Cultivation Efforts Research Articles

Development of biofortified rice for reduce stunting rates in South Sumatra Province

Lack of the element Zn in the body was one of the serious problems of malnutrition in Indonesia because it reduces endurance, productivity and quality of human life, and was one of the factors causing stunting. Stunting is worrying because it can cause problems with a child's growth and development, which is characterized by the child's height being below standard. One of the factors causing stunting is reduced consumption of zinc (Zn), especially in pregnant women and children. Deficiency of the element Zn in the body can be corrected by consuming foods that contain Fe and Zn. This writing aims to inform and convey the idea that one of the efforts that can be made to reduce stunting rates is through the development of Biofortified rice which will produce nutritious rice. To evaluate the impact of rice development, an evaluation was carried out on rice production and its effect on reducing stunting in several districts in South Sumatra. The method used was interviews, recapitulation of primary and secondary data. Biofortified rice cultivation efforts had been carried out in South Sumatra since 2021 in South OKU (1000 ha), in 2022 in Lahat (1000 ha), and in 2023 in eight districts (8000 ha). In general, Biofortified rice production in South OKU Regency (5.28 tons dry Grain/ha) and Lahat Regency (5.08 tons Harvested Dry Grain/ha). Based on the 2021 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (INSS) saw a decrease in the average prevalence of stunting in South Sumatra in 2022 to 18.6%, which decreased from 24.8% in 2021, including in Biofortified rice development districts. Based on the fact that the development of Biofortified rice can be an effort to reduce stunting, The Regional Government was increasingly expanding rice cultivation in almost all districts/cities.

One hundred years of piñon nuts, a largely forgotten wild food crop from the American Southwest (1850-1950)

Piñon nuts are the edible seeds of the piñon pine (Pinus edulis). Commercial piñon nut harvesting began in the United States in the mid-19th century and primarily involved Native and Mexican Americans. Despite the economic benefits, it could be dangerous work, with reports of deaths from exposure, accidents, and violence. Piñon nut production varied yearly due to the trees’ masting behavior, with 3 to 11-years between large crops, likely influenced by climate and local conditions. Although there was considerable interest in cultivation during the early 20th century, slow growth and delayed nut-bearing limited cultivation efforts. Piñon nuts were popular throughout the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gaining great popularity in New York among immigrant communities. Piñon nuts, due to their small size, posed choking hazards to children. Fannie Spitz's piñon nut-shelling machine, patented in 1918, revolutionized nut processing by efficiently removing kernels, impacting the industry significantly. In the early to mid-20th century, piñon nuts were used in candy production. Farmers experimented with feeding hogs and chickens piñon nuts, however, this practice did not become widespread due to cheaper corn availability. Piñon wood was valued for firewood and mine props, with limited use as lumber or railroad ties, while small trees gained popularity as Christmas trees. Piñon resin was chewed and also used medicinally, in salves. By the mid-20th century, piñon nuts lost popularity to peanuts, which benefited from aggressive marketing and high production. The piñon industry struggled with crop variability, low supply, and high prices.

Perkembangan Morfologi dan Tingkah Laku Larva Ikan Tuna Sirip Kuning Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)

The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a pelagic fish with distinct morphological development and behavioral traits. Understanding the early stages of morphology and behavior in yellowfin tuna larvae is crucial for successful cultivation efforts, particularly during the hatchery phase. This study aimed to observe and document the developmental progression and behaviors of yellowfin tuna larvae at the Tuna Laboratory of Balai Besar Riset Budidaya Laut and Penyuluhan Perikanan Gondol, Bali. Yellowfin tuna larvae were reared in 700 L round tanks at a density of 10,000 larvae per tank. Larval rearing was monitored over a period of 13 days, specifically on days 1 (D1), 3 (D3), 5 (D5), 7 (D7), 10 (D10) and 13 (D13) post-hatching. Morphological changes in the larvae were observed over time. On day 1, the larvae were transparent and planktonic, with closed mouths and eyes and the presence of melanophore pigments in their bodies. By day 3, the larvae had opened their mouths and eyes, becoming capable of feeding. The mouth opening measured between 0.34-0.68 mm (90°) and 0.18-0.37 mm (45°) on day 5 post-hatching. As the larvae grew, improvements in swimming ability were noted, correlating with the development of the swim bladder, tail fin, and dorsal fin.

