Leucinodes Orbonalis Research Articles

Biology and Management of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Shoot and Fruit Borer: A Review

Eggplant (Solanum melongena Linnaeus) is a vital crop in South Asia, valued for its use in both raw and cooked dishes. However, its cultivation is severely threatened by the eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.), which damages the plant from the seedling stage to harvest. The larval phase of this pest bores into shoots and fruits, potentially causing up to 90% loss and a decline in quality. Farmers often use excessive insecticides to combat L. orbonalis, leading to residue accumulation in food, insecticide resistance, pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, and harm to beneficial organisms and the environment. In South Asia, this pest is the primary threat to eggplant fields, attracting significant research attention. This review paper examines biology, damage and control measures of eggplant shoot and fruit borer including resistant and tolerant varieties, sex pheromone traps, physical and mechanical barriers, biopesticides, biocontrol agents, and cultural and chemical methods, supported by previous studies and research findings. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3): 267-276, 2024

Relationship between the biochemical and mineral composition of brinjal with the Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee

Relationship between the biochemical and mineral composition of brinjal with the Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee

Biology of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenes) under laboratory condition

In 2022-23 a laboratory study was conducted at Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (IAS)[20.288596,85.764828], SOA-DU, Bhubaneswar to study about the biology of brinjal shoot and fruit borer biology or lifecycle. The parameters including egg, different instars of larvae, pupae and adults were highest in the last generation that was held in the month of Dec- Jan and the lowest of the parameters were recorded in the second generation held in the month of Aug – Sep. These changes in the parameters depending on the month were due to the variation in temperature. Likewise, the length of time spent in various developmental phases was noted. Recorded period includes egg (3-5 days), larva (12-18 days), pupa (8-12 days) and total developmental period (32-37 days) respectively. The average lifespan of male moths was 4.60 ± 1.00 days with a range of 3 to 7 days, while female moths had an average lifespan of 5.60±1.16 days with a range of 4 to 8 days. The average number of eggs laid by female moths was 69.53±9.35 eggs/female, with a range of 49 to 82 eggs. Key words: Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, biology, Leucinodes orbonalis

Molecular characterization and CRISPR/Cas9 validation of the precursor of egg yolk protein gene, vitellogenin of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Vitellogenin (Vg), a yolk protein precursor, plays an important role in the oocyte development of insects and is an important target of genetic pest management. Vg is synthesized in the fat body, transported through haemolymph and accumulates in developing oocytes. In this regard, the eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the major pest in South and South East Asia and a serious concern for farmers. Therefore, in the present study, we have cloned and characterized Vg from L. orbonalis (LoVg) for further applications. The cloned Vg consisted of 5,370 base pairs encoding 1,790 amino acid residues long protein. Further, sequence alignment revealed that LoVg has three conserved domains: a Vitellogenin N domain (LPD-N), a domain of unknown function protein families (DUF1943), and a von Willebrand factor type D domain (VWD). Using phylogenetic analysis, it was found that LoVg evolved alongside homologous proteins from different insects. The real-time expression levels of LoVg were significantly greater in female adults followed by the pupal stage. This suggests that Vg production and absorption in L. orbonalis occurs in the later pupal stage. Our studies showed that editing LoVg using CRISPR/Cas9 did not affect the total number of eggs laid but affected egg hatchability. These studies help us to design newer approaches in insect pest management through genetic suppression for sustainable pest management.

