Efficient Non-enzymatic Glucose Research Articles

CuxO nanoparticles loaded LTA zeolite as non-enzymatic and noble-metal-free sensing platform for accurate and fast glucose detection

For glucose sensors, improved sensitivity, accuracy, stability and convenience have always been desired. A novel sensing platform combining CuxO (x = 1, 2) nanoparticles and LTA-structured zeolite well fulfills these requirements and achieves breakthrough sensing concentration (6.0 × 10−15 M). In hydrothermal conditions, highly dispersed CuxO nanoparticles are formed and restrined in the nano-opening windows of the zeolite surface pores, ultimately yielding CuxO LTA. These in situ-synthesized CuxO NPs have high catalytic activity, while the zeolite provides a stable and rigid framework. This sensor has good selectivity and sensitivity (1.45 μA μM−1 cm−2) for the determination of glucose under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4) using the DPV method with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 6.0 × 10−15 M. The amperometry method exhibited a fast response time of only 0.1 s under strong alkaline conditions (1.0 M NaOH) and achieved a sensitivity of 6.94 μA μM−1 cm−2 and LOD of 2.0 × 10−9 M. This advanced hybrid sensor system not only provides a wide range of application environments, but also has important implications for the development of low-cost, stable, fast, and efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensors for noble metals. The theoretical support of density-functional theory (DFT) affirms the interaction between zeolite fine structure and glucose molecules.

MOF-derived NiCo hydroxide for highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose biosensing

An efficient and robust electrocatalyst is significant for glucose biosensing. The emergence of metal–organic framework (MOF) derived materials opens up new avenues for the development of high-performance glucose sensing catalysts. Herein, MOF derived nickel-cobalt hydroxide supported on conductive copper sheet (NiCo-OH/Cu sheet) is prepared at room temperature. The as-obtained NiCo-OH is endowed with three-dimensional network structure which enables the effective exposure of active materials, sufficient contact between glucose molecule and catalyst. The NiCo-OH/Cu sheet is revealed as good glucose electrochemical sensing material with a wide linear range of 0.05∼6.0 mM and a high sensitivity of 1340 μA mM−1 cm−2. Additionally, the as-fabricated NiCo-OH/Cu sheet displays good anti-interference ability and long-term stability.

In situ anchored ternary hierarchical hybrid nickel@cobaltous sulfide on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-reduced graphene oxide for highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensing.

A ternary hierarchical hybrid Ni@CoxSy/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-reduced graphene oxide (Ni@CoxSy/PEDOT-rGO) is rationally designed and in situ facilely synthesized as electrocatalyst to construct a binder-free sensing platform for non-enzymatic glucose monitoring through traditional electrodeposition procedure. The as-prepared Ni@CoxSy/PEDOT-rGO presents unique hierarchical structure and multiple valence states as well as strong and robust adhesion between Ni@CoxSy/PEDOT-rGO and GCE. Profiting from the aforementioned merits, the sensing platform constructed under optimal conditions achieved a wide detection range (0.2μM ~ 2.0mM) with high sensitivity (1546.32 μA cm-2mM-1), a rapid response time (5s), an ultralow detection limit (0.094μM), superior anti-interference performance, excellent reproducibility and considerable stability. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrates an acceptable accuracy and appreciable recoveries ranging from 90.0 to 102.0% with less than 3.98% RSDin human blood serum samples, indicating the prospect of the sensor for the real samples analysis. It will provide a strategy to rationally design and fabricate ternary hierarchical hybrid as nanozyme for glucose assay.

Highly Efficient Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Copper Metal Organic Framework Coated on Graphite Sheet

Detection of glucose is highly informative, creating a constant demand for fabricating high-precision glucose biosensors. Metal–organic frameworks, a family of porous materials renowned for their tunability, can be an excellent choice for developing such sensors. We have developed a highly-sensitive, non-enzymatic sensor for electrochemical detection of glucose fabricated using Copper Metal–Organic Framework (Cu MOF), synthesized by a simple, room-temperature stirring method using Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (BTC) as ligand and Copper nitrate trihydrate as precursor. The synthesized nanostructure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analytical techniques. Powder X-ray diffraction study and thermogravimetric analysis were also done. Further, Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller analysis revealed the porous nature of Cu MOF. The materials exhibited strong electro-catalytic activity for glucose oxidation as revealed from cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric studies done under alkaline pH conditions. The Cu MOF deposited on a conducting graphite sheet electrode displayed a significantly low detection limit of 0.019 mM through a broad detection range (1–15 mM) and a strong sensitivity of 229.4 μAmM−1 cm2. Overall, the Cu MOF/GS exhibits exceptional stability, short response time (less than 1 s), and good repeatability and reproducibility, making it a promising future material for non-enzymatic glucose detection.