Conservation of Barilius barila Through Innovative Cultivation: Ecological, Socio-Economic, Ethical Impacts in Bengal and Relevant Legal Issues

The conservation of Barilius barila (locally known as Boroli) is significant for maintaining ecological balance and supporting the socio-economic fabric of North Bengal, India. This study explores innovative cultivation techniques aimed at preserving this species, which is indigenous to the clear streams and shallow rivers of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Despite its classification as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, Barilius barila faces threats from environmental degradation, particularly in North Bengal. This research examines the ecological, socio-economic, ethical, and legal dimensions of Barilius barila conservation, with a focus on the artificial cultivation efforts initiated by the West Bengal government in South Bengal. The study employed a mixed-methods approach i.e. water quality assessments, and socio-economic analyses to assess the effectiveness of these conservation strategies. The findings highlight the challenges posed by anthropogenic activities, including pollution, deforestation, and climate change, which have led to the degradation of natural habitats and a decline in the quality of naturally sourced Barilius barila. The research also addresses ethical concerns regarding the potential impact of artificial cultivation on the species' taste and market value which necessitates legal frameworks to support sustainable practices. This study advances the understanding of Barilius barila conservation by providing an analysis of the species' ecological role, the socio-economic implications of its decline, and the effectiveness of innovative cultivation methods. The finding justifies the importance of balancing technological interventions with the preservation of natural habitats, ensuring the long-term sustainability of Barilius barila and its ecological niche in North Bengal.

Balancing the nutrient needs: Optimising growth in Malus sieversii seedlings through tailored nitrogen and phosphorus effects.

The impact of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the physiological and biochemical processes crucial for tree seedling growth is substantial. Although the study of plant hydraulic traits in response to N and P is growing, comprehensive research on their combined effects remains limited. Malus sieversii, a key ancestral species of modern apples and a dominant species in Xinjiang's Tianshan wild fruit forest, is witnessing a decline due to climate change, pests and diseases, compounded by challenges in seedling regeneration. Addressing this, a 4-year study was conducted to determine the optimal fertilisation method for it. The experiment explored varying levels of N (N10, N20 and N40) and P (P2, P4 and P8), and their combined effects (N20Px: N20P2, N20P4, N20P8; NxP4: N10P4, N20P4 and N40P4), assessing their impact on gas exchange, hydraulic traits, and the interplay among functional traits in Tianshan Mountains' M. sieversii seedlings. Our study revealed that All N-inclusive fertilisers slightly promoted the net photosynthetic rate. N10 significantly increasing leaf hydraulic conductivity. All P-inclusive fertilisers adversely affected hydraulic conductivity. P8, N20P4 and N20P8 notably increased seedlings' vulnerability to embolism. Seedlings can adaptively adjust multiple functional traits in response to nutrient changes. The research suggests N10 and N20 as the most effective fertilisation treatments for M. sieversii seedlings in this region, while fertilisation involving phosphorus is less suitable. This study contributes valuable insights into the specific nutrient needs of it, vital for conservation and cultivation efforts in the Tianshan region.

Evaluation of Various Genotypes of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) on Quality Traits

A field investigation is done in which thirty-six genotypes of bitter gourd were evaluated to estimate the quality traits under study. Randomized block design is followed and the genotypes are replicated twice. The study was conducted during Rabi 2021. Major variations have been observed among the genotypes for each character that are studied, based on the analysis of variance. Genotype VBGC-9 had a high TSS (4.600Brix), While genotype VBGC-22 had the highest Vitamin-C content (114.50 mg/100mg). The highest titratable acidity was found in genotype VBGC-13 (0.05%), and was followed by VBGC-18 (0.05%) and VBGC-33 (0.05%). The genotype VBGC-27 had its highest total sugar content (3.77%), VBGC-18 (3.25%) has the highest amount of reducing sugars, followed by VBGC-31 (3.25%) and VBGC-32 (3.25%). Therefore, after several years and locations of testing, the best-performing genotypes may be recommended for commercial cultivation and used to promote bitter gourd cultivation efforts as elite germplasm lines or varieties.

