Cultivation Efforts Research Articles

PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIO DAN PERFORMA AWAL LARVA TIGA SPESIES IKAN TOR INDONESIA

Tor fish is a potential local fish. It has social, economic and religious value and contains albumin which is equivalent to snake head fish. As a local fish cultivation potential, an accurate description of the early development stages of this species, will have value for ichthyologists and can facilitate cultivation efforts to increase production. This study aims to understand the embryology of three tor fish species and to determine the condition of larval performance at the beginning of hatching. The division process begins when the cell nucleus is divided into 2 blastomers, then continues to reach 32 cells in the first 10 hours after fertilization. At 10–20 hours after fertilization the eggs enter the morula, blastula and gastrula phases. After 20 hours, the organogenesis stage occurs. Tor douronensis hatched the fastest, more than 100 hours after fertilization (0.70–0.80 cm length, 0.0073 g weight and 8.40±1.83% abnormality). Tor soro over 120 hours (length 0.80–0.90 cm, weight 0.0125 g and abnormality 2.47±0.12%) and Tor tambroides above 140 hours after fertilization (length 1,00–1,09 cm, weight 0,0146 g and abnormality 2.93±0.31%). It can be concluded that there is no difference in the process of embryogenesis of the three species until the gastrula stage. The difference arises in the organogenesis phase, where the Tor douronensis organ develops most rapidly, followed by Tor soro and Tor tambroides.

Genome-wide Characterization of cis-acting Elements in the Promoters of Key Carotenoid Pathway Genes from the Main Species of Genus Citrus

Carotenoids are indispensable for both human health and plant survival. Citrus, is one of the fruit crops richest in carotenoid compounds, with approximately 115 kinds of carotenoids; tremendous diversity in carotenoids composition and concentration exists among various species, showing different colors from nearly white to crimson. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and the key carotenogenic genes have been identified in citrus; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, among the main species of genus Citrus (primitive, wild, and cultivated), we detected carotenoids in flavedo using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and analyzed variations in cis-acting elements in the promoters of key carotenoid pathway genes. Intriguingly, both carotenoid composition and content were generally increased during the evolution of citrus, and the corresponding variations in the promoters were identified, including the gain or loss of critical environmental stress-responsive elements and hormone-responsive elements, which are closely associated with carotenoid enhancement. In addition, pummelo has the most heat-responsive elements, but the Mangshan mandarin does not have this element in the promoters of PSY, which is highly related to their geographical origin and indicate that temperature is a critical environmental signal influencing carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, the abscisic acid-responsive motif was rich in almost all the seven species, but the ethylene-responsive motif was deficient, which demystified the unique phytohormone regulation mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in citrus. Overall, our study provides new insights into the molecular regulatory mechanism of carotenoid enhancement in the evolution of citrus, which can facilitate breeding and cultivation efforts to improve the nutritional quality and esthetic value in citrus and hopefully other fruit crops.

Kritik terhadap Kapitalis-Patriakis dan Perspektif Subsistensi dalam Novel Aroma Karsa Karya Dewi Lestari

Since capitalism-patriarchy is viewed as the specter of the problem of the emergence of injustice, it has been raising efforts to realize social justice and environmental sustainability through restructuring of the human mindset towards nature and fellow humans. The principle of capitalism-patriarchy has led to a culture of death and destruction because it is characterized by domination, power, exploitation, and environmental damage. This research sought to describe the criticism of patriarchal-capitalism and the subsistence perspective shown in the novel Aroma Karsa written by Dewi Lestari. Through ecofeminism proposed by Vandana Shiva and Mies, this study found that the power of the capitalist-patriarchal was represented through male figures such as; Jati Wesi, Khalil, and Ferdi, who utilize nature and parts of women's bodies for financial interests and sexual desires through the production of the most expensive perfume, make certain plant species endangered and oppressed. Their cultivation efforts cannot be separated from profit orientation. The perspective of subsistence is then carried out by women characters to preserve, protect, and utilize natural resources as needed out of exaggeration. It is illustrated through female figures; Janirah, Raras, and Tanaya Suma who tried to stem the power and domination of men over nature and women's bodies for the benefit of capital. The subsistence perspective in the novel Aroma Karsa by Dewi Lestari emphasizes the preservation and protection of nature for the sake of mutual needs and comfort, and it is women who understand more about nature more than men.

