Efficiency Of Solar Modules Research Articles

Facile Synthesis of Island-like ZrO2-VO2 Composite Films with Enhanced Thermochromic Performance for Smart Windows

VO2-based film, as a very promising thermochromic material for smart windows, has attracted extensive attention but has not been widely applied because it is difficult to simultaneously improve in terms of both solar-modulation efficiency (ΔTsol) and visible transmittance (Tlum) when made using the magnetron-sputtering method, and it has poor durability when made using the wet chemical method. Herein, island-like ZrO2-VO2 composite films with improved thermochromic performance (ΔTsol: 12.6%, Tlum: 45.0%) were created using a simple approach combining a dual magnetron-sputtering and acid-solution procedure. The film's ΔTsol and Tlum values were increased initially and subsequently declined as the sputtering power of the ZrO2 target was raised from 30 W to 120 W. ΔTsol achieved its maximum of 12.6% at 60 W, and Tlum reached its maximum of 51.1% at 90 W. This is likely the result of the interaction of two opposing effects: Some VO2 nanocrystals in the composite film were isolated by a few ZrO2 grains, and some pores could utilize their surface-plasmon-resonance effect at high temperature to absorb some near-infrared light for an enhanced ΔTsol and Tlum. More ZrO2 grains means fewer VO2 grains in the composite film and increased film thickness, which also results in a decrease in ΔTsol and Tlum. As a result, this work may offer a facile strategy to prepare VO2-based films with high thermochromic performance and promote their application in smart windows.

Modulation of Structure and Optical Property of Nitrogen-Incorporated VO2 (M1) Thin Films by Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone

VO2, as a promising material for smart windows, has attracted much attention, and researchers have been continuously striving to optimize the performance of VO2-based materials. Herein, nitrogen-incorporated VO2 (M1) thin films, using a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted sol-gel method followed by heat treatment in NH3 atmosphere, were synthesized, which exhibited a good solar modulation efficiency (ΔTsol) of 4.99% and modulation efficiency of 37.6% at 2000 nm (ΔT2000 nm), while their visible integrated transmittance (Tlum) ranged from 52.19% to 56.79% after the phase transition. The crystallization, microstructure, and thickness of the film could be regulated by varying PVP concentrations. XPS results showed that, in addition to the NH3 atmosphere-N doped into VO2 lattice, the pyrrolidone-N introduced N-containing groups with N-N, N-O, or N-H bonds into the vicinity of the surface or void of the film in the form of molecular adsorption or atom (N, O, and H) filling. According to the Tauc plot, the estimated bandgap of N-incorporated VO2 thin films related to metal-to-insulator transition (Eg1) was 0.16-0.26 eV, while that associated with the visible transparency (Eg2) was 1.31-1.45 eV. The calculated Eg1 and Eg2 from the first-principles theory were 0.1-0.5 eV and 1.4-1.6 eV, respectively. The Tauc plot estimation and theoretical calculations suggested that the combined effect of N-doping and N-adsorption with the extra atom (H, N, and O) decreased the critical temperature (τc) due to the reduction in Eg1.

The Influence of Various Solar Radiations on the Efficiency of a Photovoltaic Solar Module Integrated with a Passive Cooling System

The thermal regulation of a silicon photovoltaic (PV) solar system is essential as the module surface temperature beyond 25 °C deteriorates its Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). The intensity of solar radiation seems to have a crucial impact on the PCE of a PV solar system. The present study aims to assess the effect of solar radiation variations on the PCEs of PV modules integrated with and without passive cooling systems. The used passive cooling systems are (a) multi-pipe copper frame filled with Phase Change Material (PCM) and (b) multi-pipe copper frame filled with ZnO-doped PCM. The tests were conducted at the University of Jeddah in the month of March at various local times. The results show that the ambient and module surface temperatures are directly dominated by solar radiations. The conventional PV solar system presents a higher module surface temperature as compared to that of a PV system integrated with ZnO/PCM. The enhanced module surface temperature decreases the open circuit voltage (Voc) and slightly increases the short circuit current (Isc) indicating its reduced electric efficiency.

