Egyptian Agricultural Exports Research Articles

The Exchange Rate and its Impact on Egyptian Agricultural Exports and Imports

The Exchange Rate and its Impact on Egyptian Agricultural Exports and Imports

THE COMPETITIVENESS OF EGYPTIAN RICE IN THE MAIN GLOBAL MARKETS (ORYZA SATIVA)

Rice is one of the Egyptian agricultural exports, facing numerous changes in the Egyptian economic and political conditions, particularly in recent years .Which leads to the non-stability of the Egyptian agricultural trade balance and the balance of payments, which resulted in a shift of the export map of Egypt. This study aims to evaluate the current situation of Egyptian rice exports and their competitive position in the world market during the period2000-2020. The results showed that the revealed comparative advantage of Egyptian rice exports irregularly decreased during the study it reached about 6.51 as an average during the study period. The average price competitiveness of Egyptian rice exports (436.73 USD/ton) was less than the counterparts of Thailand, Pakistan, China, the USA, India, and Italy. The first market for Egyptian rice was the Sudanese market with a market penetration rate of about 32.52% (an average for the whole studied period), followed by Syrian (31.08%) and Libyan markets (28.43%). The quantitative, price, and value non-stability coefficient of rice (as average) was estimated at 55, 25, and 67.2%, respectively. The export power of Egyptian rice was estimated at about 10.46% for domestic production and annually decreased by a rate of 1.05% during the study period. Therefore, Egypt gradually lost the export power of Egyptian rice due to a decrease in the local production of rice resulting from the paucity of water Sources. The study recommends that Egypt should pay attention to the trade relations between it and these countries and increase exports and penetrate their markets.

An Economic Study on the Current and Future Status of Organic Agriculture in Egypt

The agricultural sector is considered one of the main sectors in the Egyptian economy, as it contributes to achieving economic and social development, and the agricultural sector contributes about 15.3% of the gross domestic product, which is estimated at LE 671.8 billion in 2020, and in employing about 6.2 million workers working in this sector, representing about 29.2% of the total employment during the year 2020. Agricultural production represents a large proportion of the national income, which requires the use of modern methods of biotechnology and economic efficiency at the same time, so countries compete to increase the crop production of agricultural lands through horizontal expansion and vertical expansion using modern agricultural technologies to increase production such as non-traditional fertilizers and organic fertilizers, Which would lead to an increase in the competitiveness of countries that apply these technologies. As a result of the application of international standards and conditions on Egyptian agricultural exports, which led to a decrease in the amount of agricultural exports of most agricultural crops, especially food crops of vegetables and fruits. Therefore, exporters began to adopt an organic farming method that relies on organic fertilization and biological control as an alternative to traditional agriculture to produce food crops. Free of various pesticide residues. The research aims at an economic study on the current and future situation of organic agriculture in Egypt. A study of the impact of organic farming of the potato crop on some productive and economic indicators revealed a decrease in the productivity per feddan of the organic farming pattern by about 2 tons/feddan compared to the traditional farming pattern of the potato crop. The organic cultivation of the potato crop also resulted in an increase in the farm price, total revenue, and net yield per feddan, in addition to an increase in the cost and return of a ton produced from organic potatoes. The study showed an increase in the cost-return ratio of the organically grown potato crop by about 1.08, with a rate of change of about 74%. Likewise, the profit of the invested pound for the organically grown potato crop increased by about 0.08, with a rate of change of about 235%. The break-even point to cover the total costs of the organically grown potato crop decreased by about 5.16 tons, with a decreasing rate of change of about 50.18%. The study also showed a decrease in the acre productivity of the organic farming pattern by about 1 ton / feddan compared to the traditional cultivation pattern of the grape crop, and an increase in the farm price, total revenue, and net yield per feddan, in addition to an increase in the cost and return of a ton produced from organic grapes, and an increase in the cost-return ratio. For organically grown grape crops by about 0.04, with a rate of change of about 1.47%, an increase in profit for the investor’s pound for organically grown grapes by about 0.04, with a rate of change of about 2.34%, and a decrease in the amount of break-even to cover the total costs. The organically grown grape crop amounted to about 0.45 tons, with a decreasing rate of change of about 8.02%. The study also clarified the most important problems facing the expansion of organic agriculture in particular, the study that affects the quantities produced and prices, which causes severe fluctuations in the supply of that agriculture, which affects farmers' decisions in their production. The research, based on its results, reached some recommendations that could benefit the Egyptian economic policy makers in this field.