STUDI HASILBUDIDAYA SECARA EKSITU BEBERAPA JENIS TUMBUHAN OBAT SEBAGAI PERTIMBANGAN KONSEP PENGEMBANGAN AGROFORESTRI BERBASIS TUMBUHAN OBAT

. Herbal medicines are very potential, because Indonesia is known as the second largest megabiodiversity after Brazil, especially since the current world medical trend applies the concept of "back to nature". Plants are a source of biological chemicals, so biodiversity is considered as a chemical industry or factory producing throughout the year. Research of local wisdom for ulilizing medical plants in South Kalimantan has been done. The results showed that there are many kinds of medicinal plants originating from the forest, but their exploitation has not been accompanied by cultivation. This is very unfortunate considering that there has not been a serious effort in cultivation, it is feared that it will make medicinal plants increasingly difficult to obtain, especially based on research results of 80% of medicinal plants that are utilized are the stem and roots.It is necessary to conduct research on the results of cultivation of medicinal plants outside their habitat. The study was conducted on 6 (six) kind of medicinal plants which are widely used by the “batra” in South Kalimantan, but availability in nature has begun to be difficult to find. Cultivation is done outside the habitat (exitu) by cuttings and saplings, and after 4 (four) months the growth response is observed. The results showed that kayu sisil laki (Litsea sp) and manggarsih (Parameria laevigata (Juss) Moldenke) are the most potential to be developed in critical lands (marginal), can live in open land, including in lands where agroforestry cultivation develops because it has the best growth response.

Geographic origin determination of Brazilian Cannabis sativa L. (Marihuana) by multi-element concentration

The Marihuana Polygon production of Cannabis sativa L. supplies the northeastern region of Brazil and represents 30% of the nation’s market. The international trend of indoor cultivation is also occurring in Brazil, and the Brazilian Federal Police (BFP) has been increasing its apprehension of cannabis seeds sent by mail. The present work aims to assess the utility of the multi-element composition of different cannabis plant parts and soil samples where the plants were cultivated to determine their geographic origin. Statistical tools were applied to classification of marijuana samples from distinct geographic regions within northeastern Brazil, including indoor cultivated samples. The multi-element quantification was determined using inductively-coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the data were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and subsequently, multiple discriminant analysis (MDA). The results of the multi-element concentration of cannabis plant samples were also subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA) and an orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The cannabis plant samples from the Marihuana Polygon could be clearly separated from those cultivated indoors, and the distance between them was detectable. The MDA revealed that phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, selenium, and arsenic concentrations were used as variables for this separation. Our results demonstrate that multi-element composition analysis can be used to indicate the origin or cultivation location of cannabis plants. Routine laboratory analyses consisting of multi-element composition combined with statistical analyses provide a reliable tool by which C. sativa movement, cultivation, and interdiction efforts in Brazil may be assessed.

Growth Pattern Study of Slender Walking Catfish (Clarias nieuhofii) as Environmental Biology Indicator

