Egyptian Cows Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of Mozzarella cheese characteristics manufactured from Egyptian cow, goat or ewe milk

Comparative evaluation of Mozzarella cheese characteristics manufactured from Egyptian cow, goat or ewe milk

Characterization of traditional Egyptian Samna and comparison with processed anhydrous milk fat: A comprehensive analysis of volatile components and physiochemical properties

Historically, Samna is a clarified fermented Egyptian butter that has a vital role in the human diet, primarily due to its nutritive value and pleasant flavor. Herein, we performed an in-depth screening to evaluate the volatile and physiochemical properties of different traditional Egyptian Samna compared with processed anhydrous milk fat by analyzing their fatty acids composition, volatile components, melting, and crystallization behavior using GC, GC–MS–O, and DSC approaches. Saturated fatty acids were significantly abundant (67.18%–69.53%) compared to unsaturated fatty acids (26.11%–30.30%) in all samples. Overall, 38 different volatile compounds were quantified. Remarkably, higher concentrations and odor activity values (OAVs) of carboxylic acids were observed in traditional Samna and anhydrous milk fat from Egyptian cow milk compared to Chinese anhydrous milk fat. Additionally, furan and alcohol compounds were exclusively detected in traditional Samna from cow and buffalo sources, a distinction from Chinese anhydrous milk fat. Olfactory analysis coupled with GC–MS identified 36 odor-active compounds. Network analysis investigated the relationships between these potential aroma compounds associated with key sensory attributes; especially, 2-nonanone, 2,3-butanediol, δ-decalactone, n-hexadecanoic acid, and ethyl octanoate were linked to cheesy aroma notes. Principal component analysis and heat map results effectively categorized all the samples into four groups based on their distinct odor characteristics.

Characterization of some virulence properties of subclinical mastitis-associated Escherichia coli in Egyptian cows and buffalos.

Characterization of some virulence properties of subclinical mastitis-associated Escherichia coli in Egyptian cows and buffalos.

Association among Spinnbarkeit , Electrical Conductivity , and Crystallization of Cervical Mucus and Pregnancy Rate in Egyptian Baladi Cows

Association among Spinnbarkeit , Electrical Conductivity , and Crystallization of Cervical Mucus and Pregnancy Rate in Egyptian Baladi Cows

Prevalence and risk factors of lameness in dairy cattle in Alexandria, Egypt

Aim of study: Providing further information on the prevalence of lameness in four dairy cattle herds and gain insights into the risk factors associated with the frequency of lameness incidence including farm, frequency of mastitis, and number of lactations. Area of study: Alexandria, Egypt. Material and methods: Four dairy Holstein cattle farms near Alexandria Governorate in Egypt were involved in a retrospective investigation of lameness episodes between the years 1987 and 2011. The association between the frequency of lameness injury and the explanatory variables was tested by the maximum likelihood analysis of variance, adopting a loglinear model. The explanatory variables included in the model were farm, frequency of mastitis injury and number of lactations as well as their one-way interactions. Main results: The prevalence of lameness ranged between zero and 19% in the four farms and the frequency of lameness events (from 0 to 4 times) increased with lactation number and mastitis incidence with correlation coefficients of 0.15 and 0.12, respectively. Research highlights: Lameness is present in Egyptian dairy cow herds with highly variable prevalence and the risk increases with lactation number and mastitis.

Genetic Parameters for Milk Traits in Egyptian Native Cows

Genetic Parameters for Milk Traits in Egyptian Native Cows

Detection of tetracycline and streptomycin in beef tissues using Charm II, isolation of relevant resistant bacteria and control their resistance by gamma radiation