Virtual Water Trade in Egyptian Agricultural Sector in the Light of Scarcity of Water Resources

Agricultural foreign trade has taken many recent trends in light of many changes and developments affecting the global economic environment. Countries have resorted to adjusting their trade policies and reconsidering the commodity structure of their exports to suit their resources, especially water resources, in order to maintain the efficiency of the use of these resources and at the same time increase the export return. The water issue in Egypt faces major challenges on the demand side of water in light of the relative stability on the supply side. The state is working to increase the supply side through the reuse of agricultural wastewater, seawater desalination, and wastewater treatment. On the demand side, it is working to develop systems Irrigation, reducing wastage in the use sectors, moving towards foreign trade by importing basic crops, and limiting the export of water-depleting crops to find a balance between the water balance and the agricultural trade balance, in which the deficit amounted to about LE 182.5 billion, representing about 23.5% of the deficit in the total trade balance of about LE 777.42 billion in 2019. The problem of the research is inefficiency of using the water resource in agricultural exports, as most components of the Egyptian agricultural exports structure are water-intensive fruit and vegetable crops, while the contribution of agricultural commodities that is less in the use of the water resource and the best in the export return is somewhat limited, which indicates the importance of working on modifying the structure of Egyptian agricultural exports and re-planning them in line with the variables related to the scarcity of water resources in Egypt. The main objective of the research is to propose different alternatives for the optimal planning of Egyptian agricultural exports, which are characterized by high export returns and low needs of water resources. The research depends on the linear programming method as a quantitative method to measure the phenomena and variables related to the research problem. Related to the research results, the following can be recommended: 1) Supporting the productive capacities of producers to export crops that use less water; 2) Reducing the expansion of exports that use the most water resource by limiting the volume of export support for these commodities; 3) Working to increase the Egyptian exports of dates, pomegranates, olives, grapes, fresh kernels, potatoes, eggplant, coriander, jasmine paste and marjoram, as they are among the agricultural exports with high export returns and the least in their needs for water resources; 4) Working to reduce or stabilize the exported quantities of bananas, citrus fruits, mangoes, onions, garlic, tomatoes, mint and fennel as they are among the agricultural exports with high average returns and the highest in their needs for water resources.

The Change in the Exchange Rate and its Impact on Agricultural Exports in Egypt

The liberalisation of the exchange rate witnessed major fluctuations that subsequently affected many economic variables, including exports. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the effect of the exchange rate of the Egyptian pound against the US dollar on the value of Egyptian agricultural exports during the period 1990–2021, as it was shown through the unit root test. The two separate time series for the two variables are not stable at the level, but they are stable at the first difference; thus, there is a co-integration relationship, that is, the existence of a long-term relationship between the two variables. In measuring this relationship, it is evident that increasing the exchange rate of the Egyptian pound against the US dollar by 1% leads to an increase in the value of Egyptian agricultural exports by 1.14%. The model is free of measurement problems represented by the non-normal distribution of the model’s residuals, the autocorrelation between the regression residuals, and the variance of the errors. Therefore, the research suggests the necessity of verifying the stability of the time series before studying the relationship between economic variables, which prevents the occurrence of the problem of false regression and obtaining unrealistic results. KEYWORDS time series; unit root; co-integration; error correction; normal distribution; autocorrelation

Impact of The Economic Reform Policy and COVID 19 on The Seasonality of The Most Important Egyptian Agricultural Exports and Imports

Impact of The Economic Reform Policy and COVID 19 on The Seasonality of The Most Important Egyptian Agricultural Exports and Imports

An economic study of the possibility of developing some non-traditional Egyptian agricultural exports to Arab countries' markets