Slender walking catfish (Clarias nieuhofii) is a consumption fish that has a fairly high economical value. Local market prices can reach IRD 50.000-70.000/kg. People love this fish because of the delicious taste of the meat, which very different from the aquaculture catfish. Until now the production relies only on natural catches and there have been no cultivation efforts. But in recent years these out catfish are increasingly difficult to find in nature. The conversion of land into plantation areas caused the loss of the fish's original habitat. Based on community information, the habitat of this fish is found in Pasir Putih Village, Silangkitang District, Labuhan Batu Selatan Regency, and Bandar Tinggi Village, Bilah Hulu District, Labuhanbatu Regency, Indonesia. Differences in habitat conditions are known to affect fish growth patterns, including C. nieuhofii. This research aims to determine the pattern of the growth of the slender walking catfish in these different habitat conditions. Exploratory methods were used in this research and observation stations were determined through purposive sampling. Fish sampling was done using a fishing rod. The samples of fish captured were measured by the total length and weight. The results of the research show that the pattern of fish growth in Pasir Putih Village is negative allometric (W = 0.6944, b = 0.2463 and R2 = 0.9468) and in Bandar Tinggi Village shows negative allometric (W = 10.207, b = - 129.56, and R2 = 0.9711).

Impact of Different Trace Elements on the Growth and Proteome of Two Strains of Granulicella, Class "Acidobacteriia".

Acidobacteria represents one of the most dominant bacterial groups across diverse ecosystems. However, insight into their ecology and physiology has been hampered by difficulties in cultivating members of this phylum. Previous cultivation efforts have suggested an important role of trace elements for the proliferation of Acidobacteria, however, the impact of these metals on their growth and metabolism is not known. In order to gain insight into this relationship, we evaluated the effect of trace element solution SL10 on the growth of two strains (5B5 and WH15) of Acidobacteria belonging to the genus Granulicella and studied the proteomic responses to manganese (Mn). Granulicella species had highest growth with the addition of Mn, as well as higher tolerance to this metal compared to seven other metal salts. Variations in tolerance to metal salt concentrations suggests that Granulicella sp. strains possess different mechanisms to deal with metal ion homeostasis and stress. Furthermore, Granulicella sp. 5B5 might be more adapted to survive in an environment with higher concentration of several metal ions when compared to Granulicella sp. WH15. The proteomic profiles of both strains indicated that Mn was more important in enhancing enzymatic activity than to protein expression regulation. In the genomic analyses, we did not find the most common transcriptional regulation of Mn homeostasis, but we found candidate transporters that could be potentially involved in Mn homeostasis for Granulicella species. The presence of such transporters might be involved in tolerance to higher Mn concentrations, improving the adaptability of bacteria to metal enriched environments, such as the decaying wood-rich Mn environment from which these two Granulicella strains were isolated.

Bioenergetic characterization of a shallow-sea hydrothermal vent system: Milos Island, Greece.

Shallow-sea hydrothermal systems, like their deep-sea and terrestrial counterparts, can serve as relatively accessible portals into the microbial ecology of subsurface environments. In this study, we determined the chemical composition of 47 sediment porewater samples along a transect from a diffuse shallow-sea hydrothermal vent to a non-thermal background area in Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece. These geochemical data were combined with thermodynamic calculations to quantify potential sources of energy that may support in situ chemolithotrophy. The Gibbs energies (ΔGr) of 730 redox reactions involving 23 inorganic H-, O-, C-, N-, S-, Fe-, Mn-, and As-bearing compounds were calculated. Of these reactions, 379 were exergonic at one or more sampling locations. The greatest energy yields were from anaerobic CO oxidation with NO2- (-136 to -162 kJ/mol e-), followed by reactions in which the electron acceptor/donor pairs were O2/CO, NO3-/CO, and NO2-/H2S. When expressed as energy densities (where the concentration of the limiting reactant is taken into account), a different set of redox reactions are the most exergonic: in sediments affected by hydrothermal input, sulfide oxidation with a range of electron acceptors or nitrite reduction with different electron donors provide 85~245 J per kg of sediment, whereas in sediments less affected or unaffected by hydrothermal input, various S0 oxidation reactions and aerobic respiration reactions with several different electron donors are most energy-yielding (80~95 J per kg of sediment). A model that considers seawater mixing with hydrothermal fluids revealed that there is up to ~50 times more energy available for microorganisms that can use S0 or H2S as electron donors and NO2- or O2 as electron acceptors compared to other reactions. In addition to revealing likely metabolic pathways in the near-surface and subsurface mixing zones, thermodynamic calculations like these can help guide novel microbial cultivation efforts to isolate new species.

