometric properties. PleaseApp was designed based on previous empirical studies of developmental pragmatics in children with and without NDD. PleaseApp assesses eight receptive pragmatic skills: figurative language, narrative, reference, indirect speech acts, visual and verbal humor, gesture-speech integration, politeness, and complex intentionality. The study involved 150 typically developing children between 5 and 12 years of age. A confirmatory factor analysis proposes an eight-factor model with no underlying factor structure. The eight tests that compose PleaseApp have obtained a model with a good fit and with adequate reliability and validity indices. PleaseApp is an objective, valid, and reliable tool for assessing pragmatic skills in children with NDD. In this sense, it helps to assess whether a child has acquired pragmatic skills correctly according to his/her age and clarify the specific problems a child has in eight different components to plan personal and personalized interventions.

US efficient factors in a Bayesian model scan framework

PurposeThe author examines the impact these efficient factors have on factor model comparison tests in US returns using the Bayesian model scan approach of Chib et al. (2020), and Chib et al.(2022).Design/methodology/approachEhsani and Linnainmaa (2022) show that time-series efficient investment factors in US stock returns span and earn 40% higher Sharpe ratios than the original factors.FindingsThe author shows that the optimal asset pricing model is an eight-factor model which contains efficient versions of the market factor, value factor (HML) and long-horizon behavioral factor (FIN). The findings show that efficient factors enhance the performance of US factor model performance. The top performing asset pricing model does not change in recent data.Originality/valueThe author is the only one to examine if the efficient factors developed by Ehsani and Linnainmaa (2022) have an impact on model comparison tests in US stock returns.

Factors determining regional grain exports

The value of grain exports is determined by the size of the surplus arising in the regions, which is formed, in turn, as an excess of domestic production over domestic consumption (including export to other regions). However, under state regulation of the grain market, the surplus is not the only factor in grain exports. The authors have formed three- and eight-factor models that determine the value of regional grain exports not only directly from the value of the regional surplus but also the coverage of the provincial surplus by the tariff quota, the degree of actual development of the tariff quota (three-factor model), compliance with food security requirements, the availability of stocks with storage units, the degree of surplus, satisfaction of needs with actual stocks, as well as compliance with the annual according to the available storage capacities (eight-factor model). Based on the indicators of potential and actual regional grain exports, it is proposed to calculate the value of the reserve of regional grain exports.

The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Age Stereotypes Questionnaire for the Elderly

Objectives Age stereotypes, as common social beliefs about the aging process and the age groups, can have a considerable impact on the physical and mental health. Considering the lack of a reliable tool in Iran to measure age stereotypes, the present study was aims to investigate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. Participants were 360 elderly people over 60 years old in Kermanshah, Iran, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed the Persian versions of Kornadt and Rothermund’s age stereotypes questionnaire and Kaspar et al.’s awareness of age-related changes (AARC) questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS version 24. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 67.66±5.88 years. Participants were 175(48.6%) males and 185(51.4%) females. In assessing internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha for the subscale of family and partnership was obtained 0.871; for the friends and acquaintances subscale, 0.842; for religion and spirituality subscale, 0.747; for leisure activities and social or civic commitment subscale, 0.774; for personality and way of living subscale, 0.809; for financial situation and dealing with money-related issues, 0.846; for work and employment subscale, 0.859; and for physical and mental fitness, health and appearance, 0.874. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the eight-factor model had a very good fit. The results of Pearson’s correlation test showed that the subscales of the age stereotypes questionnaire had a positive and significant correlation with the two subscales of the AARC questionnaire. Conclusion The Persian version of the age stereotypes questionnaire has good validity and reliability for older adults. It can be used in future studies in Iran to examine the relationship between age stereotypes and other important variables related to old age.

Abbreviated Suicidal Narrative Inventory: factor structure, internal consistency, and validity in a Brazilian sample.