Experimental Investigation of Water Cooled Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Collector

With an increasing expected energy demand and current dominance of coal electrification world needs alternative sources which are abundant and ease of availability in nature such as Solar, wind, tidal etc., in which solar PV energy is one of the favorable energy sources. Various strategies are studied in this paper to improve the efficiency of solar PV modules. The efficiency of PV modules increases as the surface temperature of the modules is lowered using various cooling techniques. Experiments on solar PV modules with water circulation have been carried out, and the heat generated has been used for thermal applications. The reference panel was matched to an experimental observation for water circulation. It was observed that the water circulation system is 10.4 %, with a greater performance at 866 W/m2 solar radiation. Water is used as a cooling medium to extract heat from the PV panel. The project’s purpose is to improve the efficiency and power output of hybrid PVT(Photovoltaic Thermal Collectors)while also optimizing the design. The project’s purpose is to improve the efficiency and power output of the hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Collectors(PVT) collector, as well as the power output of the PV panels. The tests are carried out with and without cooling on a 50W PV panel. The cooling of the PV panel is accomplished through forced and natural convection of water in the duct. The performances of forced and natural circulation are validated with the solar panels output power and efficiency.

A Comprehensive 4E Study on the Performance of Bifacial Solar Module Installed on Different Ground Surface Colors: An Experimental Study on a Specific Site

Abstract Solar energy will be the most sought-after source for generating electricity shortly because of its availability in abundance and pollution-free nature. Bifacial photovoltaic (PV) technology increases the power output through the albedo effect. However, the major drawback of PV-based power is that the efficiency is very low at less than 25%. The study focuses on the impact of surface color to explore the possibilities of enhancing the efficiency of solar modules considering the different terrace surfaces available in the residential region. The proposed work is one such attempt where the study is mainly focused on the impact of the surface properties on the extraction of electricity from the solar module without adopting the active techniques. A detailed study on different colors like black, green, and white is carried out. The study observed that the white surface improves the albedo effect toward the rear surface of the module, thereby improving the energy production factor (EPF) and higher life cycle conversion efficiency (LCE). It is observed that there is a 4.8% increase in the average efficiency when using white as ground cover as compared to normal reference ground. The comparative study is also carried out for various lifetime periods (T) like 10, 15, and 20 years. Calculated the exergetic cost by considering operating periods like 15, 20, 25, and 30 years with 2%, 5%, and 10% interest rates, and it is observed that after 30 years of operation at a 2% interest rate, energetic cost reached its highest value.

In situ synthesis of highly dispersed VO2(M) nanoparticles on glass surface for energy efficient smart windows

Thermochromic VO2-based smart windows are considered as a highly promising building envelope to reduce building energy consumption. However, the inherent unsatisfactory optical performance hindered its practical applications and nanocomposite films are testified to be the most promising strategy addressing this issue, while uniformly dispersing nanoparticles is often a challenge. Herein, a facile in situ method was proposed to directly fabricate highly dispersed VO2 nanoparticles (HD-VN) on a glass surface from the VOC2O4·xH2O aqueous solution to achieve the high-optical performance VO2 film (HD-VN film). The forming mechanism of HD-VN was fully elucidated and HD-VN was generated via the sintering process from the irregular VO2 particles derived from the decomposition of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The HD-VN film showed excellent luminous transmittance (Tlum) of 72.5% and solar energy modulation efficiency (ΔTsol) of 10.1%, the former was attributed to the reduced refractive index which led to a reduced reflectance of HD-VN film, and the latter was ascribed to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) behavior of the HD-VN. The simple and cost-efficient synthesis strategy would promote the application of VO2 film in energy-efficient glazing, and also shed light on the structures’ design applied to the field of optics, catalysts, and sensors.