Preservation of the value of rice paddy fields: Investigating how to prevent farmers from abandoning the fields by means of evolutionary game theory

The evolution of group cooperation is still an evolutionary puzzle and has been studied from the perspective of not only evolutionary ecology but also social sciences. Some socio-ecological problems are caused by collapse of group cooperation. By applying theoretical studies about the evolution of cooperation, we can elucidate what causes the problems and find solutions. One of the appropriate examples is maintaining rice paddy field landscapes, which are a grand spectacle in Asia, and some are UNESCO world heritage sites. These magnificent landscapes and the associated biodiversity are at risk of abandonment for social and financial reasons. Rice paddy fields can be preserved not only by regular cultivation, which requires farmers to invest effort in cultivation, but also by the maintenance of common facilities such as irrigation canals.To investigate how this landscape might be preserved, we developed an agent-based model in which each farmer makes two types of efforts: an effort for land cultivation and an effort for collective action such as common facility maintenance. Additionally, we consider the side effects of rice production such as field deterioration from abandonment and water use competition. These factors determine the utility of each player who imitates the level of efforts necessary to invest in land cultivation and common facility maintenance of one with higher utility. This decision-making of each player can be described by the evolutionary game theory.We find that maintenance effort promotes cultivation effort, but not vice versa, even though we usually consider that each farmer's cultivation effort makes rice field landscape sustainable. We also find that if players and their near neighbors are responsible for maintaining their common facilities together, they continue to maintain them and cultivate, but if all players are responsible for maintaining all facilities in the whole farmland, players are likely to quit facility maintenance and stop cultivation. Competition for water use among all players, however, promotes cultivation more than competition among neighbors only. Therefore, rice paddy field landscapes can be sustainable if neighbors, but not the whole players, are responsible for maintaining their common facilities and cooperate together, and if the water usage of all players, but not neighbors, influences the productivity of each rice field.

KAJIAN KONSENTRASI SITOKININ DAN DOSIS PUPUK NPK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BULBIL TANAMAN PORANG (Amorphophallus onchophyllus)