Talent Cultivation Model of Universities Based on Employment Needs

This study investigated a talent cultivation model tailored to employment needs, analyzing responses from 561 individuals, primarily young adults aged 20-24. It evaluated the model's effectiveness in various components such as training goals, processes, and leadership development, highlighting the need for improvements in lifelong learning and transferable skills. A descriptive correlational design aimed to explain the relationship between two or more variables without making any claims about cause and effect. The majority of respondents were recent graduates, indicating a necessity for targeted talent cultivation efforts to address gender disparities and promote equal opportunities. Challenges identified include adapting to changing skill demands, managing a multigenerational workforce, and integrating technology into talent management. Age and graduation year significantly influenced engagement with talent cultivation efforts, while no consistent correlations were found with other demographics. Recommendations included focusing on lifelong learning, personalized training, continuous program updates, and leveraging technology for talent management enhancement. The study underscored the importance of a multifaceted approach to address talent cultivation challenges, emphasizing continuous skill development and strategic efforts to enhance model effectiveness in promoting comprehensive skill development and leadership capabilities.

Upaya Penumbuhan Empati pada Guru IPS dalam Meningkatkan Sikap Peduli Sosial Siswa Kelas VII di MTs Binaya Ilmi Wongsorejo Banyuwangi

The attitude of social care is important for every student to have with the existence of students' concern for their environment will make students a good person. Social care attitude is a person's attitude to help each other and help others who are in trouble. This study aims to (1) Describe the Efforts to Cultivate Empathy in Social Studies Teachers in Improving the Social Care Attitudes of Class VII Students at MTs Binaya Ilmi Wongsorejo Banyuwangi Academic Year 2023/2024, (2) Describe the Supporting and Inhibiting Factors of Social Studies Teachers in Improving Social Care Attitudes of Class VII Students at MTs Binaya Ilmi Wongsorejo Banyuwangi Academic Year 2023/2024 (3) Describe the Impact of Efforts to Cultivate Empathy in Social Studies Teachers in Improving Social Care Attitudes of Class VII Students at MTs Binaya Ilmi Wongsorejo Banyuwangi Academic Year 2023/2024. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study research type. Data collection techniques in this study include observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses an inductive method which is divided into 4 steps: (1) Data Collection, (2) Data Condensation, (3) Data Presentation, (4) Conclusion. From the results of the study found that (1) Efforts to cultivate empathy in social studies teachers in improving the social care attitude of seventh grade students by providing exemplary, habituation and socialization. (2) Supporting factors in improving the social care attitude of students with the existence of socialization activities during morning apples, community service, fundraising and charity activities. While the inhibiting factors are students playing excessive gadgets, the existence of customs that have thickened in students and social change. (3) The impact of empathy cultivation efforts on social studies teachers in improving the social care attitude of seventh grade students is that students become enthusiastic when the teacher tells them to wipe the blackboard, students are able to be kind to other students and students have a good helping attitude.

Multivariate analysis of the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties in twenty-five accessions across three Achillea species

This study explored the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and total phenol content of aerial parts from 25 accessions of three Achillea species (Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Achillea vermicularis Trin., and Achillea tenuifolia Lam.). The plants were collected from various natural habitats across Iran, encompassing regions such as Central, Western, Southern, Northern, Western, and Northwestern parts of the country. Subsequently, they were grown together under field conditions. The study revealed significant variation in essential oil yields among accessions of A. wilhelmsii, ranging from 0.01 to 0.107%, A. vermicularis with a range of 0.075 to 1.5%, and A. tenuifolia showing a variation of 0.1 to 2%. The study utilized Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, revealing 75, 49, and 75 compounds in the essential oils of A. wilhelmsii, A. tenuifolia, and A. vermicularis, respectively. Major components included camphor, 1,8-cineole, anethole, α-pinene, and phytol in A. wilhelmsii, 1,8-cineole, camphor, levo-carvone, and δ-terpinene in A. vermicularis, and β-cubebene, elixene, β-sesquiphellandrene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and δ-terpinene in A. tenuifolia. The essential oil compositions of A. wilhelmsii and A. vermicularis were predominantly characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes, whereas that of A. tenuifolia was characterized by sesquiterpenes. Cluster analysis grouped accessions into three clusters, with A. tenuifolia forming a distinct group. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) triplot (62.21% of total variance) confirmed these results and provided insights into compound contributions. Furthermore, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the accessions of three species were assessed over 2 years. A. tenuifolia exhibited the highest levels in both categories, with statistically significant linear regression between antioxidant activity and total phenol content for A. tenuifolia and A. wilhelmsii. These findings emphasize significant phytochemical diversity within Achillea species, positioning them as promising natural sources of antioxidants. Further exploration and selection of specific accessions within each species are crucial for unlocking their medicinal potential and supporting cultivation and conservation efforts.