To test the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Brazilian version of the Abbreviated Suicidal Narrative Inventory (SNI-38). We used an anonymous online questionnaire of the SNI-38 and self-report measures administered between November 2020 and October 2021 in the Brazilian community. Participants were recruited through social media advertisements. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the factor structure of the SNI-38. In addition, we assessed internal consistency and convergent validity against stressful life events, suicide crisis syndrome, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. A total of 2,660 participants were included. The eight-factor model of the SNI-38 had a good model fit (?2[637] = 7,473.98, p < 0.001, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.99, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.99, root mean squared error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.07, standardized root mean residual [SRMR] = 0.06). Notably, all items were significantly and positively loaded onto their respective factors (factor loadings = 0.45). The reliability of all subscales except for goal disengagement ranged from good to high. Furthermore, all subscales except goal disengagement showed positive correlations with variables such as suicide crisis syndrome, stressful life events, lifetime/past month suicidal ideation, and lifetime suicide attempts. These findings provide preliminary support for the validity of the Brazilian version of the SNI-38 as an appropriate, valid instrument for measuring suicidal narratives in Brazilian individuals.

From Three-Factors Model of Sustainability to the Integrated Model of Sustainability

In addition to the three dimensions of sustainability, environmental, social and economic, other aspects that have emerged in recent years in both literature and practice as requiring particular attention in achieving sustainability are culture, human capital, technology, industry and business, politics and good governance, and peace. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present these factors as well as multidimensional models of sustainability and ultimately to synthesize and integrate them into an eight-factor model of sustainability. Finally, it sets out a further line of research, focusing on how these dimensions affect the understanding and implementation of corporate sustainability.

An exploratory factor analysis of entrepreneurship psychological readiness (EPR) instrument

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument for assessing psychological readiness for entrepreneurship. A well-designed measurement of entrepreneurship psychological readiness can provide early warning to policymakers, in this case the government, and provide education and funding to prospective entrepreneurs who must not only be examined physically, but also psychologically. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and reliability analysis, the validity and reliability of the Entrepreneurship Psychological Readiness (EPR) instrument were examined. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) found that the Entrepreneurship Psychological Readiness (EPR) instrument’s eight-factor model explained 57.44% of the variance among the items. To develop a fit model, it was necessary to exclude 26 items from the questionnaire, leaving 59 items left. The factors name identified by Personal Knowledge, Personal Adversity, Committed Certain Action, Willingness to Learn, Personal Relationship to Others, Personal Growth, Passion Achieved, and Related Person Support. All of the eight-factor models have excellent reliability of 0.96.

Measurement invariance of the Youth Self-Report across youth who have committed sexual and nonsexual offenses.

Justice-involved youth experience high rates of mental health problems that require proper screening and assessment in order to effectively intervene. The Youth Self-Report (YSR) is a general psychopathology rating scale that measures several dimensions of psychopathology and is commonly used in clinical assessments, including with justice-involved youth. Yet, the underlying factor structure of the YSR has not been examined specifically in a sample of justice-involved youth. We examined the factor structure of the YSR using confirmatory factor analysis with a sample of 961 male youth involved with the justice system (12-18 years of age). Measurement invariance of the YSR was also examined across groups of youth who committed a sexual offence and those who committed a nonsexual offence. The eight-factor model presented with optimal fit to the data, consistent with previous research with nonjustice involved samples, and the model demonstrated strong measurement invariance across youth who committed both types of offenses (sexual and nonsexual). Youth who committed nonsexual offenses reported significantly higher degrees of rule-breaking behavior and lower degrees of social problems than youth who committed sexual offenses. The current findings provide strong psychometric evidence that supports the use of the YSR with justice-involved male youth. As such, clinicians and researchers can be confident in using the YSR as a mental health screening tool with male youth involved with the justice system who have committed various offenses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Adaptation of communication styles inventory to Russian context

Communication style refers to the distinct ways individuals exhibit verbal, paraverbal, and nonverbal communication patterns in social interactions. It involves receiving, interpreting, and delivering feedback and messages. Factors like culture and personality affect communication styles, and tools like communication styles inventory (CSI) help evaluate and improve individuals’ communication skills. Cultural differences significantly impact communication styles, so it’s important to adapt and validate measurement instruments for diverse cultural settings, such as adapting CSI for the Russian context. This study aims to adapt CSI for use in the Russian context. The research follows a quantitative approach, collecting data from 407 undergraduate and graduate students across different universities. CSI is a questionnaire assessing six distinct communication patterns with 96 items. The researchers conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine CSI’s validity and reliability in the Russian context. The analyses yielded an eight-factor model explaining 59.5% of the total variance. Although two factors from the original scale were preserved, other factors were newly named. The confirmatory factor analysis tested the relationship between the original sub-dimensions and the new dimensions, resulting in a better-adapted model with significant relationships between items and factors. The findings indicate the scale’s suitability for different cultures and sample groups, supporting its validity and reliability. Further research should adapt the scale to other cultures and utilize it in studies in the Russian context.

