Efficient Nanoplatform Research Articles

TME-Activated MnO2/Pt Nanoplatform of Hydroxyl Radical and Oxygen Generation to Synergistically Promote Radiotherapy and MR Imaging of Glioblastoma.

Radiotherapy (RT) is currently recognized as an important treatment for glioblastoma (GBM), however, it is associated with several challenges. One of these challenges is the radioresistance caused by hypoxia, whereas the other is the low conversion efficiency of the strongly oxidized hydroxyl radical (•OH), which is produced by the decomposition of water due to high-energy X-ray radiation. These factors significantly limit the clinical effectiveness of radiotherapy. To address these limitations, we developed a highly stable and efficient nanoplatform (MnO2/Pt@BSA). Compared to MnO2@BSA, this platform demonstrates high stability, a high yield of oxygen (O2), enhanced production of •OH, and reduced clearance of •OH. The system exhibited increased O2 production in vitro and significantly improved oxygen production efficiency within 100 s at the Pt loading of 38.7%. Furthermore, compared with MnO2, the expression rate of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) in glioma cells treated with MnO2/Pt decreased by half. Additionally, the system promotes •OH generation and consumes glutathione (GSH), thereby inhibiting the clearance of •OH and enhancing its therapeutic effect. Moreover, the degradation of the nanoplatform produces Mn2+, which serves as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent with a T1-weighted enhancement effect at the tumor site. The nanoplatform exhibited excellent biocompatibility and performed multiple functions related to radiotherapy, with simpler components. In U87 tumor bearing mice model, we utilized MnO2/Pt nanocatalysis to enhance the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy on GBM. This approach represents a novel and effective strategy for enhancing radiotherapy in gliomas, thereby advancing the field of catalytic radiotherapy and glioma treatment.

Dual-Mode Reactive Oxygen Species-Stimulated Carbon Monoxide Release for Synergistic Photodynamic and Gas Tumor Therapy.

Controllable carbon monoxide (CO) release simulated by light-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) represents a promising approach for cancer therapy but is hampered by low CO release rate and low ROS generation of conventional photosensitizers in hypoxia tumor microenvironments. In this study, we developed a highly efficient nanoplatform (TPyNO2-FeCO NPs) through co-encapsulating organic AIE photosensitizers (PSs) and CO prodrug (Fe3(CO)12), which are capable of light-triggered robust ROS generation and CO release for synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT) and CO gas therapy. The success of this nanoplatform leverages the design of a PS, TPyNO2, with exceptional type I and type II ROS generation capabilities, achieved through the introduction of the α-photoinduced electron transfer (α-PET) process. With the incorporation of a 4-nitrobenzyl unit as a typical PET donor, the intramolecular α-PET process not only suppresses the radiative decay to redirect the excited-state energy to intersystem crossing for more triplet-state formation but also promotes electron separation and transfer processes for radical-type ROS generation. The resultant TPyNO2 demonstrates superior singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radial generation capabilities in the aggregate state. Upon light irradiation, TPyNO2-FeCO NPs release CO via the type I and type II dual-mode ROS-mediated processes in a controlled and targeted manner, overcoming the limitations of conventional CO release systems. TPyNO2-FeCO NPs also demonstrate a self-accelerating ROS-CO-ROS loop as the released CO induces intracellular oxidative stress, depolarizes mitochondria membrane potentials, and inhibits ATP production, leading to further intracellular ROS generation. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments validated the excellent antitumor performance of the combined PDT and CO gas therapy. This study provides valuable insights into the development of advanced PSs and establishes TPyNO2-FeCO NPs as promising nanoplatforms for safe and effective antitumor applications.

Advanced Palladium Nanosheet-Enhanced Phototherapy for Treating Wound Infection Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.