Transcriptome mining and expression analysis of ABC transporter genes in a monophagous herbivore, Leucinodes orbonalis (Crambidae: Lepidoptera)

Insecticide resistance is a global concern and requires immediate attention to manage dreadful insect pests. One of the resistance mechanisms adopted by insects is through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins. These proteins rapidly transport and eliminate the insecticidal molecules across the lipid membranes (Phase III detoxification mechanism). In the present study, we investigated the potential role of ABC transporter genes in imparting insecticide resistance in field-collected insecticide resistant larvae of eggplant shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis; Crambidae: Lepidoptera). Dose-mortality bioassays against five insecticidal molecules revealed moderate to high levels of insecticide resistance (32.2. to 134.1-fold). Thirty-one genes encoding ABC transporter proteins were mined from the transcriptome resources of L. orbonalis. They were classified under eight sub-families (ABCA to ABCH). Phylogenetic analysis indicated ABCG is the most divergent, composed of nine genes as compared to many other insects. Transcriptome analysis of the insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of L. orbonalis revealed differential expression of 13 ABC transporter genes. The altered expression of these genes was further validated using qRT-PCR. The knockdown studies indicated the involvement of ABCD1 and ABCG2 genes in chlorantraniliprole resistance in the insecticide-resistant strain of L. orbonalis. This study unveils the additional mechanisms employed by L. orbonalis in resisting insecticide toxicity through accelerated excretion mode. These ABCD and ABCG family genes could be candidate targets in developing genome-assisted pest management strategies in the future.

Management of Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) Using Biopesticides and Botanicals

The field experiment was carried out during Kharif season of 2023 at the Organic Research Farm Karguaji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.). Nine treatments were tested: neem oil, garlic bulb extract, Bacillus thuringiensis, karanj oil, panchgavya, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and a control, under a randomized block design. Three sprays of treatments were applied. The results showed that neem oil at 2 ml/L resulted in the minimum shoot damage (7.82%), followed by Bacillus thuringiensis at 5 gm/L and NSKE at 5 ml/L. To manage fruit infestation caused by brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Bacillus thuringiensis and neem oil were themost effective treatments, followed by Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The maximum yield and highest cost benefit ratio were found with Bacillus thuringiensis (1:3.15), followed by Metarhizium anisopliae (1:3.07) and Beauveria bassiana (1:3.04).

Fitness Cost Associated with Diamide-Resistant Population of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer <i>Leucinodes orbonalis</i> Guenee

Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis is a serious pest of brinjal and has evolved resistance to commonly used diamide insecticides such as flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole. Lifetable parameters of the field populations of L. orbonalis, collected from brinjal fields of Kullarayanpalayam (Palakkad) (PKD) and Anchal (Kollam) (KLM), Kerala, reported resistance to diamides was studied and compared with that of laboratory-reared susceptible population of L. orbonalis (Lo-S) procured from ICAR- NBAIR, Bengaluru to determine the fitness cost associated with diamide resistance. The results revealed that the PKD population was found to have a significantly longer larval period with 12.7± 0.82 days as compared to the Lo-S population (10.6± 2.71 days), while the KLM population showed a larval period of 11.1± 0.87 days. The pupal duration was significantly longer in both KLM and PKD populations with 10.3± 0.48 and 11.8± 0.63 days respectively; whereas, the Lo-S population showed only 9.6± 0.69 days. The longevity of female adults of PKD population was (3.80± 0.63 days), while KLM and Lo-S populations showed 4.20± 0.63 and 4.40± 0.51 days respectively. The fecundity of KLM (178.9± 6.08 eggs/ female) and PKD (171.40± 5.64 eggs/ female) populations were significantly lower when compared with the Lo-S population (194.1± 4.38 eggs/ female). Only 89.11% eggs hatched in the PKD population while 89.34± 2.73and 91.87± 4.01% of eggs hatched in KLM and Lo-S populations, respectively. However, the fitness parameters like the incubation period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and male longevity were not significantly different. The PKD and KLM populations showed both negative and positive biological trade-offs exhibiting a relative fitness of 0.74 and 0.82 respectively compared to the Lo-S population (1).