An economic study of the possibility of developing some non-traditional Egyptian agricultural exports to Arab countries' markets

The impact of developing logistic performance on the development of Egyptian total and agricultural exports

The impact of developing logistic performance on the development of Egyptian total and agricultural exports

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL FOREIGN TRADE UNDER BILATERAL AGREEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC BLOCS

Foreign trade is one of the most vital sectors in any society because of its importance in linking countries and societies with each other, in addition to considering it a fundamental indicator of the country's productive capacity and competitiveness in the international market. The problem of the study is that the emergence and spread of international economic blocs and bilateral agreements may lead to the creation of trade movements with some blocs or countries at the expense of economic blocs or other countries. This study came in five chapters, where the first chapter dealt with the study problem, its objective, the results of the study, the data sources and the research method used, as well as the reference review of the most important studies, research and scientific messages related to the subject of the study. The theoretical framework of the research was covered inthe second chapter, where the concept of economic integration, its foundations and conditions, its advantages and problems related to it was addressed, as well as the emergence of economic blocs and the stages of economic integration, in addition to a review of some models of blocs and bilateral agreements with which Egypt is linked. The third chapter deals with the current situation of the total Egyptian foreign trade by studying the time evolution of both exports and imports of the Egyptian college as well as the Egyptian trade balance during the period 2000-2016. The chapter also dealt with the temporal development of both Egyptian agricultural exports and imports as well as the Egyptian agricultural balance. This chapter also deals with some indicators of the efficiency of total and agricultural foreign trade, such as the rate of import coverage of exports, the average degree of economic exposure, and the average degree of economic participation in total foreign trade. As for the fourth and fifth chapter, it dealt with the evaluation of the effects of the Egyptian partnership on economic blocs and bilateral agreements on Egyptian agricultural foreign trade, especially the four most important export crops and the three most important import crops, and through this evaluation that economic blocs and bilateral agreements led to an increase in the volume of trade exchange between Egypt and Egypt. Countries that share economic blocs or bilateral agreements with Egypt, and the study recommended the need to pay attention to Egypt's participation in economic blocs such as the ASEAN bloc in Southeast Asia, and the study also recommends establishing new bilateral agreements with some countries such as the Russian Federation due to the huge volume of trade exchange between the two countries.

IMPACT OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTNERSHIP IN ECONOMIC BLOCS AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ON Egypt's AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS

The study aimed to answer three questions, the first of which looks at the difference in the volume of Egyptian agricultural exports between countries that enter into economic or bilateral blocs with Egypt from their counterparts that do not share with Egypt.The results were as follows: The average volume of Egypt's exports of oranges, grapes, potatoes, and onions to the countries with which Egypt has agreements reached about 26, 2, 22, 13 thousand tons as an average for the period 1986-2017, respectively. While the average volume of exports of the same crops to countries with which Egypt is not bound by any form of agreements was about 27, 2.5, 62, 27 thousand tons during the same period. The significant differences between the quantities exported of the four crops to different countries were also proven. Moving to the second question, which reflects the effect of activating trade agreements or blocs on the change in the volume of exports of the study crops, the results were as follows:The results of the t-test for the differences between the two averages before and after the agreement showed that all the differences between the average exports of Egyptian oranges after and before activating the agreements between the countries referred to in the research were significant, except for Jordan and Kuwait. In the case of the grape crop, the results showed that all the differences between the average exports of Egyptian grapes were insignificant after and before activating the agreements.All the differences between average exports of potatoes after and before activating the agreements between the aforementioned countries, with the exception of Greece and Germany, were also found to be significant. Finally, regarding the onion crop, the results indicated that all the differences between the average exports of Egyptian onions after and before activating the agreements from the countries referred to in the study were significant, except for the countries of Kuwait and Greece.Finally, regarding the third question, which examines the effect of activating the agreements on the behavior of agricultural exports to the countries participating with Egypt in trade agreements only, it shows that the regression function model is significant in general for the four crops, regardless that this significance was in the function segment only or the slope only or both together.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF EGYPTIAN FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL TRADE WITH EUROPEAN UNION MARKETS