BackgroundMisuse of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has the potential to generate residues in animal derived products, which could contributing to the development of an important health risk either through the exposure to antibiotic residues or the transfer of antibiotic resistance among foodborne pathogens as well. Tetracycline (TE) and eptomycin (ST) are commonly used as antibiotics in the Egyptian animal husbandry. The objective of this study, quick detection of TE and ST in fresh local beef tissue samples using radioimmunoassay Charm II technique, isolation and identification of relevant highly resistant bacterial strains. In addition to investigating the effect of gamma radiation on the susceptibility of such resistant strains to TE and ST.ResultsTetracycline (TE) was detected in all collected samples, while ST was detected in 38.46% (5/13) and 87.5% (7/8) of meat and liver samples, respectively.Fifty-one bacterial isolates were isolated from the tested samples, among them, the highest resistant isolates to TE or ST were identified as Streptococcus thoraltensis, Proteus mirabilis (2 isolates) and E. coli (3 isolates). Among them, the highest D10-values in phosphate buffer; 0.807 and 0.480; kGy were recorded with S. thoraltensis and E. coli no.3, respectively. Such values increased to record 0.840 and 0.549 kGy, respectively after artificial inoculation into meat, indicating increased resistance to gamma radiation. Gamma radiation at dose 3 kGy increased the susceptibility of S. thoraltensis up to 50% to TE and ST, while the sensitivity of E. coli no.3 reached up 56% to both antibiotics at the same dose.ConclusionsHigh prevalence of TE in all fresh collected tissue samples suggests an extensively use of TE as antimicrobial in conventional beef production as compared to ST in the Egyptian cows’ husbandry. Moreover, irradiation of food from animal origin by gamma radiation could potentially provide protection against resistant strains. In spite of limited samples used in this study, our data could raise the concerns of public health professionals about a withdrawal period before animals slaughtering, and address the importance of gamma radiation to minimize the hazards of foodborne resistant bacteria.

Stress response and antioxidant profile in Egyptian cows naturally infected with lumpy skin disease

Stress response and antioxidant profile in Egyptian cows naturally infected with lumpy skin disease

The most Applicable Physical Properties of Cervical Mucus Correlated with High Pregnancy Rate in Egyptian Cows under Heat Stress Condition

The most Applicable Physical Properties of Cervical Mucus Correlated with High Pregnancy Rate in Egyptian Cows under Heat Stress Condition

First Report of Bovine Demodicosis in Native Egyptian Cow

Demodectic mites live in hair follicles and sebaceous glands of humans and of most domestic animals. The clinical disease (demodicosis) is characterized by permanent genesis of new and disappearance of older nodules in the skin of the infested animal. This ectoparasite is host specific and is not transmissible from one species to another.

Physicochemical Profile and Lactic Acid Bacteria Genera Inhabit Egyptian Raw Camel, Sheep, Goat, Buffalo and Cow milks

Physicochemical Profile and Lactic Acid Bacteria Genera Inhabit Egyptian Raw Camel, Sheep, Goat, Buffalo and Cow milks

Extracellular Enzymes and Toxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Clinically Diseased Egyptian Cows

Extracellular Enzymes and Toxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Clinically Diseased Egyptian Cows

Effect of Foot and Mouth Disease in Egyptian Cows and Sheep on Characterization of Serum Lysosomal Enzymatic Activities

In this study, clinical findings, virus recognition and the activity of some lysosomal enzymes such as β-N- acetyl glucosaminidase (β- NAG) Acid phosphatase (ACP) and β- galactosidase (β- GAL) in serum of Egyptian dairy cows and sheep naturally infected by foot and mouth diseases were determined. In addition, the lysosomal enzymatic activities in vaccinated animals were also performed. The results revealed that the enzymes activity of ACP was increased by 454% and 806% in vaccinated cows and sheep respectively, while the activity appeared to be less in infected animal either in cow by 182% or 580% in sheep. β -NAG activity exerted a relative lower of the percentage change by 3.3% and 99.0% either in cows or in sheep of vaccinated animals. While in diseased animals the enzyme activity of β- NAG was reduced by 5.6% for cows and increased by 767% for sheep. On the other hand, the enzyme activity of β- GAL appeared to be of moderate activity of enzyme release either in vaccinated or infected animals by 119%, 574% for vaccinated cows and sheep respectively and 54.7%, 1171% for diseased cows and sheep respectively. The obtained results revealed that the enzyme activity of the lysosome was altered according to vaccinated or diseased animals. ACP activity approved to be highly activity in the vaccinated cows than in the diseased ones. The activity of β- NAG in sheep exerted a highly percentage change more than in cows in both of vaccinated and diseased animals. β- GAL activity exerted a highly activity in the diseased animals more than vaccinated animals for sheep. We have concluded that the lysosomal enzymatic activity was highly increased in sheep more than in cows either vaccinated or diseased animals. This study might be open the route for using the lysosomes as adjuvant with FMD vaccine or for increasing the protection against FMD.