Efficacy of selected biopesticides and chemicals against shoot and fruit borer [Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee)] on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under field condition

Efficacy of selected biopesticides and chemicals against shoot and fruit borer [Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee)] on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under field condition

Design and Development of Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes Orbonalis) Detector Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

An Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer (EFSB) is a disease that affects the entirety of the eggplant fruit if not detected. Hence, a detector was proposed in the form of a handheld gun. It was designed and developed to non-invasively classify eggplant fruits that are non-infested and infested with EFSB. Using an Arduino Nano as its microcontroller and a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) module, insect infestation is determined and displayed through its OLED display. Measured reflectance data through the NIRS module of the detector is then stored inside a MicroSD module for further use. Since the prototype was developed for online monitoring, portability was given of utmost importance, pattering the design in the form of a handheld gun, inside of which was powered by a 9V rechargeable battery. The 3D-printed chassis of the detector houses the aforementioned components and modules, alongside with switches for power and near-infrared detection. Through Support Vector Machine (SVM), the classifier model was trained and developed using Jupyter and was extracted as a C++ code for the Arduino Nano module. Compared with a farmer's traditional performance in terms of accuracy, precision, and speed, the prototype performed better with an accuracy of 84%, precision of 72.83%, and an average speed of 9.736 seconds.

Efficacy of Certain Insecticides against Shoot and Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Gueenee) on Brinjal Crop Solanum melongena (L)

A field experiment was conducted at the Central Research Farm (CRF), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during Kharif season 2023. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design with eight treatments replicated thrice along with untreated control plot. Eight treatments viz. Novaluron @ 10% EC 0.5ml/lit, Spinetoram 11.7% SC @0.4g/lit, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @0.4g/lit, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC@0.5ml/lit, Flubendiamide 39.35% SC @0.5 ml/lit, Neem oil 2% @20ml/lit, Beauveria bassiana1x108 CFU @ 2.5g/lit and untreated control were evaluated against shoot and fruit borer. During the investigation, it was revealed that the lowest percent shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) infestation after 1st and 2nd spray was observed in the treatment Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC i.e. 2.32% and 2.16%, followedby Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (3.21 and 2.97), Spinetoram 11.7% SC (3.81 and (3.30), Novaluron 10% EC (4.62 and 4.05), Flubendiamide 39.35% SC 5.39 and 4.903, Neem oil 2% 5.98 and 5.38 and Beauveria bassiana 1x108 CFU 6.35 and 5.48. The treatment Beauveria bassiana 1x108 CFU 6.35 and 5.48 was found to be least effective among all the treatments against Leucinodes orbonalis. The plot treated with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (241.75 q/ha, 1:13.14) was found most effective with highest yield and cost benefit ratio among all the treatment followed by Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (190.61 q/ha, 1:10.34), Spinetoram 11.7% SC (150.58 q/ha,1:7.92), Novaluron 10% EC (124.49 q/ha, 1:6.38), Flubendiamide 39.35% SC (104.34 q/ha, 1:4.34), Neem oil 2% @ (85.81 q/ha, 1:3.01) and Beauveria bassiana 1x108 CFU @ (65.83 q/ha1:2.80) as compared to untreated control plot (59.06 q/ha, 1:2.68).

Performance of some botanical pesticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis G.) on brinjal

The shoot and fruit borer (Leucinodes orbonalis G.) is one of the major insect pests of the brinjal crop. Presently, farmers use synthetic insecticides to control this pest, which can cause health and environmental problems. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the performance of various botanical pesticides (neem, eucalyptus, karanj, and mahogany oils at 1%) against L. orbonalis under field conditions during 2023, after the 1st and 2nd sprays at 1, 3, and 7 days post-application. The results showed that all botanical pesticides were effective in reducing the shoot and fruit damage percentages after the 1st and 2nd sprays at all intervals compared to the control, with neem oil being the most effective in reducing the shoot and fruit damage percentages of L. orbonalis. The lowest shoot and fruit damage percentages were observed after the 1st and 2nd sprays at the 7-day interval with neem oil: shoot damage percentages were 12.5% and 9.8%, and fruit damage percentages were 22.2% and 12.4%, respectively. Similarly, the highest yield was obtained (13,013 kg/ha) when the crop was treated with neem oil, followed by eucalyptus, karanj, and mahogany oils at 1% with yields of 11,307, 10,499, and 9,947 kg/ha, respectively, whereas the minimum yield of 5,603 kg/ha of fruits was obtained in the control. Therefore, based on the present results, all botanical pesticides are highly recommended, with Neem oil being the most effective against the shoot and fruit borer.