Training of New Professional Farmers in Rural Revitalization: A Reexamination based on Supply and Demand

The rural revitalization strategy is a crucial initiative aimed at promoting the modernization of rural areas, with the cultivation of new professional farmers emerging as a key component in its implementation. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the training of new professional farmers from the perspectives of both supply and demand. Addressing issues related to cultivation policies, key players, and training content during the cultivation process, the paper proposes a series of strategies in areas such as top-level design, classification management, cultivation models, content innovation, and supervision mechanisms. In terms of top-level design, the paper emphasizes the importance of defining strategic goals and pathways for cultivation to ensure alignment with the rural revitalization strategy. The strategy combining classification management with precision cultivation aims to implement differentiated training plans that better cater to the specific needs of different regions and rural areas. Reforms in cultivation models and content are advocated to align with the trends in modern agricultural development. Additionally, the establishment of a comprehensive supervision mechanism is recommended to ensure the fairness and transparency of cultivation efforts.

Optimizing Bio-energy Supply Chain to Achieve Alternative Energy Targets

In response to global warming and the dwindling reservoirs of fossil fuels, Thailand has increasingly embraced alternative energy sources. Central to its energy development strategy is the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP), which aims to reduce energy intensity, capitalize on residual resources, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. While significant strides have been made in meeting various consumption targets set forth by the AEDP, notable challenges persist, particularly in the realms of bio-mass-derived electricity generation, bio-gas utilization, and bio-ethanol production from bio-mass. Therefore, this study delves into the factors contributing to the shortfall in achieving AEDP targets and proposes strategies to enhance the efficiency of the bio-energy supply chain. Leveraging mathematical and linear programming techniques, our research optimizes the supply chain dynamics, accounting for monthly supplier profiles spanning 77 provinces, 17 distinct biomasses, and 427 bio-energy plants equipped with diverse energy conversion technologies. Our findings indicate that Thailand currently boasts adequate bio-mass resources to fulfill the electricity and bio-ethanol targets outlined in the AEDP—provided enhancements are made to supply chain efficiency. To fully realize the objectives of the AEDP, we recommend augmenting bio-mass cultivation efforts and implementing new power plant installations. Additionally, we advocate for the consideration of high-methane content fuels, such as solid waste, as a means to alleviate bio-mass demand. This study underscores the paramount importance of strategic planning and optimization in propelling Thailand towards its alternative energy ambitions while surmounting supply chain impediments.

Excelling in the AI Era: Cultivating AI Literacy

In light of the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), the future of the nursing profession is expected to be closely intertwined with AI applications. In response to this challenge, nursing educators must cultivate AI literacy in students to ensure their ability to communicate and collaborate effectively with their interdisciplinary peers. Nursing educators should comprehend the essence of AI literacy, integrate AI literacy into their curriculum designs, and regularly assess the effectiveness of AI literacy cultivation efforts among their students to ensure nursing graduates are able to effectively fulfill their roles in nursing and healthcare. The purpose of this paper is to explain the essence of AI literacy, approaches for cultivating AI literacy in students, and methods for assessing AI literacy with the aim of educating nursing students to become competent nurses for tomorrow.

