Labor Market Efficiency Research Articles

Labor Market Efficiency and Team Transactions in Major League Baseball

Labor Market Efficiency and Team Transactions in Major League Baseball

The interplay among higher education, technology, innovation and labour market efficiency: Middle East case

The interplay among higher education, technology, innovation and labour market efficiency: Middle East case

THE IMPACT OF HIGHLY SKILLED LABOUR MIGRATION ON HOST COUNTRIES (SWISS EXPERIENCE)

Purpose. The aim of the article is systematization of theoretical approaches to the essence of international migration processes of highly qualified labour, as well as clarification of the impact of migration of highly qualified labour on host countries using the example of the Swiss economy. Methodology of research. In the course of writing the article, the methods generally accepted in economic science were applied: theoretical and comparative analysis – to reveal the essence and meaning of migration processes; analysis and synthesis, grouping method – to determine the number of people, causes and consequences of emigration of the country’s population; abstract and logical ‒ for theoretical generalization and formulation of conclusions. Findings. The consequences of immigration processes for the Swiss economy are studied. To understand the phenomenon of migration of highly qualified specialists, approaches to its definition are considered, including the theory of “brain drain”, which explains the negative consequences of the migration of highly qualified specialists in sending countries, the theory of “brain recruitment”, which describes the positive effects of this migration on receiving countries. Originality. An assessment of the main causes and consequences of migration processes for the social and economic development of the country was carried out, a systematization of theoretical approaches to the essence of international migration processes of highly qualified labour force was carried out, and the impact of migration of highly qualified labour force on host countries was clarified using the example of the Swiss economy. Practical value. The results of the conducted research can be used in the process of further implementation of deep social and economic reforms and radical institutional transformations in Ukraine, aimed at the formation of competitive advantages of the labour market and its effective functioning. The use of international experience to improve the efficiency of the domestic labour market will have positive consequences for the national economy in the future. Key words: highly qualified specialists, migration, integration, labour migration, migration processes, immigration, potential, workforce.

Is there a labor shortage?

A panel discusses ongoing and prospective developments in the US labor market. Michael Horrigan points out that job losses in the COVID recession were heavily concentrated among women, minorities, and less-educated workers. In turn, these groups have shown less progress regaining jobs, and many have left the labor force. Horrigan shows that the industry connection between vacancies and wage increases is not at all tight, suggesting that traditional explanations that labor shortages are a matter of wages not clearing the market needs to be modified. Misty Heggeness notes that much of the weakness in women’s recent labor force participation has been by working mothers, but that their behavior has not been radically different than in the past. Policies that address the concerns of working mothers could lessen the possibility of swings like those recently seen. Kate Bahn expands to discuss more specific such policies, including paid leave, paid sick leave, more predictable work schedules, greater income support, as well as a revival of unions, as means to not only alleviate hardship, but also to increase labor market efficiency. Michael Strain contends that federal policy greatly enhanced consumer demand, but the income support programs, along with other problems, have restricted supply, leading to some of the distortions observed in the labor market. While he supports some of the policies proposed by other panelists, he is leery about the effects of specific government programs that have been offered.

NEET–МОЛОДЬ У СИСТЕМІ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ВІДНОСИН

The article examines young people aged 15 to 24 years who do not study, work or acquire professional skills. In foreign literature, this young generation is called NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training). Representatives of this group of the population are cut off from the sphere of education and the labor market, which in the future may lead to problems with employment and their formation as full members of society. Socio-economic characteristics of NEET young people indicate that the most significant reasons for entering it are the non-compliance of education with the requirements of the labor market and its low level. NEET is one of the key indicators of labor market efficiency in developed countries. It characterizes the degree of their marginalization and alienation from society. The growing share of NEET and its high stability over time can reach older people and become a long-term social problem. The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the problems of socially disadvantaged young people around the world. UN experts identify young people as one of the most vulnerable. Social distancing, the transition of educational institutions to distance learning have affected the mental health of young people. The younger generation can be seen as a resource for the future quantitative and qualitative staffing of the economy and the most actively producing and receptive to innovation part of society. Despite the significant scientific results of the above authors, according to the authors, modern economics is insufficiently systematized scientific concepts that characterize socially inactive youth, there is no data on successful examples of foreign youth support programs and recommendations for their adaptation in Ukraine. The world community is concerned about the large number of young people who do not work, study and do not seek to improve their skills. That is why reducing the number of NEET youth is part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The following were selected as an indicator of progress: Goal 1. End poverty; Goal 8. Decent work and economic growth; Goal 10. Reduce inequality.

DOUBLE ROLES OF MARRIED WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE?

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality (Goal 5), and decent work and economic growth (Goal 8). Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

DOUBLE ROLES OF MARRIED WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE?

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality (Goal 5), and decent work and economic growth (Goal 8). Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

DOUBLE ROLES OF MARRIED WORKING WOMEN IN INDONESIA: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE?