With the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria worldwide, it is needed to develop antibiotics-alternative strategies for the treatment of bacterial infections. This work develops a multifunctional single-component palladium nanosheet (PdNS) with broad-spectrum and highly effective bactericidal activity against MDR bacteria. PdNS exerts its endogenous nanoknife (mechanical cutting) effect and peroxidase-like activity independent of light. Under near-infrared region (NIR) light irradiation, PdNS exhibits photothermal effect to produce local heat and meanwhile possesses photodynamic effect to generate 1O2; notably, PdNS has catalase-like activity-dependent extra photodynamic effect upon H2O2 addition. PdNS+H2O2+NIR employs a collectively synergistic mechanism of nanoknife effect, peroxidase/catalase-like catalytic activity, photothermal effect, and photodynamic effect for bacterial killing. PdNS+H2O2+NIR causes compensatory elevated phospholipid biosynthesis, disordered energy metabolism, increased cellular ROS levels and excessive oxidative stress, and inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in bacteria. In mice, PdNS+H2O2+NIR gives >92.7% bactericidal rates at infected wounds and almost the full recovery of infected wounds, and it leads to extensive down-regulation of proinflammatory pathways and comprehensive up-regulation of wound healing pathways, conferring elevated inflammation resolution and meanwhile accelerated wound repair. PdNS+H2O2+NIR represents a highly efficient nanoplatform for photoenhanced treatment of superficial infections.

Near infrared light and tumor microenvironment multi-sensitive “Yolk-Shell MOF Nanoreactor” for synergistic treatment of cervical cancer

Developing novel and efficient multimodal nanomaterial-based anticancer agents to meet complex clinical demands is an urgent challenge. Herein, novel graphene quantum dots (GQDs) doped Cu2S@ZIF-8 yolk-shell Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) was firstly constructed by a simple and mild wet-chemical method at room temperature. The MOFs possessed exiting photothermal performance and catalytic activities, which were further enhanced greatly upon near infrared light irradiation or in tumor microenvironment (TME) due to their unique composition and structure. The possible mechanism was discussed. The introduction of GQDs played a key role because it could effectively absorb NIR light and convert partial Cu2S nanodots to CuS nanodots, thus further increase NIR light absorption and generate cascaded electron transport effects, which will enhanced the photothermal performance and catalytic activities of yolk-shell MOFs. After small molecules drugs doxorubicin (DOX) and folic acid (FA) were loaded and conjugated, the as-prepared MOFs could be expected as efficient nanoplatform for cervical cancer synergistic therapy. These prominent intelligent laser and tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive features of yolk-shell nanocomposite provide an innovative paradigm to explore nanoplatform for tumor therapy.

Magnetically modified-mitoxantrone mesoporous organosilica drugs: an emergent multimodal nanochemotherapy for breast cancer

BackgroundChemotherapy, the mainstay treatment for metastatic cancer, presents serious side effects due to off-target exposure. In addition to the negative impact on patients’ quality of life, side effects limit the dose that can be administered and thus the efficacy of the drug. Encapsulation of chemotherapeutic drugs in nanocarriers is a promising strategy to mitigate these issues. However, avoiding premature drug release from the nanocarriers and selectively targeting the tumour remains a challenge.ResultsIn this study, we present a pioneering method for drug integration into nanoparticles known as mesoporous organosilica drugs (MODs), a distinctive variant of periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (PMOs) in which the drug is an inherent component of the silica nanoparticle structure. This groundbreaking approach involves the chemical modification of drugs to produce bis-organosilane prodrugs, which act as silica precursors for MOD synthesis. Mitoxantrone (MTO), a drug used to treat metastatic breast cancer, was selected for the development of MTO@MOD nanomedicines, which demonstrated a significant reduction in breast cancer cell viability. Several MODs with different amounts of MTO were synthesised and found to be efficient nanoplatforms for the sustained delivery of MTO after biodegradation. In addition, Fe3O4 NPs were incorporated into the MODs to generate magnetic MODs to actively target the tumour and further enhance drug efficacy. Importantly, magnetic MTO@MODs underwent a Fenton reaction, which increased cancer cell death twofold compared to non-magnetic MODs.ConclusionsA new PMO-based material, MOD nanomedicines, was synthesised using the chemotherapeutic drug MTO as a silica precursor. MTO@MOD nanomedicines demonstrated their efficacy in significantly reducing the viability of breast cancer cells. In addition, we incorporated Fe3O4 into MODs to generate magnetic MODs for active tumour targeting and enhanced drug efficacy by ROS generation. These findings pave the way for the designing of silica-based multitherapeutic nanomedicines for cancer treatment with improved drug delivery, reduced side effects and enhanced efficacy.