Comparative Efficacy of Selected Chemical with Neem Products against Shoot and Fruit Borer [Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee)] on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Comparative Efficacy of Selected Chemical with Neem Products against Shoot and Fruit Borer [Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee)] on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Comprehensive Review on the Bio-ecology and Integrated Management Strategies for Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee)

Comprehensive Review on the Bio-ecology and Integrated Management Strategies for Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee)

Field Efficacy of Selected Chemicals and Biopesticides against Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) on Brinjal (Solanum melongena) at Prayagraj

A field experiment was carried out at the Central research farm of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, during the kharif 2023-24. The experiment was designed following a randomized block design with three replications. It encompassed eight treatments: T1 - Neem oil 3%@ 30ml/lit, T2 - Metarhizium anisopliae @ 2.5ml/lit,T3 - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki @ 2gm/lit, T4 - Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/lit, T5 - Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 gm/lit, T6 - Chlorpyrifos 20 EC @ 2.5ml/lit, T7 - Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4ml/lit and T8 - untreated control. The objective was to assess the field efficacy of selected chemicals and biopesticides against Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) infestation on brinjal in Prayagraj. Two rounds of spraying was conducted at 15-days interval. Data on shoot and fruit infestation was recorded after each spraying and picking, including the percentage of shoot infestation. The results showed that the initial population of the pest before the spray exhibited a non-significant distribution. Following the spray, the findings demonstrated that T5 – Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4 gm/lit exhibited significant effectiveness against shoot and fruit borer, comparable to T7 – Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, at 3, 7, and 14 days post-spraying. Following closely in efficacy were Spinosad 45 SC and Chlorpyrifos 20 EC. The highest cost benefit ratio was recorded- T5-Emamectin benzoate, followed by T7-Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC. The highest cost-benefit ratio was recorded in T5– Emamectin benzoate @ 0.4gm/lit followed by T7- Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4ml/lit and the lowest monetary return was observed with the control (T0).

Bio Efficacy and Economics of Selected Biopesticides against Shoot and Fruit Borer [Leucinodes orbonalis (G.)] on Brinjal [Solanum melongena (L.)

The present investigation was carried out in a Randomized Block Design having 3 replications and 8 treatments (seven insecticides and one control) during kharif season 2023 conducted at the Central Research Farm, NAINI, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The order of effectiveness was observed in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 EC (11.79), (8.01) > Spinosad 45 SC (13.52), (10.52) > Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (14.91), (11.41) > Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (16.00), (12.39) > Metarhizium anisopliae 1x108 CFU/gm (16.71), (13.46) > Neem oil 0.4% + Pongamia oil 0.1% (17.84), (14.79) > Neem oil 2% (20.03), (17.77) > untreated control plot (27.22), (32.12) based on percentage shoot and fruit infestation. While highest yield and benefit cost ratio was obtained in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 EC (220.95 q/ha), (1:6.48) followed by Spinosad 45 SC (198.20 q/ha), (1:5.68), Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (170.87 q/ha), (1:4.98), Beauveria bassiana 1% WP (160.00 q/ha), (1:4.75), Metarhizium anisopliae 1x108 CFU/gm (140.69 q/ha), (1:4.13), Neem oil 0.4% + Pongamia oil 0.1% (125.50 q/ha), (1:3.68), Neem oil 2% (99.85 q/ha), (1:2.96). Lest monetary returns was obtained with untreated control plot (55.16 q/ha), (1:1.70).