Research progress of light and elevated temperature-induced degradation in silicon solar cells: A review

At present, passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells dominate the photovoltaic industry. However, light and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) is an important issue responsible for the reduction of PERC efficiency, which may lead to up to 16% relative performance losses in multicrystalline silicon solar cells, and this degradation occurs in almost all types of silicon wafers. Even in next-generation silicon solar cells like Tunnelling oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) and Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin-layer (HJT) solar cells, LeTID can still cause an efficiency loss up to 1% relative. LeTID is a long process in terms of time during the whole cycle of degradation and regeneration, which will seriously affect the conversion efficiency and stability of solar modules, and hence increase the cost of electricity generated by solar cells. Furthermore, after years of research on LeTID, researchers are yet to determine the specific cause of LeTID. In this paper, we refer to specific literature, briefly describe the development history of LeTID, introduce the phenomena of LeTID in crystalline silicon solar cells, and describe its characteristics. In addition, we also analyzed the fundamental causes of LeTID, and found that the cause may be related to metal impurities or hydrogen contained in solar cells. At present, in view of the participation of hydrogen in LeTID and other existing related theories, this paper introduces several methods to inhibit LeTID in crystalline silicon. Finally, the content of this paper is summarized, and the development of solar cells in the future is prospected.

Fabrication and optical performance research of VO2/SiO2/VO2 composite spherical structure films

Vanadium dioxide ( V O 2 ) is an ideal thermochromic smart window material for its infrared optical properties accompanied by reversible semiconductor-to-metal phase transition. However, it is still faced with insufficient solar energy modulation efficiency and low luminous transmittance. In order to further improve the thermochromic performance of V O 2 thin film, we proposed a V O 2 / S i O 2 / V O 2 composite spherical structure film composed of a V O 2 / S i O 2 microsphere antireflection structure and V O 2 single-layer film structure. This composite spherical structure film can form a Fabry–Perot cavity-like structure when V O 2 changes to a metal state at high temperature, which can enhance the absorption of near-infrared light. The solar energy modulation efficiency and visible light transmittance were improved simultaneously compared to a single-layer film microsphere structure with the same V O 2 thickness. The solar energy modulation efficiency was improved from 3.11% to 7.65% by increasing the difference in transmittance between the semiconductor phase and the metal phase, and the luminous transmittance was enhanced from 51.53% to 57.23% at the optimized top thickness of 25 nm and bottom thickness of 54 nm. This optical study of composite structure film will lay a foundation for the application of V O 2 film in thermochromic smart windows.

Small Molecule-Induced Modulation of Grain Crystallization and Ion Migration Leads to High-Performance MAPbI3 Mini-Modules

Perovskites have become a promising light-absorbing material for the fabrication of high-performance solar cells. But, the relatively low film quality of perovskites hinders the fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules and long-period stability, which further slows down their industrial-scale commercialization. Here, we propose an N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAA) addition strategy for modulating grain crystallization and ion migration within methylammonium lead halide (MAPbI3), resulting in enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of MAPbI3-based solar modules. MBAA can help to form larger perovskite grains with less defects due to strong coordination interactions between the Pb atoms in MAPbI3 and the −NH and −CO functional groups in MBAA. We further found that MBAA was located at the surface of perovskite grains, which would block the ion migration (MA+/I–) and the H2O/O2 infusion from the ambient-air environment, resulting in enhancements of the PCE and stability of the MAPbI3 devices. The mini-module with an active area of 20 cm2 exhibits a record PCE of 18.58%. The MBAA-based solar module shows excellent damp heat and operational stabilities and maintains ∼82% and ∼90% of its initial PCE after 1000 h under 85 °C/85% relative humidity and 1000 h working at the maximum power point.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Applying Sugarcane Waxbased Phase Change Material to Lower Photovoltaic Panel Temperature

A reduction in power output from a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is caused by a high operating temperature resulting mitigating economic benefits. Therefore, phase change material (PCM) situated in the back of a solar panel is used to maintain the surface temperature of the panel close to ambient. This research aimed to improve solar power generation efficiency by selecting a suitable thickness of encapsulated phase change material (EPCM) based on energy efficiency and economic analysis. At the increase of the EPCM layer thickness from 4 mm to 7 mm, the maximum power generation efficiency was improved by 15.86% owing to the EPCM heat storage capacity. The efficiency of solar panels-7 mm layer EPCM module was 6% higher than the PVs without EPCM. Adding an EPCM on the back of a solar panel lasted 16 days under natural conditions. However, a net present value (NPV) over a 25-year project of solar systems with a 7 mm thick EPCM layer is negative while that of solar systems without EPCM is more profitable than that of solar systems with a 4 mm thick EPCM layer. Applying sensitivity analysis to NPV of PV-EPCM modules was studied under changes in material cost of EPCM and power feed-in tariff. The result of sensitivity analysis of PV-7 mm thick EPCM layer shows 40% reduction in material cost of EPCM or 50% increase of energy price contributes to positive profitability.