Ultrafast Response in Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing with Ni(II)-MOFs by Dimensional Manipulation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as promising candidates for electrochemical glucose sensing owing to their ordered channels, tunable chemistry, and atom-precision metal sites. Herein, the efficient nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing is achieved by taking advantage of Ni(II)-based metal-organic frameworks (Ni(II)-MOFs) and acquiring the ever-reported fastest response time. Three Ni(II)-MOFs ({[Ni6L2(H2O)26]4H2O}n (CTGU-33), {Ni(bib)1/2(H2L)1/2(H2O)3}n (CTGU-34), {Ni(phen)(H2L)1/2(H2O)2}n (CTGU-35)) have been synthesized for the first time, which use benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylic acid (H6L) as an organic ligand and introduce 1,4-bis(1-imidazoly)benzene (bib) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as spatially auxiliary ligands. Bib and phen convert the coordination mode of CTGU-33, affording structural dimensions from 2D of CTGU-33 to 3D of CTGU-34 or 1D of CTGU-35. By tuning the dimension of the skeleton, CTGU-34 with 3D interconnected channels exhibits an ultrafast response of less than 0.4 s, which is superior to the existing nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors. Additionally, a low detection limit of 0.12 μM (S/N = 3) and a high sensitivity of 1705 μA mM-1 cm-2 are simultaneously achieved. CTGU-34 further showcases desirable anti-interference and cycling stability, which demonstrates a promising application prospect in the real-time detection of glucose.

Hierarchical and ultra-porous copper cobaltite flakes with honeycomb-like physiognomies for highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensing

We present here a novel and facile synthesis of ultra-porous CuCo2O4 in our effort to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of innovative structured multi-metal oxides for electrochemical non-enzymatic sensing of glucose.

In-situ synthesis of metasequoia-leaf-like Cu/Cu2O/Ni(OH)2 on a glassy carbon electrode for efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Novel metasequoia-leaf-like Cu/Cu2O/Ni(OH)2 on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used for non-enzymatic glucose detection using an easy, one-step electrodeposition technique. The direct electrodeposition method is conducive to shifting electrons in a binder-free electrode, and increasing the appropriate deposition voltage can obtain material in 15 s. Furthermore, the metasequoia-leaf-like construction has many dynamic locales for synergistic glucose oxidation, which may advance the dispersion rate of glucose. The research shows that the glucose detection sensitivity of the Cu/Cu2O/Ni(OH)2 electrode is 5737.5 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 4676.0 μA mM−1 cm−2, corresponding to the dynamic linear ranges 1 μM–1 mM and 1 mM–5 mM. In addition, the electrode shows good repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity. Furthermore, the electrode has been successfully utilized to detect glucose in human serum, confirming that the Cu/Cu2O/Ni(OH)2 electrode can identify glucose.

Highly efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on carbon nanotubes functionalized by molybdenum disulfide and decorated with nickel nanoparticles (GCE/CNT/MoS2/NiNPs)

Glucose detection using sensing materials has lately received interest due to the increased demand for sensitive and selective glucose sensors in pharmaceutical, clinical, and industrial settings. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used intensively as a specific class of effective electrode substances in electrochemical sensing due to their large surface area and interesting physical and electrochemical characteristics. Nickel is an attractive transition metal for glucose electrooxidation with high catalytic activity. In this study, CNT/MoS2/NiNPs nanocomposites with different CNT/MoS2 ratios have been prepared by a hydrothermal reaction. The CNT/MoS2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their morphology and composition were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Electrocatalytic activity of the as-prepared nanomaterials towards glucose oxidation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry in alkaline media. An excellent sensitivity value of 1212 μA·mM−1·cm−2 with a wide linear range (0.05–0.65 mM), a low detection threshold of 0.197 μM and a short response time (3 s) were achieved by the hybrid CNT/MoS2/NiNPs sensor. Its superior catalytic activity and low cost make this hybrid very promising for applications in the direct sensing of glucose.