Foreign trade plays a great role to achieve economic development for almost all countries. However, Egypt being one of the developing countries is still suffering from the widening gap between increasing food imports and exports. This problem has subsequent effects on Egyptian agricultural trade balance and hence Egyptian balance of payments. The study showed that the relative importance of the total agricultural exports to, as compared to the total national exports, reached its highest level of 16.4 % in 2017, while its lowest level was about 6.2% in 2007. For the relative importance of the total agricultural imports to, as compared to the total national imports, it reached its highest level of 22.5% in 2005, while its lowest level was about 5.5% in 2016. It appears that the average agricultural exports covered about 5.1% of the total national imports during the period 2005-2011, while it was about 4.6% during the period 2012-2018. The decrease of the coverage of national imports by the agricultural exports in second period compared with first period was due to the increase of the total national imports by about 77.5% (bases 2005-2011). The ratio of agricultural exports coverage established around 4.6% of the total national imports during the period 2005-2018. That was due to the fact that Egyptian governments in the last years reduced the national imports specially the food commodities, and slightly increase the national exports particularly the agricultural exports. The conduct study showed that the average total value of agricultural imports EU markets amounted to about US$ 743.35 million during the period 2005-2018, while the average total Egyptian agricultural exports with EU countries amounted to about US$ 663.9 million during the period 2005- 2018. The deficit of Egyptian agricultural balance of trade with EU markets reached about US$ 87.34 million or 1.54 % of the total deficit of Egyptian balance of trade in 2005-2011, and increased to US$ 132.85 million or about 1.01 % of the total deficit of Egyptian balance of trade in 2012-2018. It was appear that the impact of EU liberalization on Egypt will have negative effect on agricultural balance of trade with about US$ 79.44 million during the all study period 2005-2018.

An economic study for the Most Important Problems and Obstacles Facing the Green pepper Farmers in Agricultural Greenhouses in Dakahlia Governorate in light of Covid corona virus

Greenhouse projects, especially those that grow vegetable crops, are considered among the most profitable projects, as these projects lead to bridging the gap between supply and demand of these crops, in addition to increasing farmers’ income, which leads to raising the standard of living of farmers, and providing opportunities Work for young graduates, and those resulting crops can be exported to foreign markets, especially European markets, opening new markets for Egyptian agricultural exports, which leads to an increase in agricultural exports, reducing the deficit in the agricultural balance, and providing hard currency for the state. Despite the importance of greenhouse projects in increasing agricultural production, mitigating the seasonal phenomenon of agricultural production, reducing unemployment, and reducing the gap between supply and demand in agricultural crops resulting from greenhouses, whether in local markets or exporting them to foreign markets. Despite the high return results of growing vegetable crops in greenhouses, where the productivity of one acre of greenhouses increases six times what traditional agriculture produces of those crops, but these projects still suffer from some economic and productivity problems, which leads to poor spread. The research relied on the descriptive statistical analysis method, the use of Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure the validity and reliability of the research sample, and the chi-square test to analyze the problems of the research sample. The research was based on primary data, through questionnaires, which were collected from the farmers of the study crops in Dakahlia Governorate, during interviews with farmers. The research also relied on secondary data published on: The website of the Economic Affairs Sector, and some researches, theses, studies, and scientific books related to the topic of research were used. The research aims at an economic study of the most important problems and obstacles facing Green pepper farmers in greenhouses in Dakahlia Governorate, in light of the Corona virus, through: (1) identifying the most important problems and obstacles facing Green pepper farmers in greenhouses and study the proposing appropriate solutions to them. (2) Identifying the impact of the Corona virus on the greenhouse project for the Green pepper crop by study sample. (3) Studying the most important factors affecting the Corona virus, on the greenhouse project for the Green pepper crop by study sample. It was found that the most important factors affecting the Corona virus, to the project of planting Green pepper crop in greenhouses in study sample , are the financing problems, marketing problems, as they represent important variables in influencing, the Corona virus on, the project of planting the Green pepper crop in greenhouses, so The researcher recommends paying attention to solving the financing and marketing problems of their impact on the project of cultivating the Green pepper crop in greenhouses, in the research sample in Dakahlia Governorate.