Tanaman porang (Amorphophallus onchophyllus) adalah tumbuhan semak (herba) yang pada ketiak daunnya tumbuh bulbil sebagai salah satu alat perkembangbiakan. Selain dengan menggunakan bulbil, porang juga dapat berkembang biak dengan menggunakan umbi dan biji. Umbi inilah yang akan dipungut hasilnya karena memiliki senyawa glukomanan yang nilai jualnya tinggi.
 Saat ini produksi umbi porang yang ada terjual kepada pengusaha untuk diekspor ke luar negeri dalam bentuk chips yang dipenuhi dari petani dengan mengumpulkan iles-iles yang tumbuh liar di lingkungan perkebunan maupun kehutanan. Upaya budidaya yang intensif harus ditunjang oleh ketersediaan bibit dalam jumlah banyak. Oleh karena itu perlu dikembangkan dengan pengadaan bibit yang berasal dari sumber bibit selain umbi, yaitu dengan bulbil.
 Tujuan penelitian adalah 1). Diketahuinya pengaruh kombinasi perlakuan konsentrasi sitokinin (CPPU) dan dosis pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil porang, 2). Diketahuinya konsentrasi sitokinin (CPPU) yang efektif dalam memperbaiki pertumbuhan tanaman porang dan 3). Diketahuinya dosis pupuk NPK optimum terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman porang.
 Percobaan ini merupakan percobaan faktorial dengan 2 (dua) Faktor yang disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dan diulang 4 kali. Faktor I adalah Konsentrasi CPPU (K), yang terdiri dari : K0=Tanpa CPPU (kontrol), K1= CPPU 5 ppm, K2= CPPU 10 ppm, K3= CPPU 15 ppm dan K4= CPPU 20 ppm. Sedangkan Faktor kedua adalah dosis pupuk N, P dan K (P) yang terdiri atas: P1 = Dosis Pupuk NPK (Urea 15 g, SP36 7,5 g, KCl 7,5 g ), P2 = Dosis Pupuk NPK (Urea 20 g, SP36 10 g, KCl 10 g ) dan P3 = Dosis Pupuk NPK (Urea 25 g, SP36 12,5g, KCl 12,5g ). 
 Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan, serta hasil panen tanaman porang, yang terdiri atas : tinggi tanaman (cm), lebar konopi (cm), diameter batang (cm), jumlah bulbil, diameter umbi (cm) dan bobot umbi per tanaman.
 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1). Tidak terdapat interaksi nyata terhadap semua peubah pengamatan, 2). Konsentrasi CPPU berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap lebar kanopi daun dan jumlah bulbil. Konsentrasi CPPU 20 ppm menghasilkan lebar kanopi daun dan jumlah bulbil tertinggi dengan peningkatan lebar kanopi daun sebesar 38 % dan peningkatan jumlah bulbil sebesar 87 % dibandingkan dengan kontrol. 3). Dosis pupuk berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap lebar kanopi daun dan jumlah bulbil porang. Dosis pupuk NPK Urea 25 g, SP36 12,5 g, KCL 12,5 g (P3), menunjukkan hasil lebar kanopi daun dan jumlah bulbil tertinggi dengan peningkatan lebar kanopi daun sebesar 34% dan peningkatan jumlah bulbil sebesar 67 % dibandingkan dengan perlakuan pupuk Urea 15 g, SP-36 7,5 g, KCL 7,5 g (P1).

Short Communication: Ethnobotanical study of Lygodium circinnatum and its utilization in crafts weaving in Indonesia

Abstract. Rahayu M, Kuncari ES, Mahdawia, Setiawan M. 2020. Short Communication: Ethnobotanical study of Lygodium circinnatum and its utilization in crafts weaving in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 617-621. Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Swartz, locally known as ketak, is a species of ferns that is currently widely used as raw material for making woven artifacts. In Indonesia, the center of L. circinnatum handicrafts, among others, is the island of Bali, Lombok and the city of Kendari. A variety of products are in great demand, not only by domestic tourists but also by foreign tourists. Cultivation of L. circinnatum has not been undertaken effectively, therefore raw material supply is still from wild populations. This ethnobotanical study conducted to review the traditional use of L. circinnatum and its cultivation efforts. This is essential as the use value of the L. circinnatum is increasing and also to ensure the continued availability of raw materials.

Development prospect of Glochidion sericeum as herbal medicine from Sumatra forest

Disease in degenerative metabolic group requires a long-term treatment. Treatment is done with synthetic drugs which in the long run can cause side effects. Hence, people start looking for alternative treatments using ingredients from nature. Medicines from natural ingredients are also considered to have almost no harmful side effects. One type of plants that has been used by community for generations and is believed to be effective in treating ulcer disease is Glochidion sericeum. However, exploitation of the tree bark, caused the trees to languish and eventually die. So far, there has been no scientific research on the content of active ingredients and biological activity of G. sericeum, as well as the cultivation effort. This research aims to determine content of active ingredients and the efficacy of the tree leaves as herbal medicinal ingredients. The methods used in this study are: 1) Sample preparation, samples are taken from Sukaraja village, Ulu Krui sub-district, Pesisir Barat district, Lampung Province; 2) Quantitative phytochemical screening and 3) Tests of biological activities namely antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemia (anticolesterol) were carried out at the Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjar Baru, South Kalimantan. The test results showed that the water extract of G. sericeum leaves contained a flavonoid, steroids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. Based on results of biological activity test, the leaves of G. sericeum have efficacy as an antidiabetic and an anticholesterol.