Network analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder in a treatment-seeking sample of US firefighters and emergency medical technicians

BackgroundFirst responders, including firefighters and emergency medical technicians (EMTs), are under extreme stress from repeated exposure to potentially traumatic events. To optimize treatment for this population, it is critical to understand how the various posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom factors are associated with one another so these relations may be targeted in treatment. MethodUsing a sample of treatment-seeking firefighters/EMTs (N = 342), we conducted a partial correlation network analysis of the eight-factor model. A Bayesian directed acyclic graph (DAG) was used to estimate causal associations between clusters. ResultsApproximately 37 % of the sample screened positive for probable PTSD. Internal re-experiencing and external re-experiencing had the strongest edges. In the DAG, internal re-experiencing was the parent node and was potentially predictive of external re-experiencing, negative affect, dysphoric arousal, and avoidance. LimitationsData were drawn from a treatment-seeking sample that may not generalize to all firefighters/EMTs. ConclusionsThe current findings are consistent with prior research suggesting re-experiencing plays a critical role in developing and maintaining PTSD symptoms. Future research should investigate non-treatment-seeking first responders, as well as EMTs and firefighters as individual populations.

The “why” behind generation Y amateur gamers' ongoing eSports gameplay intentions

PurposeTechnological advancements in games increased the popularity of online gaming. The rapid expansion of the eSports market may largely be attributed to the ever-increasing popularity amongst Generation Y amateur gamers. The primary objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing Generation Y amateur gamers' ongoing eSports gameplay intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the extended unified theory of acceptance as the theoretical framework. Data analysis included exploratory principal component analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis.FindingsThe results of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that Generation Y amateur gamers' ongoing eSports gameplay intentions is an eight-factor model that is reliable, valid and has acceptable model fit. The results of the path analysis indicate that habit, price-value, flow, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions have a statistically significant positive influence on amateur gamers' ongoing eSports gameplay intentions, whilst social influence and hedonic motivation have a negative but non-significant influence on those intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was formed using only amateur eSports gamers. In this regard, the opportunity exists to research professional eSports gamers. This study only focussed on Generation Y members between 18 and 36 years old. As a result, there is an opportunity for researchers to research the different generations of South African eSports gamers to determine whether there are any differences or similarities between generational segments.Practical implicationsThe results of this study clearly indicate that flow, together with habit are salient contributors to ongoing gameplay intentions amongst amateur eSports gamers in South Africa. A reasonable assumption that can be made here is that flow is also instrumental in encouraging habitual gaming, which increases the importance of flow in overall ongoing gameplay intentions. This suggests that R&D expenditure should be directed at enhancing user engagement by building increased levels of flow into eSports games.Social implicationseSports game developers can also achieve a desired state of flow by creating daily challenges that reward players when the players achieve specific objectives, which will encourage gamers to enter a state of flow when provided with challenges to complete. However, these in-game challenges should have a variety of levels regarding difficulty, ranging from beginner, intermediate and advanced levels so as not to exceed the effort expectancy of different groups of players. Game developers should provide regularly updated challenges to gamers to ensure that eSports games remain enjoyable and does not become predictable.Originality/valueGiven the nascence of research on eSports behaviour, the results of this study provide a novel addition to the knowledge pool, particularly in terms of amateur eSports behavioural intentions. Interestingly, hedonic motivation and social influence were non-significant negative predictors of Generation Y amateur gamers' ongoing eSports gameplay intentions. The recommendations provide various marketing strategies and opportunities for eSports business expansion.