The Role of Quality Systems in Developing Egyptian Agricultural Exports

The quality of agricultural exports is one of the most important foundations on which to develop and improve these exports to global markets. Therefore, studying the effect of applying quality standards on increasing agricultural exports is one of the most important determinants for improving the system of those exports. By studying the relative importance of agricultural crops in the research sample, which is represented by potatoes and onions from vegetable crops, oranges and grapes from fruit crops, it was found that exports of potatoes and onions represent about 25%, 21% of total vegetable exports as an average for the period (2014-2018), while orange exports represent About 53% of fruit exports are about 24% of the average fruit exports for the aforementioned period. By studying the effect of applying quality standards on agricultural crops from the beginning of production for export, it was found that applying these standards leads to a reduction in agricultural losses from the crop by a rate ranging between (20-15) %. Also, the application of quality standards leads to an increase in the costs of production and marketing of the crop, but in return, the increase in costs can be compensated for by the increase in profit through higher prices at home and abroad, in addition to benefiting from the percentage of losses that are saved. With regard to the actual effect of implementing quality, the results concluded that the rate of change before the application of quality and after the application in relation to an increase in the production of the best crop is orange by 50%. The potato crop came with a 500% increase in profits, and about 355% of the return on the pound per ton.

The Effect of Price Policies on The Most Important Economic Variables for The Potato Crop in Egypt

Potato occupies a distinguished position in the Egyptian agricultural economy, whether in terms of its contribution to agricultural income or in terms of cultivated area, in addition to being one of the important food crops in the Egyptian dietary pattern in addition to being one of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports. The research aims to measure the effect of price policies on the most important economic variables of the potato crop by identifying both the productive and economic indicators of the potato crop in Egypt. The extent of deviation of the price that producers get from the real price that they must obtain. The efficiency of using agricultural resources for the potato crop. The effect of the price policy of potato crop on the product's well-being and consumer and government revenues. It was found from the results of the research that the average area cultivated with the potato crop amounted to about 317.74 thousand feddans. The feddan productivity the total production amounted to about 10.82 tons, 3477.12 thousand tons, respectively, and that the average total costs. Total income, net revenue per feddan, and farm price reached about 9554 53, 13704.05, 4149.58, and 1147.68 pounds respectively, and the ratio of total revenue to total costs. The profitability of the produced ton, and the profit of the invested pound amounted to about 1.53, 0.53 and 381.87 pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018), as it turned out that. The value of production inputs, the added value amounted to about 8097.89, 5606.16 pounds, and the average consumption. The amount of waste, and the surplus of the potato crop in Egypt amounted to about 2,297.89, 425.32 and 1179.22 thousand tons, respectively, and the rate of self-sufficiency of the potato crop in Egypt reached About 152.99%, the average per capita consumption of the potato crop in Egypt was about 28.51 kg / year, and the average quantity and value of exports and imports of potatoes amounted to about 418.02, 106.44 thousand tons, 145.63 and 76.47 million dollars per ton respectively, and the trade balance of potatoes reached about 7469 million Dollars during the period Previous reference to it. The nominal protection coefficient and rate and the partial equilibrium model were also estimated in order to study the effect of price policies on both the producer. The consumer, foreign trade and government revenue as a result of following a certain policy based on the indicators of welfare, efficiency and government revenue. About 0.62, 0.38, respectively, during the period (2000- 2018), as it was found that the average net economic loss. The net economic impact on society and the state, producer surplus, government revenue, and the change in foreign exchange amounted to about 247.176, 426.96, 904.352, 1309.882, 829.035 thousand pounds, respectively, during the period (2000-2018).