Performance improvement of solar PV module through hybrid cooling system with thermoelectric coolers and phase change material

This work aims to substantiate the relationship between efficiency of solar modules and the effect of thermoelectric in cooling solar modules in combination (series) with the phase changing material (PCM). Thermoelectric effect is attributed to the “Peltier effect,” and cooling effect of PCM can be attributed to “latent” energy storage. This article focuses on designing a hybrid cooling technique that combines the effect of these two methods to improve solar cell performance, based on the fact that electrical efficiency of solar panels decreases with an increase in module temperature. Using COMSOL Multiphysics software, a simulation study is carried out for different casing materials and PCMs to reach the best combination of Vaseline as PCM and Silver as the back casing, showing the highest increment in panel efficiency of 9.7%. An experimental study is conducted to compare different cooling techniques involving TECs and PCMs. TECs provide better cooling than PCMs under similar conditions as panel efficiency increases by 5.73%. When combined with the finning effect (using copper tubes), PCM is more effective in increasing panel efficiency by 4.27% compared to 3.26% when PCM is added to the casing. Accordingly, an innovative Hybrid Cooling Technique is designed in which the combined cooling effects of TECs, PCMs, and Aluminium Heat Sinks are tested. It is observed that electrical efficiency and panel efficiency show a maximum increment of 19.4% and 19.32%, respectively, with Hybrid Cooling System. Hence, this combination of Peltier effect and latent energy storage provides enhanced cooling to improve solar module performance.

An approach toward higher electrical conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic module using phase change materials

AbstractA well‐known fact is that the electrical performance of the solar photovoltaic (PV) module reduces with an increase of its operating surface temperature, hence to obtain better electrical performance from PV module; it becomes necessary to maintain its surface temperature within the recommended limit. The present experimentation is focused on the application of phase change materials (PCM) to improve the electrical conversion efficiency of the PV module. The performance analysis of the polycrystalline silicon PV module integrated with the finned heat sink embedded in the PCM bath has been carried out, particularly for Indian climatic conditions (21°N, 79°E). Four different organic PCM‐filled PV modules (PV‐PCM) have been selected for performance comparison with conventional PV modules toward their electrical conversion efficiency. All the PV modules are tested with different tilt angles to obtain the lowest operating temperature afterwards the PV‐PCM module with the lowest temperature at particular tilt angle was compared with conventional PV module for output power. Among all investigated PV modules, calcium chloride hexahydrate‐filled PV system exhibits the highest electrical performance at an angle of 90° with the horizontal. The relative and improved average electrical efficiency of 7.5% was recorded with the novel designed PV‐PCM system.

Role of the double-glow plasma pre-sputtering in the growth mechanisms and metal–insulator transition of VO2 film

High phase transition temperature and low utilization rate of sunlight of vanadium dioxide (VO2) have been an important obstacle to expand its application in smart semiconductor materials. In this paper, we propose a novel method by the double-glow plasma pre-sputtering to induce to generate a lot of surface vacancy defects/residual stresses, which can promote the high-quality growth of VO2 thin films on quartz substrates. The resultsshowed that the plasma pretreatment and annealing temperature affected the stability of phase structureto cause the formation of surface residual stresses of VO2films. The optical-electrical properties of the treated VO2 film indicated that the incident light at 2.5 μm has a great transmittance contrast of 63.25% and the solar transmittance modulation efficiency (ΔTsol) of 14.9 %before and after the phase transition. It is found that the metal–insulator phase transition temperature of VO2 after plasma treatment is 39.7℃, which is 20.4℃ lower than that of conventional VO2 film, greatly increases its application in intelligent windows and photoelectric fields. Our research provides an effective and low-cost approach to prepared high-quality VO2 thin films with low phase transition temperature and large-phase-transition amplitude on quartz substrate.

Facile Solution Process of VO2 Film with Mesh Morphology for Enhanced Thermochromic Performance.