Centellaasiatica Morphotypes Differ Genetically as well as Macronutrients Content, Total Phenolic Content and Chemical Fingerprints of Leaves

Purpose: Centellaassiatica is an aromatic herb commonly grown in humid areas of tropical Asia. It has widely been used as a leafy vegetable and for medicinal preparations. Its medicinal and dilatory values have created a high demand for fresh consumption and value added products. Assessing morphological, biochemical and genetic diversity of existing germplasm is the essential first step in cultivation and breeding efforts. Research Method: We analyzed leaf morphological characters, macro nutrient contents, total phenolic content and the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles of five most commonly found C. assiatica morphotypes in Sri Lanka. The genetic diversity was assessed using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) regions. All morphotypes were collected and grown under controlled environmental conditions. Findings: There were clear morphological differences among different morphotypes. Further, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) among them in leaf macro nutrient content and total phenolic contents. The ISSR profiles and the HPLC profiles of Heengotukola are distinctly different from others. Originality/value: Results show the significance of selecting superior morphotypes and for industrial applications for maintaining the standards.

Size Matters: Ultra-small and Filterable Microorganisms in the Environment

Ultra-small microorganisms are ubiquitous in Earth’s environments. Ultramicrobacteria, which are defined as having a cell volume of <0.1 μm3, are often numerically dominant in aqueous environments. Cultivated representatives among these bacteria, such as members of the marine SAR11 clade (e.g., “Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique”) and freshwater Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, possess highly streamlined, small genomes and unique ecophysiological traits. Many ultramicrobacteria may pass through a 0.2-μm-pore-sized filter, which is commonly used for filter sterilization in various fields and processes. Cultivation efforts focusing on filterable small microorganisms revealed that filtered fractions contained not only ultramicrocells (i.e., miniaturized cells because of external factors) and ultramicrobacteria, but also slender filamentous bacteria sometimes with pleomorphic cells, including a special reference to members of Oligoflexia, the eighth class of the phylum Proteobacteria. Furthermore, the advent of culture-independent “omics” approaches to filterable microorganisms yielded the existence of candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacteria (also referred to as “Ca. Patescibacteria”) and ultra-small members of DPANN (an acronym of the names of the first phyla included in this superphyla) archaea. Notably, certain groups in CPR and DPANN are predicted to have minimal or few biosynthetic capacities, as reflected by their extremely small genome sizes, or possess no known function. Therefore, filtered fractions contain a greater variety and complexity of microorganisms than previously expected. This review summarizes the broad diversity of overlooked filterable agents remaining in “sterile” (<0.2-μm filtered) environmental samples.

Oxygen Consumption Rate of Polychaeta Nereis sp. Different Sizes and Type of Feed

Nereis sp. contains amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids that can improve the quality of gamete stem cells and the quality of the resulting larvae. Nereis sp. can increase gamete cell maturation in the parent shrimp up to 70%. This triggers the exploitation these worms excessively in nature since there are no cultivation efforts to meet their needs. This condition encourages research on the biological aspects of Nereis sp. to complement the information that can support the cultivation of the worms. This research was conducted on Nereis sp. from the Jeruklegi Cilacap area with different types of feed. This study aims to determine the metabolic rate of the worms Nereis sp. at different sizes by giving different types of feed. This research use immature Nereis sp. which was maintained at 15 ppt salinity with three different body weight (0.3-0.6 g; 1.1-1.3 g and 1.8-2.04 g) with three different types of feed (D0 feed, feed flour of Spirulina sp. and ornamental fish feed tetra blitsz). The study was conducted experimentally with a randomized block design (RBD) method with six replications. The results showed the rate of oxygen consumption of Nereis sp. influenced by the size and type of feed given (P&lt;0.05). Nereis sp. with size of 0.3-0.6 gr indicates the highest metabolic rate. Nereis sp. fed with flour of Spirulina sp. shows the highest metabolic rate. Appropriate feed to support the growth of Nereis sp. is D0 and tetra blits (low fiber feed).