تحلیل الکفاءة الاقتصادیة لمدخلات مزارع المانجو بمحافظة الإسماعیلیة ‏

Mango is considered one of the most important fruit crops in Egypt due to its widespread cultivation compared to other fruit crops and in addition to its importance as an important fruit crop it comes in third place after both citrus, oranges, grapes in terms of its contribution to the monetary value of the total Egyptian agricultural exports, and can be crystallized the problem of studying in the possibility of answering questions about what is the concept of the optimal economic size of the farm? What are the factors affecting farm sizes? What are the different measures of farm sizes? What is the optimal economic size of mango farms in new and old lands? To what extent is there a moral impact on the productive efficiency of the farm in question? The research aims generally to measure the optimal size of mango farms in new and old lands and estimate the production functions to identify the value of the marginal output of the various factors of production and estimated the total productivity flexibility of the function by about 1.07 this indicates that the increase of these production elements by the estimated function of 10% leads to an increase in the total output of the acre of mango by about 10.7 % which means an increase in the yield of capacity. The marginal output and average output per productive component were derived from the total output function of the study sample as table (1) showed that the (M.P) for both human labor and nitrogen fertilizer was estimated at about 0.018, 0.029 tons for those productive elements on The order as estimated the value of the marginal product of these productive elements about 210.42, 339.01 pounds respectively.

The effect of competitive ability of green beans and dry onion crops On Egyptian agricultural exports

The issue of increasing Egyptian exports is an important pivotal issue because one of the main goals of economic reform programs is to adjust the imbalance in the trade balance, which reached a deficit of about $ 40.313 billion in 2017, and the agricultural trade balance deficit contributes to this imbalance by about $ 8.193 billion in 2017. The problem of the study is that the current situation of the quantities exported from green beans and dry onions to various international markets does not achieve the best condition that maximizes the export revenue from it, despite the total agricultural exports in various markets in which Egypt has a competitive advantage, as the quantity of onion exports decreased from 457.33 Thousand tons in 2016 to 452.42 thousand tons in 2017, as well as the amount of green bean exports decreased from 24.966 thousand tons in 2016 to 13.901 thousand tons in 2017, as well as fluctuation and instability in the proportion of the contribution of green beans and dry onions in the structure of Egyptian agricultural exports, especially with the high rate of import growth Agricultural reported the growth rate of agricultural exports, which led to an increase in the agricultural trade balance of the country by about 8.193 billion dollars in 2017.

AN ECONOMIC STUDY ON EGYPTIAN ORANGE EXPORTS AND ITS COMPETITIVENESS IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

Foreign trade plays a major role in the implementation of the economic development programs, especially in developing countries. The goals and national orientation represented by export development which ensures the continuation of development efforts consequently are increasing employment opportunities, improving living standards of citizens and decrease the deficit in the trade balance, especially in light of rapid global changes. This changes requires the necessity of providing a competitive advantage for export commodities. That competitive advantage result from the interaction between economic growth stability. Moreover, the development of the private sector, education, productivity and efficiency, which affects the degree of integration in the global economy. From this standpoint, the agricultural sector plays an important role in developing the economy by its contribute in developing the exports. According to CAPMAS data the Egyptian orange is considered one of the most important exported fruits in Egypt trade, as its export value about 493.28 million dollars, which represents 11.3% of the value of Egyptian agricultural exports, which equal 4391.915 million dollars, during the average period (2014-2017). Moreover, Egyptian orange prices in the international markets are more competitive than prices offered by other international suppliers, therefore studying the most important foreign markets for Egyptian orange exports to know prevailing conditions in these markets, and determine the competitors and their price levels, which helps Egypt to push and increase oranges exports within these markets and then identifies the most important factors that can be focused on keeping the competitiveness of the Egyptian orange in the international markets.