Co3O4 and CuBi2O4 Hybrid Nanostructures for Efficient Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection in Human Blood and Serum Samples with Mechanistic Insights

AbstractIn this report, CuBi2O4/Co3O4 has been used for the electrochemical detection of glucose. Herein, CuBi2O4 nanorods and Co3O4 has been hybridized with CuBi2O4 to form CuBi2O4/Co3O4 nanocomposite hydrothermally. CuBi2O4 and CuBi2O4/Co3O4 electrodes are fabricated by using drop casting method. Structural, morphological studies of CuBi2O4/Co3O4 and electrochemical characterizations pertaining to its performance in comparison to CuBi2O4 for electrochemical detection of glucose are performed and discussed elaborately. The detailed mechanism involved in the electrochemical detection of glucose is proposed. The electrode has shown the sensitivity of 49 μA mM−1 cm−2 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.136 μM. DFT calculations are performed on the optimized molecules involved in the electrochemical detection of glucose confirming CuBi2O4/Co3O4 acting as electron donor while glucose as electron acceptor. Further, natural bond orbital (NBO) for charge distribution calculations and ESP mappings for the optimized molecules are performed to understand nucleophilic/electrophilic positions. This study reveals that CuBi2O4 and its modifications are promising materials for the electrochemical detection of glucose. Further, the role of Co3O4 in improving the sensitivity and electrochemical performance for detection of glucose has been discussed.

Synthesis of CuO NRs Using a Double Hydrothermal Method for a Highly Efficient Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor

CuO NRs electrodes as nonenzymatic glucose sensors were successfully synthesized using a simple low-cost, high-benefit (double hydrothermal method) on indium tin oxide glass CuO/ITO with different concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy–dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and investigations were used to confirm the nanostructures. XRD patterns of CuO explained all of the peaks may be attributed to CuO’s monoclinic phase. FE-SEM presented nano rod-like shapes with a diameter range of 20–100[Formula: see text]nm and was found to be uniformly and vertically grown on the ITO substrate. Besides, the energy gap of the CuO NRs was expanded to 3.3[Formula: see text]eV, 3.1[Formula: see text]eV and 3[Formula: see text]eV, respectively. CuO NRs displayed the high activity of glucose sensing, with a sensitivity of (5805.7, 7365.7 and 994.8) [Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]Mm[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] with LOD (0.44, 0.4 and 0.35) [Formula: see text]A, respectively. These results indicate that the sensor has a lot of potential for becoming a high-performance nonenzymatic glucose sensor with a simple, low-cost, and unique sensor design.

Non-enzymatic amperometric glucose sensor based on bimetal-oxide modified carbon fiber ultra-microelectrode

In this study, an efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor is proposed based on a bimetal-oxide-modified carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME). The NiO-CuO/CFME nanocomposite was synthesized by consecutive electro-deposition of CuO and NiO nanoparticles on the CFME. The morphology and structure of NiCuCFME were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). NiCuCFME provides both a large surface area and electrocatalytic properties to improve electrochemical reactivity toward glucose oxidation. The electrocatalytic behavior of the sensing microelectrode is analyzed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric techniques in an alkaline medium. The fabricated glucose microsensor exhibits a linear range from 1.32 μM to 570 μM, a sensitivity of 0.07 mA μM−1 cm−2, and a low limit of detection of 0.40 μM. The NiCuCFME shows long-term stability, good reproducibility, favorable repeatability, excellent selectivity, and satisfactory applicability for glucose detection which is a promising candidate for the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Binder free 3D core–shell NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets (NSs) supported on Cu foam as a highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor

Rational design with fine-tuning of the electrocatalyst material is vital for achieving the desired sensitivity, selectivity, and stability for an electrochemical sensor. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical core–shell catalyst was employed as a self-standing, binder-free electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. The catalyst was prepared by decorating the shell of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets (NSs) on the core of Cu nanowires (NWs) grown on a Cu foam support. The optimized 3D core–shell Cu@NiFe LDH sensor demonstrated higher sensitivity (7.88 mA mM-1cm−2), lower limit of detection (0.10 µM) and wider linear range (1 µM to 0.9 mM) in glucose sensing with a low working potential (0.4 V). The applied sensor also showed excellent stability, reproducibility, interference ability as well as practicability in real environment. The detection of real samples further suggests its great feasibility for practical applications. The superior electrocatalytic performance is collectively ascribed to the excellent electro-conductivity of the Cu substrate, the distinct self-standing 3D porous nanostructure, the ultrathin homogenous architecture, and the appropriate loading amount of NiFe LDH NSs. This study then provides a non-enzymatic glucose sensor with 3D Cu@NiFe LDH electrode for ultrahigh sensitivity and stability.