Multimodal Imaging-Guided Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy Using Carbonized Zn/Co Metal-Organic Framework Loaded with Cytotoxin Against Liver Cancer.

The study aimed to address the non-specific toxicity of cytotoxins (CTX) in liver cancer treatment and explore their combined application with the photosensitizer Ce6, co-loaded into carbonized Zn/Co bimetallic organic frameworks. The goal was to achieve controlled CTX release and synergistic photodynamic therapy, with a focus on evaluating anti-tumor activity against human liver cancer cell lines (Hep G2). Purified cobra cytotoxin (CTX) and photosensitizer Ce6 were co-loaded into carbonized Zn/Co bimetallic organic frameworks, resulting in RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6). The formulation was designed with surface-functionalization using polydopamine and tumor-penetrating peptide RGD. This approach aimed to facilitate controlled CTX release and enhance the synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy. The accumulation of RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6) at tumor sites was achieved through RGD's active targeting and the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, the porous structure of the metal-organic framework disintegrated, releasing CTX and Ce6 into tumor cells. Experiments demonstrated that RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6) nanoparticles, combined with near-infrared laser irradiation, exhibited optimal anti-tumor effects against human liver cancer cells. The formulation showcased heightened anti-tumor activity without discernible systemic toxicity. The study underscores the potential of utilizing metal-organic frameworks as an efficient nanoplatform for co-loading cytotoxins and photodynamic therapy in liver cancer treatment. The developed formulation, RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6), offers a promising avenue for advancing the clinical application of cytotoxins in oncology, providing a solid theoretical foundation for future research and development.

Polydopamine Nanostructure-Enhanced Water Interaction with pH-Responsive Manganese Sulfide Nanoclusters for Tumor Magnetic Resonance Contrast Enhancement and Synergistic Ferroptosis-Photothermal Therapy.

Rational structure design benefits the development of efficient nanoplatforms for tumor theranostic application. In this work, a multifunctional polydopamine (PDA)-coated manganese sulfide (MnS) nanocluster was prepared. The polyhydroxy structure of PDA enhanced the water interaction with pH-responsive MnS nanoclusters via hydrogen bonds. At pH 5.5 conditions, the spin-lattice relaxation rate of MnS nanoclusters dramatically increased from 5.76 to 19.33 mM-1·s-1 after the PDA coating, which can be beneficial for efficient tumor magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, PDA endowed MnS nanoclusters with excellent biocompatibility and good photothermal conversion efficiency, which can be used for efficient tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). Furthermore, MnS nanoclusters possess the ability to release H2S in the acidic tumor microenvironment, effectively inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and adenosine triphosphate production. As a result, the expression of heat shock protein was obviously reduced, which can reduce the resistance of tumor cells to photothermal stimulation and enhance the efficacy of PTT. The released Mn2+ also displayed efficient peroxidase and glutathione oxidase-like activity, effectively inducing tumor cell ferroptosis and apoptosis at the same time. Therefore, this nanoplatform could be a potential nanotheranostic for magnetic resonance contrast enhancement and synergistic ferroptosis-PTT of tumors.

Efficient one-pot assembly of higher-order DNA nanostructures by chemically conjugated branched DNA.

Chemically conjugated branched DNA was successfully synthesized by a copper-free click reaction to construct sophisticated and higher-order polyhedral DNA nanostructures with pre-defined units in one pot, which can be used as an efficient nanoplatform to precisely organize multiple gold nanoparticles in predesigned patterns.

Recent progress of porphyrin metal-organic frameworks for combined photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy.

Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks integrated with porphyrins (Por-nMOFs) have emerged as efficient nanoplatforms for photodynamic therapy (PDT), which relies on the conversion of molecular oxygen into cytotoxic singlet oxygen. However, the hypoxic microenvironment within tumors significantly limits the efficacy of PDT. To address this challenge, researchers have explored various strategies to either alter or exploit the hypoxic conditions in tumors. One such strategy involves leveraging the porous structure of Por-nMOFs to load hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) like tirapazamine (TPZ), thereby utilizing the tumor's intrinsic hypoxic environment to trigger a chemotherapeutic effect that synergizes with PDT. Advances in nanoscience have enabled the development of porphyrin-based nMOFs capable of simultaneously loading both porphyrin photosensitizers and TPZ, ensuring effective release within cancer cells under high-phosphate conditions. The subsequent activation of co-loaded TPZ, by the tumor's own hypoxic microenvironment, and that created during PDT, facilitates a combined PDT and chemotherapy approach. This method not only enhances the suppression of cancer cell proliferation but also improves control over tumor metastasis while mitigating the negative impact of hypoxia on singular Por-nMOFs in PDT. This review summarizes recent advances in Por-nMOFs research, focusing on the design strategies for enhancing water dispersibility, circulatory stability, and targeting specificity through post-synthetic modifications. Additionally, this review highlights the bioapplication of Por-nMOFs by integrating TPZ chemotherapy and other therapeutic modalities to combat hypoxic and metastatic malignancies. We anticipate that this review will inspire further research into Por-nMOFs and advance their application in biomedicine.

Near infrared responsive nitric oxide and carbon monoxide nanoplatform for synergistic photodynamic therapy against periodontitis

Periodontitis is a persistent inflammatory condition caused by plaque biofilm. To achieve successful periodontal tissue repair and halt disease progression, it is imperative to concurrently address the demands for precise antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic interventions within the profound lesions. Herein, we synthesized an intelligent and efficient nanoplatform for the treatment of periodontitis, combining the synergistic therapeutic effects of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) gas therapy with the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Benefiting from the rapid adhesion to bacteria, responsive CO/NO releasing and ROS generation, the nanoplatform achieved a powerful bactericidal capacity and conspicuous biofilm elimination efficiency under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. In addition, the combination of CO and NO holds paramount significance, and they serve as crucial endogenous signaling molecules capable of regulating the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. This combination not only achieved critical protective effects but also fostered the promotion of osteoblast differentiation.

Manganese Dioxide/Gold-based Active Tumor Targeting Nanoprobes for Enhancing Photodynamic and Low-Temperature-Photothermal Combination Therapy in Lung Cancer.

Tumor drug resistance caused by the tumor microenvironment is an extremely difficult problem for researchers to solve. Nanoplatforms that integrate diagnosis and treatment have great advantages in tumor treatment, but the design and synthesis of simple and efficient nanoplatforms still face tremendous challenges. In this study, a novel Mn/Au@ir820/GA-CD133 nanoprobe was developed. The manganese dioxide/gold particles were prepared by coprecipitation/assembly, chemically coupled with CD133 antibody, and finally loaded with the photosensitive drug IR820 and the heat shock protein inhibitor Ganetespib. The nanoprobe demonstrated good tumor-targeting ability, increased the level of singlet oxygen produced from laser irradiation by effectively alleviating tumor hypoxia, and decreased the threshold of heat tolerance by downregulating the expression of HSP90 in tumor tissues. This nanoprobe successfully inhibited the growth and progression of tumor tissues in a tumor-bearing mouse model by improving the effectiveness of photodynamic and low-temperature photothermal combination therapy.