THE IMPACT OF QUALITY STANDARDS ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF EGYPTIAN POTATO EXPORTS IN THE UK MARKET

Egyptian exports in general and agricultural ones in particular play an influential role in economic development.Agricultural exports are one of the most important sources of increasing the country's foreign exchange earnings, so the export process is receiving increasing attention from decision makers,It has even become a priority for Egypt's economic policy in recent times, To achieve the main objective of the research is to answer the research questions to the significant decrease in the quantity of Egyptian potato exports to this market by identifying the required quality standards in the UK market. This study was carried out with the aim of demonstrating and analyzing the most important obstacles that impede the access of Egyptian agricultural exports to European markets and achieving the benefit from those exports. The results of the study showed that the final impact of the total obstacles is the failure to find the real development horizon for agricultural exports, as well as not adhering to the required quality standards. For European markets,The statistical and economic analysis methods were used by estimating the general time trend of the development of the quantity and value of international potato exports and imports during the period (2000-2017) The study, and also through the geographical distribution of Egyptian potato exports in the most important importing countries during the period (2000-2017), and the competitiveness index, and the index of competitive advantage through market share and relative price, and the strength of export and dependence on export.

Competitiveness of Egyptian grapes exports to the most important markets of the European Union

This study examines the competitiveness of the Egyptian grape exports to the most important markets of the European Union through (market share index, market penetration rate, the price index, geographical concentration index, and the composite index of competitiveness) during the period (2000-2017), study the external demand for grape exports to the most important EU markets. The standard estimation of the target level for grape exports to the major EU markets. The trend of the amount of Egyptian agricultural exports to the EU markets showed an increase of 8.7%, while the quantity, value and export price of grapes was shown to increase at an increasing rate of 10.9%, 14.3% and 9.2% during the average period (2000-2017.( The results of the estimation of the external demand function for the export of grapes to the most important markets of the European countries showed a positive relationship between the quantity of Egyptian exports of grapes and the total local production of grapes. It was found that changing one unit in the quantity of local production of grapes leads to a change in the same direction for grape exports to the UK, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Belgium were about 0.321, 0.148, 0.158, 0.073, 0.056 tons respectively. There is an inverse relationship between the quantity of Egyptian exports of grapes for most important European markets, and both the total domestic consumption of grapes, the average price of exporting grapes, it was found that the change of one unit in the amount of local consumption of grapes lead to a change in the opposite direction for grape exports to the UK, Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Belgium was about 0.263, 0.142, 0.082, 0.075, 0.052 tons respectively. One unit change in the export price of grapes lead to a change in the opposite direction for the amount of grape exports to the UK and Belgium was about 17.35, 2.908 tons respectively. The results of standard estimation of the target level for grape exports to the major EU markets by using Nerlove's partial adjustment model, showed that the most important determinants of grape exports were local grape production and local consumption of grapes, it was found that a change of 1% in the quantity of local grape production leads to a change in the same direction for the Egyptian grape exports to the UK, Netherlands, Italy, Germany and Belgium reached about 16.23%, 11.96%, 19.49%, 24.23%, 14.35% respectively. While the 1% change in the local consumption of grapes leads to a change in the reverse direction for the Egyptian grape exports to the UK, Netherlands, Italy, Germany and Belgium reached about 3.35%, 5.94%, 2.39%, 10.16% respectively. The results of the forecasting of the quantity of Egyptian grapes exports to the major European markets until 2023 indicate that they are expected to increase by about 39.8%, 17.5% and 59% in 2017 to the UK, Netherlands and Germany respectively, while they are will decline by about 82.9% and 78.7% for Italy and Belgium respectively.

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EGYPTIAN ONION EXPORTS

Egypt is working on the development of Egyptian agricultural exports and trying to create new markets as this leads to increasing national income and thus economic development, and this comes through improving the agricultural marketing system. Therefore, it can be said that marketing is an accelerated economic development accelerator and may be an obstacle to economic development if the agricultural marketing system is not improved, onion crop in Egypt is exposed recently to many of the problems of production and marketing as well as export problems in either fresh or preserved form that led to The decline in production and the fluctuation of cultivated area and hence the high price of the consumer with the low quality that the global exports of onions ranged from a minimum of about 8.2 million tons in 2000 and a maximum of 8.6 million tons in 2016. As shown in the same table, India is ranked first in terms of the average quantity of onion exports. The average quantity of exports of this crop reached about 1.3 million tons, representing about 22% of the average total volume of global exports of onions, which is about 6.18 million tons during the same period.