Bimetallic Layered Hydroxide Nitrate@Graphene Oxide as an Electrocatalyst for Efficient Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Tuning Sensitivity by Hydroxide-Regulated M2(OH)4–n(An–) Phases Derived from Solvent Engineering

Bimetallic Layered Hydroxide Nitrate@Graphene Oxide as an Electrocatalyst for Efficient Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Tuning Sensitivity by Hydroxide-Regulated M₂(OH)_4–<i>n</i>(A^<i>n</i>–) Phases Derived from Solvent Engineering

Controlled synthesis of Cu-Sn alloy nanosheet arrays on carbon fiber paper for self-supported nonenzymatic glucose sensing

Nanoalloy shows significant advantages and broad application prospects in chemical catalysis, due to the possessed high specific surface energy and abundant active sites can greatly promote their catalytic performance. In this work, morphology-controlled Cu-Sn alloy nanosheet arrays supported on carbon fiber paper (CP) substrate (Cu-Sn/CP) have been developed by a facile one-step electrodeposition technique at room temperature for the first time. Benefiting from the large active surface area, considerable ion transport channels and strong synergistic catalytic effect between Cu and Sn, the as-prepared Cu-Sn/CP served as a self-supported electrode for efficient nonenzymatic glucose sensing. Under optimized conditions, Cu-Sn/CP electrode offers wide linear ranges of 0.0005–2.0 mM and 2.0–10.0 mM, respectively. The detection limit is as low as 0.061 μM (S/N = 3). Cu-Sn/CP electrode also exhibited excellent selectivity and stability. Additionally, the proposed sensor is proven to be suitable for the detection of glucose in human serum samples.

Direct epitaxial growth of nickel phosphide nanosheets on nickel foam as self-support electrode for efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensing

Design and develop of cost-effective non-enzymatic electrode materials is of great importance for next generation of glucose sensors. In this work, we report a high-performance self-supporting electrode fabricated via direct epitaxial growth of nickel phosphide on Ni foam (Ni2P/NF) for nonenzymatic glucose sensors in alkaline solution. Under the optimal conditions, the uniform Ni2P nanosheets could be obtained with an average thickness of 80 nm, which provides sufficient active sites for glucose molecules. As a consequence, the Ni2P/NF electrode displays superior electrochemistry performances with a high sensitivity of 6375.1 μA mM−1 cm−2, a quick response about 1 s, a low detection limit of 0.14 μM (S/N = 3), and good selectivity and specificity. Benefit from the strong interaction between Ni2P and NF, the Ni2P/NF electrode is also highly stable for long-term applications. Furthermore, the Ni2P/NF electrode is capable of analyzing glucose in human blood serum with satisfactory results, indicating that the Ni2P/NF is a potential candidate for glucose sensing in real life.

Facial synthesis of highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on vertically aligned Au-ZnO NRs

Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the preparation and fabrication of ZnO NRs on the FTO electrode, followed by Au nanoparticle’s deposition for glucose sensing. Scheme 2. The schematic illustration of conversion of glucose into gluconolactone by using fabricated Au-ZnO NRs electrode. The preparation and fabrication of sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on ZnO NRs grown on the electrode surface by hydrothermal method while maintain the surface morphology of the nanorods was a challenge with high surface area and good sensing capacity. Herein we prepare vertically aligned ZnO NRs on FTO surface and decorated with Au nanoparticles for efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor. The Au-ZnO NRs were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and electrochemical methods. The unique hexagonal Au-ZnO NRs possessed high surface area with enhanced electrochemical features for glucose oxidation. The Au-ZnO NRs have excellent linear range up to 15 mM, low detection limit (LOD) of 0.12 μM and high sensitivity of 4416 μA mM −1 cm −2 . The Au-ZnO NRs also possessed good stability, repeatability, selectivity, and reproducibility with practical application for glucose sensing in real samples. The excellent potential of Au nanoparticles decorated on ZnO NRs towards glucose detection provides new platform for fabrication of glucose detecting devices.