Engineering and Characterization of an Artificial Drug-Carrying Vesicles Nanoplatform for Enhanced Specifically Targeted Therapy of Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment is hindered by complex pathologies and the need to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during drug delivery. Although exosomes have great potential for GBM treatment, these alone cannot fully meet the therapeutic requirements, owing to their limitations in targeting and delivery. Herein, engineered artificial vesicles (EAVs), ANG-TRP-PK1@EAVs, which areconstructed using a liposome extruder from HEK293T cells expressing ANG-TRP-PK1 peptides, is developed. ANG-TRP-PK1 is a fusion peptide of Angiopep-2 fused to the N-terminus of TRP-PK1, to present Angiopep-2 on the EAVs. ANG-TRP-PK1@EAVs have similar characteristics to the secreted exosomes, but a much higher yield. ANG-TRP-PK1@EAVs have efficient BBB-penetration and GBM-targeting abilities in a mock BBB model in in vitro and orthotopic GBM mouse models in vivo. Doxorubicin loading EAVs (ANG-TRP-PK1@DOX) do not alter the characteristics of the EAVs, which can cross the BBB, reach the GBM, and kill tumor cells in orthotopic GBM mouse models. These engineered drug-loaded artificial vesicles show better therapeutic effects on GBM than temozolomide in mice, with very few side effects. In conclusion, EAVs can be inserted into different targeting ligands and packed into different drugs, and they may serve as unique and efficient nanoplatforms for drug delivery and tumor promise therapy.

Exosome membrane-sheathed and multi-stimuli-responsive MnO2 nanoparticles with self-oxygenation and energy depletion abilities potentiate the sonodynamic therapy of hypoxic tumors

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which employs ultrasound (US) to activate sonosensitizers to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), has emerged as an effective approach for treating deep-seated tumors. However, poor biocompatibility of sonosensitizers and hypoxic tumor microenvironments are significant challenges for in vivo SDT. Herein, hollow manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) encapsulating the sonosensitizer, indocyanine green (ICG), were developed for enhanced sonodynamic cancer therapy by high ICG loading and tumor hypoxia relief. A glycolysis inhibitor, FX11, was co-loaded into MnO2 NPs to boost SDT efficacy via FX11-induced energy depletion. Because of the high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and efficient intracellular delivery of exosomes, ICG- and FX11-loaded MnO2 NP [M(ICG/FX11)] was coated with exosome membranes for safe and efficient in vivo SDT. The exosome membrane-coated M(ICG/FX11) [Exo-M(ICG/FX11)] exhibited triple pH/H2O2/US-responsive drug release while avoiding premature drug leakage. Exo-M(ICG/FX11) was efficiently internalized by MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and catalyzed the endogenous H2O2 to generate O2 to relieve tumor hypoxia. Consequently, Exo-M(ICG/FX11) markedly boosted intracellular ROS levels upon US irradiation. Moreover, Exo-M(ICG/FX11) effectively inhibited glycolytic pathways, thereby potentiating the anticancer efficacy of SDT. An in vivo study using tumor-xenografted mice demonstrated that Exo-M(ICG/FX11) effectively accumulated in tumors and alleviated tumor hypoxia. Notably, Exo-M(ICG/FX11) combined with US substantially suppressed tumors in mice without causing systemic toxicity, owing to the synergistic effect of O2 supplied-SDT and energy-depleting chemotherapy. This study demonstrates that biomimetic Exo-M(ICG/FX11) is a safe and efficient nanoplatform for the treatment of hypoxic tumors.

Carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin grafted hollow copper sulfide@mesoporous silica carriers for stimuli-responsive pesticide delivery

Stimuli-responsive controlled release systems have received extensive attention to improve the pesticide bioavailability and minimize environmental pollution. Herein, a multiple stimuli-responsive IMI@HCuS@mSiO2 @ -ss-CβCD delivery system was constructed using modified carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin (CβCD-ss-COOH) as sealing materials, hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles with amino-functionalized mesoporous silica shell (HCuS@mSiO2-NH2) as carriers and imidacloprid (IMI) as the model drug. The cavity structure of HCuS@mSiO2-NH2 would provide a large space for pesticide loading. The results revealed that HCuS@mSiO2-ss-CβCD was approximately 230 nm in size and the loading efficiency for IMI was 25.7%, and exhibited better biosafety on bacteria and seed. HCuS carriers were also served as photothermal agent and possessed high photothermal conversion effect (η = 38.4%). IMI@HCuS@mSiO2 @ -ss-CβCD displayed excellent foliage adhesion and multiple stimuli-responsive release properties to pH, α-amylase, GSH, and NIR. The photostability of IMI embedded in CuS@mSiO2 @ -ss-CβCD was approximately 10 times that of IMI solution. This work provides an efficient nanoplatform for realizing pesticide delivery.