Alternate hosts and seasonal carry-over of eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Alternate hosts and seasonal carry-over of eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Efficacy of Certain Chemicals and Botanicals against Shoot and Fruit Borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) on Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

The field trial was conducted at Central research farm , SHUATS, Prayagraj, U.P during Kharif season 2023 in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications consisting of eight treatment viz, Neem oil 2%, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC , Spinosad 45%SC, Flubendiamide 480 SC, Indoxacarb 14.5% SC, Pangomia + Flubendiamide, Neem oil + Flubendiamide, and untreated Control, The result revealed that all insecticidal treatments were significantly superior to reduce the incidence of shoot and fruit damage of brinjal compared to untreated control. The plot treated with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC recorded the lowest % of shoot and fruit damage 4.03% and 3.20 % in first and second sprays, respectively followed by spinosad 45% SC (4.43% and 4.15% respectively). The yield ranged from 85 to 225.50 q/ha in all treatments. The highest yield was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC (225q/ha) followed by spinosad 45% SC (190q/ha), Flubendiamide 480 SC (17.50q/ha), Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (160.35q/ha), Pangomia + Flubendiamide (140.33q/ha), Neem oil + Flubendiamide (132.40q/ha) and Neem oil 2% (120.50q/ha) as compared to control (85.00q/ha). When cost benefit worked out the best and most economical treatment was Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (1:10.3) followed by Spinosad 45% SC (1:8.5), Flubendiamide 480 SC (1:7.5), Indoxacarb14.5 SC (1:7.4), Pangomia + Flubendiamide (1:6.0), Neem oil + Flubendiamide (1:5.5) and Neem oil 2% (1:5.4) as compared to control (1:4.2).

A Review on Efficacy Effect of Newer Insecticides and Biopesticides against Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Guenee

A Review on Efficacy Effect of Newer Insecticides and Biopesticides against Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) Guenee

New records of family Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) on vegetables ecosystem from New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Chalcidids are important primary parasitoids for controlling several economic insect pests, and some are secondary parasitoids. These specimens were collected by using different traps during the period extending from November 2021 to October 2022, from various vegetable crops grown in different localities at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi. The larvae and pupa of the pests were brought to the lab and reared for the emergence of parasitoids at 25 ± 0.5°C and relative humidity of 65 ± 5%. Eleven species belonging to four genera in three subfamilies were identified: Brachymeria bengalensis (Cameron, 1897); B. hime (Habu, 1960); B. kassalensis (Kirby, 1886); B. lasus (Walker, 1841); B. minuta (Linnaeus, 1767); B. podagrica (Fabricius, 1787) (Brachymeriinae); Dirhinus anthracia (Walker, 1846); D. auratus Ashmead, 1905 (Dirhininae) and Antrocephalus sepyra (Walker, 1846); Kriechbaumerella kraussi (Narendran, 1989); K. rufimanus (Walker, 1860) (Haltichellinae). Among them six species are newly recorded from New Delhi. On the other hand, B. hime was recorded for the first time as a parasite on Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera, Crambidae).

Efficacy of Diamide Insecticides Delivered through Different Methods against Shoot and Fruit Borer L. orbonalis.

Many vegetables insect pests are managed by using conventional insecticides. Unfortunately, these insecticides are harmful to natural enemies, bees, predators, parasitoids and no longer have some of the insect pests have developed resistance to these insecticides. Diamides insecticides are the new generation insecticides that provide systemic way controlling many arthropod pest, but exhibit low toxicity to beneficial insects some other arthropod pests and may be promising alternative to other conventional insecticides. Field experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of diamides delivered through different during Kharif, 2021-22 with 14 treatments and 2 replications. Diamides may be delivered to brinjal crop via seedling dipping, soil drenching and foliar spraying therefore it is important to determine the most effective pest control strategy while using the least amount of active ingredients. In a case study, chlorantraniliprole flubendiamide and cyantraniliprole were used to control brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) in brinjal. These insecticides administered as foliar spray, soil drenching and seedling dipping were compared, the treatment with foliar application of diamides gave good results as compared to soil drenching and seedling dipping. The results indicated that, diamides were superior to other insecticides used in the present investigation but they failed to give good control when applied through seedling dipping method. Highest C:B ratio (1: 6.07) and yield (47.80t/ha) was recorded in foliar spray of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC treated plot.