The oviducts of the Egyptian cow in health and disease.

Summary The fallopian tubes from 800 non-gravid genitalia of native cows in Egypt were investigated over a period of one year to study their normal and pathological characteristics. The following results were obtained: The normal tubes ranged from 16 to 36 cm. in length, while the breadth ranged from 1.2 to 13.3 cm. at the fimbriated expansion, from 3.0 to 7.0 mm. at the ampullary isthmic junction and from 1.5 to 3.0 mm. at the uterotubal junction. No statistically significant difference could be detected between measurements of the right tube and the left. There was no significant difference in the measurements of the tubes in relation to the stage of the oestrous cycle, season of the year or pathological affections of the ovaries. The affections of the oviduct included: ovario-bursal adhesions (46.0%), chronic salpingitis (36.0%), hydrosalpinx (12.0%) and pyosalpinx (6.0%). These affections were mostly observed in the right tubes and were also associated with ovarian affections. Moreover, they were more frequent in summer and autumn. Zusammenfassung Die Morphologie gesunder und kranker Eileiter der agyptischen Kuhe Wahrend eines Jahres wurden 800 Eileiter nichtgravider einheimischer Kuhe untersucht, um ihre normale und pathologische Morphologie zu studieren. Die Untersuchungen ergaben folgende Ergebnisse: 1 Die Lange normaler Eileiter betrug 16–36 cm, der Durchmesser am Infundibulum mit den Fimbrien 1,2–13,3 cm, 3,0–7,0 mm an der Grenze zwischen Ampulle und Isthmus und 1,5–3,0 mm an der Einmundung des Eileiters in das Uterushorn. 2 Zwischen der Grose des linken und rechten Eileiters bestanden keine statistisch erfasbaren Unterschiede. 3 Keine signifikanten Unterschiede der Mase zeigten sich hinsichtlich Zyklusstadien, Jahreszeiten oder krankhaften Veranderungen an den Ovarien. 4 Von den Eileitererkrankungen waren 46% ovario-bursale Verklebungen, 36% chronische Salpingitis, 12% Hydrosalpinx und 6% Pyosalpinx. Diese vor allem am rechten Ovidukt beobachteten Veranderungen gingen meistens mit Eierstockaffektionen einher, wobei sich die Falle im Sommer und Herbst hauften. Resume La morphologie des oviductes sains et malades des vaches egyptiennes On examine pendant une annee, 800 oviductes de vaches indigenes non gravides, pour etudier leur morphologie normale et pathologique. Les examens ont donne les resultats suivants: 1 La longueur des trompes normales est de 16–36 cm, leur diametre est de 1,2–13,3 cm vers l'infundibulum frange, de 3,0–7,0 mm a la jonction de l'ampoule et de l'isthme et de 1,5–3,0 mm a l'embouchure de la trompe dans la corne uterine. 2 Entre la grosseur des trompes gauche et droite, on ne trouve pas de differences statistiquement significatives. 3 On n'observe pas de differences significatives dans les mesures des trompes par rapport aux stades du cycle, aux saisons ou aux modifications maladives des ovaires. 4 Parmi les affections des trompes uterines, on compte 46% d'adherences ovario-boursales, 36% de salpingites chroniques, 12% d'hydrosalpinx et 6% de pyosalpinx. Ces modifications, observees principalement dans l'oviducte droit, vont en general de pair avec des affections ovariennes; les cas sont plus frequents en ete et automne. Resumen La morfologia de los oviductos sanos y enfermos en vacas egipcias A lo largo de un ano, se examinaron 800 trompas de Falopio de vacas egipcias no gestantes con el fin de estudiar su morfologia normal y patologica. Las resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: 1 La longitud de las trompas uterinas normales oscilaba entre 16 y 36 cm, el diametro en el infundibulo con las fimbrias de 1,2 a 13,3 cm, midiendo de 3,0 a 7,0 mm en el limite entre la ampolla y el istmo, y de 1,5 a 3,0 mm en la desembocadura del oviducto en el cuerno uterino. 2 No se pudieron apreciar diferencias significantes estadisticamente entre et tamano del oviducto izquierdo y el del derecho. 3 No existian diferencias significantes en las medidas en relacion con el estadio del ciclo genital, estaciones del ano o afecciones patologicas de los ovarios. 4 De las afecciones en los oviductos, el 46% eran adhesiones ovaricobursatiles, 36% salpingitis cronicas, 12% hidrosalpinge y 6% piosalpinge. Estas modificaciones observadas sobre todo en la trompa uterina derecha estaban asociadas casi siempre a afecciones ovaricas, acumulandose los casos durante el verano y el otono.