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality (Goal 5), and decent work and economic growth (Goal 8). Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

Double Roles of Married Working Women in Indonesia: For Better or For Worse

SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality, and decent work and economic growth. Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.SDGs 2030 have at least two goals that strongly converged to gender equality of pay, gender equality, and decent work and economic growth. Marital status argued to have significant contribution in gender inequality of pay and the root of female wage penalty. The argument associated with traditional family division of labour, where men responsible for family breadwinner and women for family caregiver. We examine this argument in Indonesia experiences with additional feature of multiple breadwinner models in the family. Utilizing Indonesian National Labour Force Survey of 2015 of more than 150.000 workers, our twofold regression compatible Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant gender wage gap even when controlling for the human capital investment, family division of labour, institutional instrument and discrimination. Our findings suggest that married women tend to take a double roles than married men, being family breadwinner as well as family caregiver. In that double roles model, wage rate are highest among working women and marriage wage penalty died out. Unfortunately gender wage gap and wage discrimination persisted. While the role of minimum wage as current nominal institutional labour market instrument still trivial, other factors must also be addressed toward gender equality of pay and more efficient labour market.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA: A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS

This study aims to identify the status of Saudi Arabia as a destination for FDI, the factors that attract FDI into Saudi Arabia, and the factors that hinder the flow of FDI into Saudi Arabia. The study covers a period of five years from 2015 to 2019. The study analysis various determinants of FDI: market size, infrastructure, technology adoption, innovation friendliness, productive and diversified labor force, financial infrastructure, taxation, political risk, corruption, and ease of doing business. The study finds that several factors like market size, well-developed infrastructure, a higher degree of technology adoption, innovation-friendliness, the banking system that is well-capitalized and liquid, low corporate taxes, political stability, low transfer risk, low expropriation risk, low levels of corruption, and a stable currency make Saudi Arabia an attractive destination for FDI. At the same time, the low labor market efficiency and the low ranking in ease of doing business makes it less attractive to FDI.

Labor market flexibility in transition countries: a case study of North Macedonia

The aim of this study is to provide a critical overview of labor market performance in North Macedonia. The findings suggest that the differences of labor markets in transition and advanced economies are shrinking over time and labor market flexibility is significantly affecting the unemployment rate. The findings confirm that North Macedonia suffers from a rigid labor market with several structural imbalances: high and persistent structural unemployment, skill shortages, skill mismatches, brain drain, persistent discrimination in the labor market, high informal economy, and inadequate labor taxation. Specifically, low skilled workers, especially, women, youth, older workers, ethnic minorities, and people in less developed regions are among others suffering high rates of unemployment. The findings suggest that high and persistent level of unemployment in Macedonia may arise due to the insufficient level of capital to employ the labor force, the stagnant structural reforms to address macroeconomic imbalances and still unfinished transition characterized by poor economic growth. We recommend to policy makers to implement structural reforms that would address current structural imbalances and increase labor market efficiency and would in turn result in higher potential for economic growth in North Macedonia

Дослідження конкурентоспроможності ЄС та його країн-членів

With the convergence of national markets of individual countries and the revival of globalization processes, international competition is growing not only among producers of goods and services, but also among regions and countries. There are a significant number of approaches to the analysis and improvement of countries’ competitiveness. Given Ukraine’s European integration pass, we consider the EU countries to be a key benchmark for its development. The EU, as a union of democratic European countries working together for peace and prosperity, must support a high competitiveness for both the Union as a whole and its member states in the face of increasing global competition. European integration has a significant positive impact on the development and competitiveness of the EU. However, in recent decades, it has deteriorated somewhat compared to global leaders due to dynamic changes in the international environment. As shown, EU countries (primarily the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Finland) occupy high positions in international rankings (Global Competitiveness Indexes of the WEF and IMD, Legatum Prosperity Index, ERT Benchmarking Report, Business Europe Reform Barometer), and especially sustainable development (SDSN Sustainable Development Index) etc. However, in a number of key areas, many EU countries and the Union generally lag behind world leaders. Today’s open and export-oriented European economy suffers from weak demand for investment and consumer goods, slow development of innovative and digital businesses etc. Instead, the EU is a global leader in achieving the goals of sustainable development. Experts primarily recommend strengthening the EU’s single market and supporting new technologies, while all European countries should increase productivity, which requires greater investment in critical infrastructure, innovative technologies, skills development and labor market efficiency. Оn the other hand, European companies should constantly take into account the global situation and dynamics and modernize their competition policy accordingly. Ukraine’s adoption of the best European experience of raising the competitiveness, taking into account the obtained conclusions, may be the subject of further research.

Labor Market Efficiency in Indonesia: An Empirical Evidence from Household Survey

Labor Market Efficiency in Indonesia: An Empirical Evidence from Household Survey

Do Labor Market Flexibility and Efficiency Increase Government Social Protection Expenditures?