Small and Medium Scales Business Development Model and Value Chain of Apis mellifera L. Bee Cultivation in Riau Province

Beekeeping practice was an alternative livelihood for communities around forest areas, offering a potential solution to reduce conflicts arising from the use and management of this ecosystem. Starting in the COVID-19 pandemic, the government introduced Apis mellifera from Java island into honey production in Sumatra due to its high productivity and adaptability to new environments. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the challenges and develop business models and value chains associated with commercializing Apis mellifera honey. The analysis used a qualitative descriptive method through observation and in-depth interviews with beekeeping entrepreneurs. There were two sales systems. The first was direct from beekeepers, and the second was indirect sales systems facilitated by collectors/industries. The collectors/industries gained a significant profit, approximately IDR. 80,000.00/kg, while beekeepers only received a minimum selling price. Marketing became a significant issue as beekeepers tended to focus more on cultivation efforts, resulting in a simplistic method of honey sales. Consequently, providing maximum economic value to the communities around the forest areas required synergy and assistance from related sectors.

Supervising in the Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in good Horticultural Practices in the Sembalun agrotourism area

The use of natural enemies as pest control has long been known, but has been largely replaced by the rapid development of chemical pesticide industry technology, especially since the green revolution. One alternative pest control technology that is quite promising to be developed is the use of biological agents (predators or parasotoids) that have more natural characteristics than chemical characteristics. With the presence of natural enemies which are then used to suppress pest populations, it will be safe for human health and the environment. It can be hoped that the agricultural products produced will be acceptable and highly competitive on the global market. Considering the Sembalun area as a tourism destination, it will be very relevant if the local community understands good horticultural practices. The intervention of using technology for farmers as an alternative in good Horticultural Cultivation is highly expected by farmers in the Sembalun area. Therefore, assistance is needed to implement integrated Pest Management in good Horticultural practices. The method used in this activity is the Action Research Method by applying a Participatory Action Program approach from participants through discussion and group work in all activities. The result is that farmers are very interested in implementing good horticultural cultivation, especially with habitat management approaches such as using refugia plants to control pests. Participating farmers increase their knowledge and skills to recognize differences in pests and natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) found on potato plants that are integrated with refugia plants. The target group has increased knowledge and understanding of the importance of implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices in horticultural cultivation. It is hoped that training and assistance activities for healthy horticultural cultivation efforts will continue both by the university team and related agencies. This kind of activity needs to be continued by the participating group and spread to other groups nearby. There is a need for assistance in applying for Prima 3 and Prima 2 food safety certification to farmer groups in the Sembalun Agrotourism Area, so that the number of products from certified horticultural business actors will increase. Activities to implement Integrated Pest Management in horticultural farming business groups in the Sembalun Tourism Area need to continue

Metagenomic sequencing of a Patescibacteria-containing enrichment from Zodletone spring in Oklahoma, USA.

An enrichment of sulfidic sediments from Zodletone spring was sequenced as a metagenome. Draft genomes representing Cloacimonadota, Deltabacterota, Firmicutes, and Patescibacteria were binned and annotated and will aid functional genomics and cultivation efforts.

Utilization of solid organic waste as a biofertilizer formulation for upland rice plants supports sustainable rice farming

The use of local isolates as biofertilizer and organic fertilizer based on organic waste is carried out as an environmentally friendly cultivation effort towards sustainable agriculture. This research aims to obtain a biofertilizer formulation made from solid organic waste to support sustainable upland rice farming. The treatments used were: F0: without biofertilizer formulation, F1: 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F2: 75% rice straw + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F3: 75% solids + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F4: 75% peat + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F5: 75% rice husk + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium. The formulation of organic waste-based biofertilizer with a consortium in this research showed that did not have an effect on the growth of upland rice plants, but the provision of 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml cellulolytic bacteria consortium tended to provide better plant height growth in terms of rice plant height parameters.

Leveraging genomic information to predict environmental preferences of bacteria.

Genomic information is now available for a broad diversity of bacteria, including uncultivated taxa. However, we have corresponding knowledge on environmental preferences (i.e. bacterial growth responses across gradients in oxygen, pH, temperature, salinity, and other environmental conditions) for a relatively narrow swath of bacterial diversity. These limits to our understanding of bacterial ecologies constrain our ability to predict how assemblages will shift in response to global change factors, design effective probiotics, or guide cultivation efforts. We need innovative approaches that take advantage of expanding genome databases to accurately infer the environmental preferences of bacteria and validate the accuracy of these inferences. By doing so, we can broaden our quantitative understanding of the environmental preferences of the majority of bacterial taxa that remain uncharacterized. With this perspective, we highlight why it is important to infer environmental preferences from genomic information and discuss the range of potential strategies for doing so. In particular, we highlight concrete examples of how both cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent approaches can be integrated with genomic data to develop predictive models. We also emphasize the limitations and pitfalls of these approaches and the specific knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to successfully expand our understanding of the environmental preferences of bacteria.