The fabrication and applications of VO2 film continue to be of considerable interest due to their good thermochromic performance for smart windows. However, low visible transmittance (Tlum) and solar modulation efficiency (∆Tsol) impede the application of VO2 film, and they are difficult to improve simultaneously. Here, a facile zinc solution process was employed to control the surface structure of dense VO2 film and the processed VO2 film showed enhanced visible transmittance and solar modulation efficiency, which were increased by 7.5% and 9.5%, respectively, compared with unprocessed VO2 film. This process facilitated the growth of layered basic zinc acetate (LBZA) nanosheets to form mesh morphology on the surface of VO2 film, where LBZA nanosheets enhance the visible transmittance as an anti-reflection film. The mesh morphology also strengthened the solar modulation efficiency with small caves between nanosheets by multiplying the times of reflection. By increasing the zinc concentration from 0.05 mol/L to 0.20 mol/L, there were more LBZA nanosheets on the surface of the VO2 film, leading to an increase in the solar/near-infrared modulation efficiency. Therefore, this work revealed the relationship between the solution process, surface structure, and optical properties, and thus can provide a new method to prepare VO2 composite film with desirable performance for applications in smart windows.

Scalable processing for realizing 21.7%-efficient all-perovskite tandem solar modules.

Challenges in fabricating all-perovskite tandem solar cells as modules rather than as single-junction configurations include growing high-quality wide-bandgap perovskites and mitigating irreversible degradation caused by halide and metal interdiffusion at the interconnecting contacts. We demonstrate efficient all-perovskite tandem solar modules using scalable fabrication techniques. By systematically tuning the cesium ratio of a methylammonium-free 1.8-electron volt mixed-halide perovskite, we improve the homogeneity of crystallization for blade-coated films over large areas. An electrically conductive conformal "diffusion barrier" is introduced between interconnecting subcells to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of all-perovskite tandem solar modules. Our tandem modules achieve a certified PCE of 21.7% with an aperture area of 20 square centimeters and retain 75% of their initial efficiency after 500 hours of continuous operation under simulated 1-sun illumination.

Fluid Mechanics Inspired Sequential Blade‐Coating for High‐Performance Large‐Area Organic Solar Modules

AbstractDespite rapid advances in the field of organic solar cells (OSCs), high‐performance large‐scale OSC modules are limited. In this study, it is found that the non‐Newtonian fluid feature of conjugated polymer primarily causes the wedge‐shaped mass (donor and/or acceptor component)/phase distribution of blends in large‐scale blade coating, which results in the lower module efficiency. To address the critical issue in printing manufacturing, a reversible and sequential layer‐by‐layer (RS‐LBL) deposition method with sequential twice forward/reverse blade‐coating of polymer donor and forward blade‐coating of Y6 acceptor, is developed for precisely controlling fluid mechanics of PM6:Y6 active layer. Through using the RS‐LBL strategy, uniform morphology and favorable phase separation and crystallization are obtained in the 10 × 10 cm2 active layer. As a result, the RS‐LBL‐based OSCs show excellent operational stability, and an outstanding PCE of 13.47% is achieved with significantly suppressed charge recombination losses in the 36 cm2 large‐area OSC module, which represents the highest efficiency of binary solar modules with the area over 30 cm2. This study provides a feasible route for the next generation of high‐performance large‐area OSCs and OSC modules.

Experimental study on the electrical and thermal characteristics of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal water solar collector model using photovoltaic solar modules of different brands

• Solar module brand. • Energy gain. • System management modules. • Temperature and quantity of hot water collected by type of module. • Optimization of solar module efficiency. In this work, the results of an experimental study on the thermal and electrical behavior of this hybrid collector model allowed us to determine the electrical and thermal characteristics of water-based PV/T collectors in the climatic conditions of the western region of Cameroon. A prototype was made with monocrystalline solar modules from Canadian solar brands; Trina Solar and Felicity Solar. Tests were carried out and the data collected led us to optimize the electrical and thermal production of photovoltaic solar modules. We obtained an average daily electrical energy gain of 12.3% or 42Wc (Canadian Solar); 11.8% or 35.99Wc (Trina Solar) and 11.1% or 26.5Wc (Felicity Solar) compared to conventional solar module. On the thermal side, we obtained an average daily thermal power of 659.88 W or 12 L of hot water with a temperature of 41 °C for the Canadian Solar module; 659.89 W or 12 L of hot water with a temperature of 41.5 °C for the Trina Solar module and 538.38 W or 10 L of hot water with a temperature of 41 °C for the Felicity solar module. These tests were carried out on an average solar irradiation of 877.88 W/m 2 between 8:05 am and 3:30 pm. This approach allowed us to recover an amount of the electrical power of the modules lost as heat while determining the amount of hot water that can be produced by a PV module. This prototype was produced and experimented with. It also allowed us to observe that the performance of PV/T water systems also varies depending on the brand of solar module chosen.