Trochodendron aralioides, the first chromosome-level draft genome in Trochodendrales and a valuable resource for basal eudicot research.

BackgroundThe wheel tree (Trochodendron aralioides) is one of only 2 species in the basal eudicot order Trochodendrales. Together with Tetracentron sinense, the family is unique in having secondary xylem without vessel elements, long considered to be a primitive character also found in Amborella and Winteraceae. Recent studies however have shown that Trochodendraceae belong to basal eudicots and demonstrate that this represents an evolutionary reversal for the group. Trochodendron aralioides is widespread in cultivation and popular for use in gardens and parks.FindingsWe assembled the T. aralioides genome using a total of 679.56 Gb of clean reads that were generated using both Pacific Biosciences and Illumina short-reads in combination with 10XGenomics and Hi-C data. Nineteen scaffolds corresponding to 19 chromosomes were assembled to a final size of 1.614 Gb with a scaffold N50 of 73.37 Mb in addition to 1,534 contigs. Repeat sequences accounted for 64.226% of the genome, and 35,328 protein-coding genes with an average of 5.09 exons per gene were annotated using de novo, RNA-sequencing, and homology-based approaches. According to a phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding genes, T. aralioides diverged in a basal position relative to core eudicots, ∼121.8–125.8 million years ago.Conclusions Trochodendron aralioides is the first chromosome-scale genome assembled in the order Trochodendrales. It represents the largest genome assembled to date in the basal eudicot grade, as well as the closest order relative to the core-eudicots, as the position of Buxales remains unresolved. This genome will support further studies of wood morphology and floral evolution, and will be an essential resource for understanding rapid changes that took place at the base of the Eudicot tree. Finally, it can further genome-assisted improvement for cultivation and conservation efforts of the wheel tree.

Farmers Willingness to Participate In Voluntary Land Consolidation in Gozamin District, Ethiopia

In many African countries and especially in the highlands of Ethiopia—the investigation site of this paper—agricultural land is highly fragmented. Small and scattered parcels impede a necessary increase in agricultural efficiency. Land consolidation is a proper tool to solve inefficiencies in agricultural production, as it enables consolidating plots based on the consent of landholders. Its major benefits are that individual farms get larger, more compact, contiguous parcels, resulting in lower cultivation efforts. This paper investigates the determinants influencing the willingness of landholder farmers to participate in voluntary land consolidation processes. The study was conducted in Gozamin District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The study was mainly based on survey data collected from 343 randomly selected landholder farmers. In addition, structured interviews and focus group discussions with farmers were held. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively mainly by using a logistic regression model and qualitatively by using focus group discussions and expert panels. According to the results, landholder farmers are predominantly willing to participate in voluntary land consolidation (66.8%), while a substantive fraction of farmers express unease with voluntary land consolidation. The study highlighted the following four determinants to be significant in influencing the willingness of farmers for voluntary land consolidation: (1) the exchange should preferably happen with parcels of neighbors, (2) land consolidation should lead to better arranged parcels, (3) nearness of plots to the farmstead, and (4) an expected improvement in productivity. Interestingly, the majority of farmers believes that land consolidation could reduce land use conflicts. The study provides evidence that policymakers should consider these socio-economic, legal, cultural, infrastructural, and land-related factors when designing and implementing voluntary land consolidation policies and programs.