Enantioselective Labeling of Zebrafish for D-Phenylalanine Based on Graphene-Based Nanoplatform.

Enantioselective labeling of important bioactive molecules in complex biological environments by artificial receptors has drawn great interest. From both the slight difference of enantiomers' physicochemical properties and inherently complexity in living organism point of view, it is still a contemporary challenge for preparing practical chiral device that could be employed in the model animal due to diverse biological interference. Herein, we introduce γ-cyclodextrin onto graphene oxide for fabricating γ-cyclodextrin and graphene oxide assemblies, which provided an efficient nanoplatform for chiral labelling of D-phenylalanine with higher chiral discrimination ratio of KD/KL = 8.21. Significantly, the chiral fluorescence quenching effect of this γ-CD-GO nanoplatform for D-phenylalanine enantiomer in zebrafish was 7.0-fold higher than L-isomer, which exhibiting real promise for producing practical enantio-differentiating graphene-based systems in a complex biological sample.

MoO2 and N-Doped Carbon Nano-Octahedron Nanozymes for Sensitive Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase

As a typical biomarker for clinical diagnosis of diseases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) plays a crucial role in regulating the dephosphorylation of biomolecules. Consequently, it is necessary to develop an effective and simple method for the determination of ALP activity. In this work, we report a catalytic reaction-based colorimetric method to monitor ALP activity by using a nanostructured MoO2@NP-doped carbon nano-octahedron (MoO2@NPC) as a favorable oxidase mimetic. Because the C–O bond generated in the nano-octahedron MoO2@NPC regulates the electronic valence state of Mo between +5 and +6, the as-prepared MoO2@NPC regular octahedron with good peroxide-like (POD-like) properties and colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine dihydrochloride hydrate (TMB) can be catalyzed to dark-blue oxTMB. When ALP hydrolyzes the substrate AAP, the produced AA with a certain reducing ability can not only reduce oxTMB to TMB but also consume hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated in the MoO2@NPC/H2O2/TMB system, which significantly inhibits the color reaction of TMB. On this basis, a simple and efficient colorimetric method for ALP was constructed based on carbon-based nanozymes. Furthermore, the system goes for the detection of ALP with high sensitivity for the first time. The linearity is good in the range of 0.5–30 U/L, and the detection limit was 0.02 U/L and had good stability and reproducibility. Reliable and accurate measurements of analytes in real samples were also validated by our analytical method, showing that it can provide a reliable, convenient, and efficient nanoplatform for clinical diagnosis of ALP activity.

Bacteria-targeted combined with photothermal/NO nanoparticles for the treatment and diagnosis of MRSA infection in vivo.

Currently, undeveloped diagnosis and delayed treatment of bacteria-infected sites in vivo not only expand the risk of tissue infection but are also a major clinical cause of multiple drug-resistant bacterial infections. Here, we present an efficient nanoplatform for NIR-light-controlled and bacteria-targeted delivery of nitric oxide (NO) combined with photothermal therapy (PTT). Using maltotriose-decorated mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA-Mal) and BNN6, a smart antibacterial nanoplatform (B@MPDA-Mal NPs) is developed to combine bacterial targeting, gas-controlled release, and photothermal therapy. Utilizing bacteria's unique maltodextrin transport system, the prepared B@MPDA-Mal NPs can accurately distinguish bacterial infection from sterile inflammation and target the bacteria-infected sites for efficient drug enrichment. Moreover, NIR-light causes MPDA to generate heat, which not only effectively induces BNN6 to produce NO, but also raises the temperature to harm the bacteria further. NO/photothermal combination therapy effectively eliminates biofilm and drug-resistant bacteria. The myositis model of MRSA infection is established and indicated that B@MPDA-Mal NPs can successfully eradicate inflammation and abscesses in mice. Meanwhile, MRI imaging technology is used to monitor the treatment procedure and healing outcomes. Given the aforementioned advantages, the smart antibacterial nanoplatform B@MPDA-Mal NPs can be used as a potential therapeutic tool in the biomedical field against drug-resistant bacterial infections in vivo. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Enzyme coordination conferring stable monodispersity of diverse metal–organic frameworks for photothermal/starvation therapy