Deep eutectic solvents synthesis of perovskite type cerium aluminate embedded carbon nitride catalyst: High-sensitive amperometric platform for sensing of glucose in biological fluids

In the present work, a novel method for the green synthesis of CeAlO3 (CAO) polycrystalline powder through deep eutectic solvents (DES) was carried out by hydrothermal method. The carbon nitride (CN) was synthesized directly by fractional thermal polymerisation process. The combination of CeAlO3 with CN provides an excellent sensing platform for developing highly sensitive and stable electrocatalyst for non-enzymatic glucose (GLU) oxidation. The structural, morphological and electrochemical analysis of CeAlO3/CN (CAO/CN) shows the successful synthesis without any impurities. The synergistic effects of pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N and graphitic-N are highly influencing and playing a prominent role in sensory performances of the prepared CAO/CN nano-electrocatalyst towards GLU sensing. The limit of detection (LOD) at CAO/CN modified glassy carbon electrode (CAO/CN/GCE) was calculated to be 0.86 nM in the linear concentration range of 0.01–1034.5 µM by amperometric method. The anti-interference, reproducibility, repeatability and stability analysis suggest the promising performance of the fabricated electrode towards GLU detection. The real time application of CAO/CN/GCE was evaluated towards GLU sensing in human blood, saliva and sweat, a satisfactory result was obtained. Therefore, the CAO/CN/GCE has a great application prospect as a highly efficient catalyst material for highly sensitive and efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensor.

Highly efficient non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on Ni0.5Co0.5(OH)2 microflowers adorned glassy carbon electrode

Herein, novel nickel-cobalt hydroxide microflowers (NiCo-hmf) have been successfully prepared via a one-step hydrothermal reaction process. The electrochemical property of the products modified glassy carbon electrode was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensor electrode possesses a sizeable linear range from 1 to 10000 μM, with high sensitivity (1739.04 μA/mM cm2) and a low detecting limitation (0.31 μM). The excellent property indicates the NiCo-hmf/GCE electrode is suitable for the quick determination of glucose.

Dendritic core-shell copper-nickel alloy@metal oxide for efficient non-enzymatic glucose detection

The synergy effect of bimetallic oxide shell and high electrically conductive metallic core enables the dendritic Cu-Ni/ nickel foam (NF) for detecting non-enzymatic glucose. • Binder-free Cu-Ni alloys@metal oxide was prepared by facile electrodeposition method. • The dendritic structure promotes glucose diffusion and provides rich active sites. • The bimetallic oxide shell and metallic core enable highly effective glucose sensing. A success has been achieved in the synthesis of dendritic core-shell copper-nickel alloy@metal oxide on nickel foam (Cu-Ni/NF) electrode for non-enzymatic glucose detection by going through a facile electrodeposition process followed by oxidation in NaOH solution. The direct electrodeposition approach facilitates the transfer of electrons in the binder-free electrode, and the dendritic structure promotes glucose diffusion while providing sufficient active sites required for the process of glucose electrocatlysis. Moreover, the unique core-shell structure promotes the catalytic activity towards glucose oxidation due to the synergistic effect caused by the bimetallic oxide shell and the metallic core that is conductive to electron transport. Accordingly, the Cu-Ni/NF electrode exhibits a high sensitivity of 11.34 mA mM −1 cm -2 , a low detection limit of 2 μM (S/N = 3), and a wide linear range of 1–600 μM for glucose detection. In addition, the electrode demonstrates such advantages as high selectivity, fast response time, and long duration stability. The designed Cu-Ni/NF electrode shows its massive potential of application for non-enzymatic glucose detection.

Novel SWCNTs-mesoporous silicon nanocomposite as efficient non-enzymatic glucose biosensor

The development and designing of self-testing blood-glucose electrochemical biosensor is an effective approach for diabetic patients to overcome and control this high health concerning issue. Herein, we successfully designed novel single-walled carbon nanotubes-porous silicon nanocomposites framework (SWCNTs-PSi NCs) via simple stain etching and ultrasonication techniques. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to study the porous morphology with ~30 nm pore size and overall structural characterization of the SWCNTs-PSi NCs. This newly fabricated SWCNTs-PSi modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) biosensor can measure an extremely wide range of glucose (0.5–28.5 mM) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) compared to the regular glucose concentration level in human blood serum (3.9–7.1 mM) with a sensitivity 0.0614 μAmM−1 cm−2 and detection limit 9.6 ± 0.1 μM. This non-enzymatic glucose biosensor demonstrated excellent selectivity during the investigation of the possible impact of common interfering substances that are present in human blood. This proposed non-enzymatic glucose biosensor has also been tested for real human blood serum analysis to determine blood glucose levels showing highly motivated results. The newly designed SWCNTs-PSi/GCE biosensor exhibits excellent reproducibility and repeatability, along with long-term stability.