Habitat characteristics of Andaliman (Zanthoxylumacanthopodium DC) in North Sumatra using a GIS (Geographical Information System) approach

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a member of the Rutaceae family which is spread in the regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. In the territory of Indonesia, andaliman is spread in the highlands of North Sumatra and parts of Aceh. Andaliman is a spice plant that is usually used as a spice for the Batak tribe in North Sumatra. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of andaliman habitat in North Sumatra. A total of 169 samples from 8 regencies in North Sumatra analyzed habitat characteristics using the ArcGis 10.3 program using various ecological data. The results showed that andaliman was widely distributed in the highlands in North Sumatra. Andaliman inhabits 4 soil types, namely Humic Acrisols (36.09%), Orthic Acrisols (34.31%), Humic Cambisols (18.34%), and Orthic Ferralsols (11.24%), 7 Types of land cover namely dry land agriculture (81.06%), open soil (0.59%), rice fields (6.5%), settlements (2.9%), secondary dryland forests (4.73%), shrubs (3.55%), and industrial plantations (0.59%). Andaliman inhabits a limited elevation between 854-2676 m above sea level. The highest number in elevation 1161-1526 (76.92%), 854-1160 (14.20%), 1527-1968 (7.69%), 1969-2676 (0.59%). In rainfall ecology variables, Andaliman occupies an area with rainfall between 1500-4000 mm/year. The highest number occupies rainfall between 1500-2000 (8.87%), 2000-2500 (83.43%), 2500-3000 (5.91%), 3000-3500 (0.59%), and 3500-4000 (0.59%) mm/annual. Most of Andaliman grew in areas with Critical land types (69.23%), rather critical (25.44%), critical potential (3.55%) and very critical (1.18%). Andaliman occupies a limited habitat character so that the right steps are needed in his conservation efforts. This research is expected to become important information in the conservation and cultivation efforts of andaliman in North Sumatra.

Aplikasi Sari Daun Kelor Sebagai Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Organik Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Kadar Klorofil Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Soybean as a protein sources can fill the needs of public’s food increasily but the production in this country is still low. Therefore, cultivation efforts are needed to improve the growth and development of soybean plants. Some factors that are sufficient to influence the plant growth process are nutrient supply, water availability, sunlight, air temperature, oxygen and growth regulators. Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) that can be used is moringa leaves as a source of cytokinins. Cytokinin serves stimulating cell division, postpone the process of aging plants, and spur growth budding. This study aims to determine the effect of giving plant growth organic made by moringa leaves with 2 control, which are negative control (0%) and positive control (cytokinin synthetic solution) and 3 treatment at concentration of P1 (10%), P2 (20%), P3 (30%) to increase the growth soy plants and to know the concentration optimally of any treatment given. This research using the completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatment and 5 replicate. The results were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the LSD/BNT test and the Duncan test. The results showed that the application of organic PGR made from Moringa leaves had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on growth (plant height and number of leaves) and chlorophyll content in soybean plants had optimal concentrations at 30% concentration.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: moringa leaves, cytokinin, soybean plants, plant growth regulator.

Perspectives on Cultivation Strategies of Archaea.

Archaea have been recognized as a major domain of life since the 1970s and occupy a key position in the tree of life. Recent advances in culture-independent approaches have greatly accelerated the research son Archaea. However, many hypotheses concerning the diversity, physiology, and evolution of archaea are waiting to beconfirmed by culture-base experiments. Consequently, archaeal isolates are in great demand. On the other hand, traditional approaches of archaeal cultivation are rarely successful and require urgent improvement. Here, we review the current practices and applicable microbial cultivation techniques, to inform on potential strategies that could improve archaeal cultivation in the future. We first summarize the current knowledge on archaeal diversity, with an emphasis on cultivated and uncultivated lineages pertinent to future research. Possible causes for the low success rate of the current cultivation practices are then discussed to propose future improvements. Finally, innovative insights for archaeal cultivation are described, including (1) medium refinement for selective cultivation based on the genetic and transcriptional information; (2) consideration of the up-to-date archaeal culturing skills; and (3) application of multiple cultivation techniques, such as co-culture, direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), single-cell isolation, high-throughput culturing (HTC), and simulation of the natural habitat. Improved cultivation efforts should allow successful isolation of as yet uncultured archaea, contributing to the much-needed physiological investigation of archaea.