The agglomeration of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has long been a problem, and achieving stable monodispersity in water remains a great challenge. This paper reports a universal strategy that functionalizes MOFs by using an endogenous bioenzyme namely glucose oxidase (GOx), to achieve stable water monodispersity, and integrates it as a highly efficient nanoplatform for cancer synergistic therapy. Phenolic hydroxyl groups in GOx chain confers robust coordination interactions with MOFs, which not only endows stable monodispersion in water, but also provides many reactive sites for further modification. Silver nanoparticles are uniformly deposited onto MOFs@GOx to achieve high conversion efficiency from near-infrared light to heat, resulting in an effective starvation and photothermal synergistic therapy model. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirm excellent therapeutic effect at very low doses without using any chemotherapeutics. In addition, the nanoplatform generates large amounts of reactive oxygen species, induces heavy cell apoptosis, and demonstrates the first experimental example to effectively inhibit cancer migration. Our universal strategy enables stable monodispersity of various MOFs via GOx functionalization and establishes a non-invasive platform for efficient cancer synergistic therapy.

Carbon-based nanomaterials against SARS-CoV-2: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications

COVID-19, which was first spread in China in 2019 and consequently spread worldwide, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2. Today, various carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon dots, and carbon nanotubes have been explored for the specific detection and targeted inhibition/inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 due to their great surface chemical structures, easy to-functionalization, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. According to exclusive inherent properties, carbon-based nanomaterials are promising candidates for targeted antiviral drug delivery and the inhibitory effects against pathogenic viruses based on photothermal effects or reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. These high-stability nanomaterials exhibited unique physicochemical properties, providing efficient nanoplatforms for optical and electrochemical sensing and diagnostic applications with high sensitivity and selectivity. Up to now, these materials have been used for the fabrication of diagnostic kits, different types of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as anti-viral masks, vaccines, self-cleaning surfaces, and other subjects. This review article explores the most recent developments in carbon-based nanomaterials' diagnostic and therapeutic potential towards SARS-CoV-2 detection and inhibition, different mechanisms, challenges and benefits of the carbon-based nanomaterials.

Debridement of contaminated implants using air-polishing coupled with pH-responsive maximin H5-embedded metal-organic frameworks.

The primary goal of peri-implantitis treatments remains the decontamination of implant surfaces exposed to polymicrobial biofilms and renders biocompatibility. In this study, we reported a synergistic strategy for the debridement and re-osteogenesis of contaminated titanium by using erythritol air abrasion (AA) coupled with an as-synthesized pH-responsive antimicrobial agent. Here, the anionic antibacterial peptide Maximin H5 C-terminally deaminated isoform (MH5C) was introduced into the Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIF-8) via a one-pot synthesis process. The formed MH5C@ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs) not only possessed suitable stability, but also guarantee the slow-release effect of MH5C. Antibacterial experiments revealed that MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial abilities toward pathogenic bacteria of peri-implantitis, confirming ZIF-8 NPs as efficient nanoplatforms for delivering antibacterial peptide. To evaluate the comprehensive debridement efficiency, single-species as well as mixed-species biofilms were successively established on commercially used titanium surfaces and decontaminated with different methods: removed only by erythritol air abrasion, treated merely with MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs, or received both managements. The results demonstrated that only erythritol air abrasion accompanied with MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs at high concentrations eliminated almost all retained bacteria and impeded biofilm rehabilitation, while neither erythritol air abrasion nor MH5C@ZIF-8 NPs alone could achieve this. Subsequently, we evaluated the re-osteogenesis on previously contaminated surfaces which were treated with different debridement methods afterwards. We found that cell growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the group received both treatments (AA + MH5C@ZIF-8) were higher than those in other groups. Our work emphasized the great potential of the synergistic therapy as a credible alternative for removing microorganisms and rendering re-osseointegration on contaminated implant surfaces, boding well for the comprehensive applications in peri-implantitis treatments.