Validation of the German version of the pregnancy-related anxiety scale (PrAS): psychometric properties across all trimesters of pregnancy

BackgroundPregnancy-related anxiety has received greater research attention recently given its association with adverse outcomes (e.g., negative birth experiences). The Pregnancy-related Anxiety Scale (PrAS) offers the possibility to assess pregnancy-related anxiety, but no German version is available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a German version of the PrAS, a comprehensive measure with eight dimensions.MethodsPregnant women of any parity or gestation completed an online survey consisting of the PrAS, PRAQ-R2, and measures of anxiety, depression, and resilience. The PrAS was translated into German (PrAS-G) using the back-translation method. Data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and inferential statistics.ResultsComplete data were provided by 443 women. Participants were predominantly German nationals, partnered, and well-educated with a planned pregnancy. Approximately half were nulliparous. The eight-factor model was well fitting and consistent with the development of the original PrAS. Criterion-related validity was demonstrated by strong correlations with similar measures (PRAQ-R2, anxiety, and depression) and lower correlations with resilience scores. Predictive validity was shown by group comparisons for: planned versus unplanned pregnancy, trimester, and parity.ConclusionsThe PrAS-G provides a broader assessment of pregnancy-related anxiety than existing measures. Initial evaluation has demonstrated convergent, divergent, and predictive validity, excellent internal consistency, and good model fit indicating promising psychometric properties. The PrAS-G offers a comprehensive assessment of pregnancy-related anxiety which will enable tailored interventions aiming to improve birth experience and well-being of expectant mothers.

Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) Questionnaire in Colombian University Students.

The university student population is influenced by multiple factors that affect body awareness. Identifying the body awareness status of students is crucial in creating self-care and emotion management programs to prevent diseases and promote health. The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) questionnaire evaluates interoceptive body awareness in eight dimensions through 32 questions. It is one of the few tools that enable a comprehensive assessment of interoceptive body awareness by involving eight dimensions of analysis. The objective of this study is to present the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) to observe to what extent the hypothesized model fits the population of university students in Colombia. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 202 students who met the inclusion criterion of being undergraduate university students. Data were collected in May 2022. A descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic variables of age, gender, city, marital status, discipline, and history of chronic diseases was performed. JASP 0.16.4.0 statistical software was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed based on the proposed eight-factor model of the original MAIA, giving a significant p-value and 95% confidence interval. However, when performing loading factor analysis, a low p-value was found for item 6 of the Not Distracting factor, and for the entire Not Worrying factor. A seven-factor model with modifications is proposed. The results of this study confirmed the validity and reliability of the MAIA in the Colombian university student population.

Validation of a Farsi version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (F-EPSI) among Iranian adolescents

PurposeLimited research has validated eating pathology assessments in Iranian adolescent boys and girls. In particular, the measures that have been validated do not capture both boys’ and girls’ eating behaviors in adolescence. The purpose of the current study was to validate a Farsi version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (F-EPSI) for use in Iranian adolescents.MethodsParticipants (N = 913; 85.3% girls) were adolescents who completed a battery of questionnaires including the F-EPSI. In addition, F-EPSI data for Iranian adolescents were compared with those of previously published data of adult Iranian college students.ResultsConfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated that the F-EPSI had an acceptable fit to the data and supported the eight-factor model. The scale was invariant by gender, weight status, eating disorder, and age groups. Boys reported higher scores than girls on the Excessive Exercise, Muscle Building, Body Dissatisfaction, and Binge Eating subscales. Adolescents with higher weight and eating disorder symptoms endorsed higher scores on the F-EPSI subscales. Older adolescents and adults reported higher scores than younger adolescents and adolescents, respectively. Adolescents had higher scores than adults on Restricting and Excessive Exercise subscales. The F-EPSI demonstrated good convergent validity through correlations with other eating pathology symptoms. The F-EPSI subscales were associated with depression and body mass index (zBMI) in expected directions that indicate criterion validity of the scale.ConclusionsFindings suggest that the F-EPSI is a reliable and valid measure in Iranian non-clinical adolescents. The F-EPSI will enable researchers to examine a broad array of eating pathology symptoms in adolescents for whom Farsi is their official language.Level of evidenceLevel V; Cross-sectional descriptive study.