Optimized thermochromic properties for smart window application of VO2 films by wet-etching process

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a potential candidate in smart window application field owing to its reversible and automatic first-order insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) at 341K which can induce dramatic changes of transmittance in near infrared band through MIT. However, the low Tlum (visible light transmittance) below 40% and ΔTsol (solar modulation efficiency) below 10% of pure VO2 films have severely constrained the practical application in smart windows. In this paper, by etching the VO2 films fabricated by magnetron sputtering with sodium hydroxide solution, the VO2 films with improved optical properties were obtained. Specifically, the Tlum increased to 42.6% and the ΔTsol decreased to 15.5% for 150 nm VO2 films after 9 min etching, the Tlum increased to 56.4% and the ΔTsol decreased to 12.2% for 150 nm VO2 films after 12 min etching, respectively, comparing with the unetched film of 150 nm (Tlum:16.9%, ΔTsol:16.3%). Furthermore, we synthetically investigated the influences of etching on the IMT properties and molecular structure of the VO2 films through characterizations such as Raman spectra, XRD, XPS and SEM. The proposed methods represented a facile and cost-effective approach for enhancing thermochromic properties that could promote the application of VO2 thin films in smart windows.

Combining reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and thiol-ene click reaction for application of core-shell structured VO2@polymer nanoparticles to smart window

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) can be considered as one of the best candidates for thermochromic smart windows. However, there remain a few limitations that hinder its real application, such as poor stability, low solar modulation efficiency, and weak compatibility with organic polymer matrix. To solve the above-mentioned problems, core-shell structured VO2@PMMA-b-PHFBMA nanoparticles with excellent properties are prepared by a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, combined with a thiol-ene click reaction. The F-containing polymer shell can effectively reduce the surface energy and stabilize the obtained VO2 nanoparticles. The durability and acid resistance of the VO2 nanoparticles are highly enhanced by the “shield protection” of CF chains, which also improves their compatibility with organic polymer matrix. In addition, PMMA-b-PHFBMA-b-PSPA copolymer chains with photochromic and hydrophobic properties are also prepared by the RAFT polymerization. Through a layer-by-layer coating technique, a PMMA-b-PHFBMA-b-PSPA thin layer can be coated onto a VO2@PMMA-b-PHFBMA/PVB thin layer as an energy-saving coating. The composite film is capable of modulating visible region and near-infrared region, achieving solar modulation efficiency (ΔTsol) up to 20.34%, which is highly promising application for smart windows.

The effect of changing the shape factor on the efficiency of the flexible solar modules

This study investigates the performance of different shapes of the flexible photovoltaic modules. Three shapes of the flexible modules were compared under similar outdoor conditions: The standard flat, convex, and concave. The comparison was based on the solar radiation input, voltage output, current output, and back of the module’s temperature. Results showed that based on the output power and the efficiency for the modules, the standard flat module was of the highest performance, followed by the convex module and then by the concave module. The average output efficiency of the standard flat module was 4.5–6.0% and 0.8–1.2% for the convex module, while it was 0.46–0.53% for the concave module. In addition, a simulated energy analysis was carried out between the standard flat module toward the south direction and the convex module toward the southeast direction. The simulation results showed that an area that holds 50 standard flat modules, could hold 72 convex modules. Moreover, the annual ejected electrical energy into a grid for the standard flat modules and convex modules were 8.61 MWH and 5.462 MWH, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of the standard flat and convex modules were 74.79% and 70.96%, respectively.