ABSTRACT This article examines the relationship between labour market flexibility and efficiency and social protection expenditures. Building on the theories of government expenditures and the empirical literature on the determinants of social protection, the article examines empirically the relationship between flexible labour market and social protection expenditures. The empirical model explains social protection mainly in terms of the demand and supply of social protection, modernization theory and political institutions, namely democracy. Labour market flexibility and efficiency indicators include hiring and firing policies, labour-employer cooperation, wage determination flexibility, redundancy costs, linking pay to productivity, reliance on professional management, and the ratio of women in the labour force. We use a sample of 44 developed and emerging economies for the period 2007–2014 and adopt instrumental variables and two-step generalized method of moments estimation methodologies to account for endogeneity. Estimates show that linking pay to productivity, wage flexibility, and redundancy costs reduce social protection expenditures, while the ease of hiring and firing increases them. The article draws attention to the positive impact that flexible and efficient labour markets and organization-level human-resource policies have on reducing social protection expenditures and increasing fiscal space.

E-commerce, Free-Trade Zones, and the Linkage Effect to China’s Foreign Trade

With the rapid development of E-commerce, China’s foreign trade has been largely transformed. China now has the most online shoppers in the world, more than the US, United Kingdom, and Australia combined. The 21 nationwide free-trade zones (FTZs) and 109 import pilot zones for cross-border E-commerce (CBEC) across the country, which cover 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, have brought great transitions to trade patterns and the related factor proportions. Based on FTZ, Hainan Province began furtherly open pattern known as free-trade port (FTP) on June 1st, 2020. In this article, we apply the heterogeneous community effect model to study the linkage effect of CBEC and FTZs on China’s foreign trade, which creates higher demands, more value-added products, effective prices, and efficient labor market management by integrating domestic and foreign trade channels.

The positive benefits of the practical application of the simulation software

Abstract The research, related to innovation has been in a focus of academics for a long time. In the current study, the authors present the positive benefits of applying an innovative teaching method, based on primary research, applying a questionnaire-based survey. They targeted to examine how a business simulation software modifies the labour market efficiency of university students. The respondents consider themselves to be least competitive in terms of self-confidence and an initiative ability. Both skills can be developed as a result of the application of the business simulation software.

The Learning Economy Regime

The goal of the paper is to analyze the learning economy from the perspective of a newly emerging economic regime where learning and knowledge creation are the key determinants of economic performance. The paper employs an alternative and analytically useful viewpoint that provides novel insights on standard topics of economic inquiry and highlights more dynamic elements such as interactive learning, trust, and collaboration. A qualitative and quantitative analysis is undertaken predicated on a set of guiding research questions. After examining patterns of consumption and production that delineate the learning economy as a distinct economic regime, the paper considers certain social conditions central to its functioning and sustainability over time. A conceptual model of the transition pathways to a learning economy is developed which argues that changes in aggregate consumption patterns and related means of production are linked to the progressive satisfaction of needs claims of consumers as real incomes rise. The normative implications of transitioning to a learning economy regime are explored based on criteria of labor market efficiency and social equity. The results of this empirical investigation suggest countries within a learning economy regime benefit from national systems that deliver lasting welfare and well-being to their populations. Policy implications are presented which focus on supporting learning and competency building at all levels of society. Together, they emphasize the need for policy makers to adopt a holistic approach to ensure broad participation in the learning economy regime. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations and possible paths for future research.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ В УКРАЇНІ ТА КРАЇНАХ-РЕЦИПІЄНТАХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ТРУДОВИХ МІГРАНТІВ У КОНТЕКСТІ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article applies a comprehensive approach to the research of the impact of labor migration on the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals 8 "Decent work and economic growth", which is based on the theory of labor migration and the concept of sustainable development; a system of indicators describing the problems in the labor market of the country of origin of migrant workers is proposed. As a result of the research, a system of indicators was proposed, which includes four groups that meet the current problems in the labor market of Ukraine. Using the proposed system of indicators, we investigated the impact of labor migration on the current problems of the labor market of Ukraine, which include: 1) the inconsistency of skills of job seekers to the requirements set by employers; 2) low productivity; 3) population reduction and aging; 4) low level of women's participation in the labor force. These problems were researched on the example of Ukraine and the recipient countries of Ukrainian labor migrants (in Poland, the Russian Federation and Italy). As part of the analysis of the first problem, the following indicators were researched: the level of coverage of the population with higher education, the unemployment rate, the share of those employed with higher education. To address the second problem, the labor productivity index and the competitiveness index were used, namely its sub-index "labor market efficiency". The third problem was analyzed using indicators of natural growth, population decline, 65+ age, life expectancy and Lancet aging rating. To analyze the fourth problem, the proportions of the employed female population, the level of wages and the unemployment rate of women and women were used in comparison with similar indicators of men. This system can be successfully used for comparative analysis of labor market characteristics of donor countries and recipient countries of migrant workers. We concluded that labor migration is more effective and can contribute to the implementation of Goal 8 if it is considered a temporary phenomenon and is followed by the return of migrant workers to their homeland. In this case, Ukraine will be able to take advantage of foreign experience, knowledge and skills, which will increase productivity, reduce unemployment, increase the share of the employed women.

The interplay among higher education, technology, innovation and labour market efficiency: Middle East case

The interplay among higher education, technology, innovation and labour market efficiency: Middle East case

Labor Market Efficiency: Output as the Measure of Welfare

Labor Market Efficiency: Output as the Measure of Welfare