The archaeome in metaorganism research, with a focus on marine models and their bacteria-archaea interactions.

Metaorganism research contributes substantially to our understanding of the interaction between microbes and their hosts, as well as their co-evolution. Most research is currently focused on the bacterial community, while archaea often remain at the sidelines of metaorganism-related research. Here, we describe the archaeome of a total of eleven classical and emerging multicellular model organisms across the phylogenetic tree of life. To determine the microbial community composition of each host, we utilized a combination of archaea and bacteria-specific 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Members of the two prokaryotic domains were described regarding their community composition, diversity, and richness in each multicellular host. Moreover, association with specific hosts and possible interaction partners between the bacterial and archaeal communities were determined for the marine models. Our data show that the archaeome in marine hosts predominantly consists of Nitrosopumilaceae and Nanoarchaeota, which represent keystone taxa among the porifera. The presence of an archaeome in the terrestrial hosts varies substantially. With respect to abundant archaeal taxa, they harbor a higher proportion of methanoarchaea over the aquatic environment. We find that the archaeal community is much less diverse than its bacterial counterpart. Archaeal amplicon sequence variants are usually host-specific, suggesting adaptation through co-evolution with the host. While bacterial richness was higher in the aquatic than the terrestrial hosts, a significant difference in diversity and richness between these groups could not be observed in the archaeal dataset. Our data show a large proportion of unclassifiable archaeal taxa, highlighting the need for improved cultivation efforts and expanded databases.

Medicinal Plants used for Antihypercholesterolemia in Ethnic Groups of Celebes Island, Indonesia

This study aimed to identify the utilization of medicinal plants used by selected traditional healers who met inclusion criteria to treat high cholesterol levels in ethnic groups of Celebes Island, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation, and sample collection. This study revealed 67 concoction information and identified the use of 48 plant species distributed in 32 families among 39 healers in 20 ethnic groups in Celebes Island. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth (UV=0.21), lamiaceae (15.63%), and leaves (57.35%) were determined as the most prominent species, family, and plant part used. The most widely prescribed rule of use is internal administration (94.03%) with a frequency of 3x1 per day (44.78%) for a week to a month (56.72%). However, conservation efforts need to be initiated immediately since more than 50% of healers made no cultivation efforts

Kelps on demand: Closed-system protocols for culturing large bull kelp sporophytes for research and restoration.

Culturing kelps for commercial, conservation, and scientific purposes is becoming increasingly widespread. However, kelp aquaculture methods are typically designed for ocean-based farms, and these methods may not be applicable for smaller scale cultivation efforts common in research and restoration. Growing kelps in closed, recirculating culture systems may address many of these constraints, yet closed system approaches have remained largely undescribed. Extensive declines of the bull kelp(Nereocystis luetkeana), an ecologically important canopy species in the Northeast Pacific, have received widespread attention and prompted numerous research and conservation initiatives. Here, we detail two approaches for cultivating N. luetkeana sporophytes in closed recirculating systems. Nereocystis luetkeana were reared as attached thalli in custom seaweed growth flumes and also free-floating in tumble culture tanks. Careful control of stocking density, water motion, aeration, and nutrient levels allowed for rapid growth and normal morphogenesis of laboratory-grown kelp. Culture systems reached up to 3 kg · m-3 , and individual thalli attained lengths of up to 6 m before the trials were terminated. Our results demonstrate the potential of recirculating, closed culture systems to overcome limitations associated with traditional culture methods. Recirculating systems enable the precise control of culture conditions, improving biosecurity and facilitating cultivar development and other research. Kelps can be grown away from the ocean or outside their native ranges, and seasonal or annual species can be produced year-round without seasonal constraints.