Observations on lumpy skin disease in local Egyptian cows with emphasis on its impact on ovarian function

The present study monitored reproductive and health aspects of local cows in Egypt following natural infection with Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The study was carried out on 640 mature Egyptian native cows reared at Lower Egypt. Cows were clinically examined and genital organs were scanned by ultrasonography and ovarian function was recorded. Blood samples were collected for virus isolation and propagation on calf Kidney cells, electron microscopy (EM) and for PCR assay. Moreover, progesterone level (ELISA), protein electrophoretic pattern (Polyaccrylamide Gel Electrophoresis), immunoglobulin concentrations (Radial Immune Diffusion) and some trace element values (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) were determined in the serum. Results indicated that LSDV had typical cytopathic effect and plaque. EM showed that size of LSDV size ranges from 300 – 350 nm with crescent or ovoid shape. PCR assay indicated the presence of a band at 192 bp which belonged to viral attachment protein encoding gene. Epidemiological studies revealed that 25.47% of the examined cows were positive for LSDV with obvious year, age and seasonal variations. LSDV infected cows showed fever, become completely of food with skin nodules. Serum progesterone level was low (P < 0.01) during both follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle and 92.64% of infected cows had inactive ovaries. Infected cows showed obvious (P < 0.01) low albumin and high g globulin values as well as low concentrations of copper and iron (P < 0.01) in their serum as compared to non infected cow-mates. It was concluded that PCR is a useful method for rapid diagnosis of LSDV. Cows infected with LSDV mostly suffering from cessation of ovarian activity mainly due to poor body condition. Key words: LSDV, Cow, Ovary, PCR, infection, immunoglobulin.

Accompaniment of the polymorphism at defensin gene loci with milk productivity in Holstein Friesian and Egyptian cows

Because of the antimicrobial role that defensins play in cows, genes encoding these peptides may be considered as molecular markers of a genetically determined susceptibility of the mammary gland to mastitis. In Friesian and Egyptian cows which were selected based on their milk productivity, 1638-bp beta-defensin genes were amplified. Two PCR amplicon sizes of the gene encoding beta-defensin (1638 bp and 429 bp) were observed in Friesian cows (high milk production), while in Egyptian cows (low milk production) one PCR amplicon size (429 bp) was observed. PCR-RFLP technique was used to discriminate between the common 429 bp band in both Friesian and Egyptian cows, but no difference between them had been observed. DNA sequencing for 1638 bp (B2) and 429 bp (B1) was carried out. Sequence analysis indicated that these two PCR amplicon sizes were two types of genes encoding beta-defensins and very tightly close to each other. Based on their sequence alignment (B1 and B2) with the presented defensin genes in the GenBank, phylogenic tree was constructed. A new gene (B1) belongs to the beta-defensin genes family was detected for the first time and associated to the low milk production in cattle population.

Expression of leptin and its receptors in various tissues of ruminants

The energy metabolism of domestic animals is under the control of hormonal factors, which include thyroid hormones and leptin. Leptin signals from the periphery to the centre. It is mostly produced in the white adipose tissue and informs the central nervous system (CNS) about the total fat depot of the body. Low and high levels of leptin induce anabolic and catabolic processes, respectively. Besides controlling the food uptake and energy expenditure leptin is also involved in regulation of the reproduction and the immune system. Leptin is produced in several tissues other than fat. In the present paper the leptin expression of ruminant (Egyptian water buffalo, cow, and one-humped camel) tissues are examined. The mammary gland produces leptin in each species investigated. The local hormone production contributes to milk leptin and most probably helps to maintain lactation. Considerable leptin receptor expression was observed in the milk-producing epithelial cells, which is the same cell type that produces most of the udder leptin. Based on the results tissues participating in production have an autoregulative mechanism through which tissues can be relatively independent of the plasma leptin levels in order to maintain the desired function.

Genetic and environmental relationship among udder conformation traits and mastitis incidence in Holstein Friesian into two different environments

Abstract. Type-performance of udder of Holstein-Friesian was analyzed using multi-trait animal model in two different environments (Hungary and Egypt). Udder traits were: udder height and depth. Teat traits were teat length, attachment and placement. Multi-trait animal model was used to compute estimates of additive variance and covariance components. 2507 records of 549 cows and 6011 records of 2018 cows were collected from Egypt and Hungary respectively. Heritability estimates of udder and teat characteristics ranged from 0.35 to 0.45 and from 0.32 to 0.59 in Hungarian and Egyptian cows, respectively. Heritability estimates of udder traits in both environments were higher than the corresponding estimates for teat traits. Udder characteristics of Egyptian Holstein-Friesian (EHF) had inheritance power higher than for Hungarian Holstein-Friesian (HHF). Mastitis was moderately correlated with udder height and teat traits in each environment. Additive genetic variance and heritability of the most studied traits increased with the advancing order of lactation in each environment. Heritabilities of mastitis were low. Sire and dam variance components of all studied traits were higher in EHF than HHF herds. Mastitis was strongly correlated negatively with udder depth of EHF than HHF. The genetic analysis results of the present study, indicate that udder characteristics should be taken into consideration during planning of selection strategies for improving dairy cattle performance. Enhancing management levels of Egyptian environmental conditions is very essential for improving general performance of the most exotic dairy cattle breeds. EHF has great chances for genetic improvement to mastitis resistance through selection, based on udder descriptive performance.

Reproduction in Native Egyptian Cows: Faetal Membranes and Fluids

Reproduction in Native Egyptian Cows: Faetal Membranes and Fluids

Reproduction in Native Egyptian Cows: Caruncles and Placentomes

Inhalt: Fortpflanzung bei einheimischen Kuhen in Agypten: Karunkel und Plazentome Aussehen, Anzahl, Durchmesser und Anordnung der Karunkel nicht gravider Rinder-uteri und der Plazentome tragender reinrassiger aaptischer Kuhe wurden untersucht. Die Karunkel sind im allgemeinen in 3–5 Reihen uber das Uterushorn verteilt, die Verteilung im Bereich des Uteruskorpers ist unregelmaβig. Ein Vergleich der Vertei-lungsmuster zwischen beiden Hornern weist auf keinen Unterschied hin. Allerdings ist der Durchmesser der Karunkel auf dem rechten Horn signifikant groβ (p = 0,05) als auf dern linken Horn. Anzahl und Groβe der Plazentome uariieren individuell je nach Trachtigkeitsstadium. Verglichen zum nicht tragenden Gebarmutterhorn sind die Plazentome auf der tragenden Seite insbesondere im mittleren Hornbereich groβer.