Efficient Fenton-like Catalyst Research Articles

Mn2O3/Mn3O4-Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel as an efficient Fenton-like catalyst activating persulfate for the degradation of bisphenol A: Superoxide radicals dominate the reaction

In this work, a Mn2O3/Mn3O4-Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel was fabricated and utilised as a catalyst to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) leading to degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The results showed that the system exhibited an excellent turnover frequency (TOF) of 2.7 × 10−3 s−1 and high stability. The amount of ion leaching was small and the degree of mineralisation was up to 66.2%. Superoxide radicals (O2−) were determined to be the dominant active species in the system. ≡Mn(II) and oxygen vacancies (Vo) were found to be the main active sites at the catalyst surface. The activation of PDS by the spinel catalyst and the reduction of dissolved oxygen both contributed to the production of O2− species. The synergistic effect of ≡Cu(I)/≡Cu(II) and ≡Mn(II)/≡Mn(III) redox pairs enabled the reaction to occur continuously. These results suggest the promise of this novel spinel catalyst in the removal of refractory organic compounds due to its excellent performance and stability. The catalyst may thus have great utility for environmental remediation.

Performance and mechanism of FeS2/FeSxOy as highly effective Fenton-like catalyst for phenol degradation

ABSTRACT Developing a highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst working in a wide pH range is imperative to accomplish its practical wastewater treatment. Herein, FeS2/FeSxOy catalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal-solvothermal vulcanization with thioacetamide as a sulfur source. Characterization results confirmed FeS2/FeSxOy consisted of pyrite, kornelite, and szomolnokite. FeS2/FeSxOy exhibited superior catalytic activity toward H2O2 activation with more than 96% phenol removal within 5 min in pH 3.0 ∼ 8.0 at 30°C. Radical scavenging experiment and EPR analysis revealed both hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anion radicals (O2·-) anticipated in phenol elimination, but ·OH played a dominant role. The detailed degradation experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirmed the vital role of FeS2 in enhancing phenol abatement. This study not only developed a highly active catalyst for H2O2 activation but also theoretically analyzed the FeS2 function in depth, which provided a guide for designing a highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst.

3D hierarchical local heterojunction as ultra-highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst: Mechanism of coupling the proton-coupled electron transfer under nanoconfinement effect

Charge transfer in general type-II heterojunction is hard to realize and the transfer mode weakens the overall redox ability of the heterojunction. Band regulation and surface interface structural modifications assembled a novel visible-light-driven homogeneous catalyst (FeS2 anchored on Mo2C aerogel), which activated the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by proton-coupled electron transfer effect under the nanoconfinement effect.The degradation rate constant of the FeS2@Mo2C/PMS system is 11.4 times that of the PMS system and 2.6 times that of the Fe(Ⅱ) + Mo2C + PMS Fenton-like system. The initial pH has almost no effect on the degradation rate of the FeS2@Mo2C/PMS system. The EPR results show that the FeS2@Mo2C heterostructure can effectively catalyze the production of SO4·−, HO· and 1O2 by PMS, which is in agreement with the quenching results. DFT calculations demonstrate the existence of stable SMo bonds in FeS2@Mo2C Schottky junctions. Thus S vacancies in FeS2 significantly accelerated the transfer of FeS2 photogenerated electrons to Mo2C, FeS2 photogenerated holes can directly oxidize Azo dyes, extensively promoting the catalytic oxidation reaction rate. The prepared mesoporous catalysts (average pore diameter = 58.13 nm) through nanoconfinement effect can effectively accelerate the transmission speed to achieve the target pollutants > 99.9% removal rate in five min under sufficient catalyst. This paper provides a new perspective on applying Schottky heterojunctions coupled with photocatalytic technology for the effective degradation of Azo dyes.

3d Hierarchical Local Heterojunction as Ultra-High Efficient Fenton-Like Catalyst: Mechanism of Coupling the Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Under Nanoconfinement Effect

3d Hierarchical Local Heterojunction as Ultra-High Efficient Fenton-Like Catalyst: Mechanism of Coupling the Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Under Nanoconfinement Effect

Revealing the enhancing mechanisms of Fe–Cu bimetallic catalysts for the Fenton-like degradation of phenol

To develop a heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst with desirable activity and reusability remains a great challenge for the practical degradation of environmental remediation. Herein, we demonstrate a dendritic Fe–Cu bimetallic catalyst consisted of a Cu/Fe3O4 shell and a FeCu core (E100). In comparisons of single Cu, Fe and Fe3O4, E100 performs far better performance for the Fenton-like degradation of phenol, and its dominant Fenton-like active centers are Fe species under acidic pH or Cu species under neutral pH. Particularly, Cu-based Fenton-like reactions are greatly accelerated by galvanic micro-cells effects that come from the special co-existence of Cu/Fe3O4 shell, and subsequently, owing to the Cu leaching from the shell, the inner FeCu core of E100 is able to be exposed and further strengthen Fe-based Fenton-like reactions. Overall, the appropriate synergistic effects endow E100 with superior catalytic activity and reusability than other catalysts. Our work pushes forward a step for understanding the catalytic mechanism of Fe–Cu bimetallic catalysts and provides new sights for fabricating efficient Fenton-like catalysts for environmental remediation.

Fe(III)-Complex-Imprinted Polymers for the Green Oxidative Degradation of the Methyl Orange Dye Pollutant.

One of the biggest problems worldwide is the pollution of natural water bodies by dyes coming from effluents used in the textile industry. In the quest for novel effluent treatment alternatives, the aim of this work was to immobilize Fe(III) complexes in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to produce efficient Fenton-like heterogeneous catalysts for the green oxidative degradation of the methyl orange (MO) dye pollutant. Different metal complexes bearing commercial and low-cost ligands were assayed and their catalytic activity levels towards the discoloration of MO by H2O2 were assessed. The best candidates were Fe(III)-BMPA (BMPA = di-(2-picolyl)amine) and Fe(III)-NTP (NTP = 3,3′,3″-nitrilotripropionic acid), displaying above 70% MO degradation in 3 h. Fe(III)-BMPA caused the oxidative degradation through two first-order stages, related to the formation of BMPA-Fe-OOH and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Only the first of these stages was detected for Fe(III)-NTP. Both complexes were then employed to imprint catalytic cavities into MIPs. The polymers showed catalytic profiles that were highly dependent on the crosslinking agent employed, with N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) being the crosslinker that rendered polymers with optimal oxidative performance (>95% conversion). The obtained ion-imprinted polymers constitute cheap and robust solid matrices, with the potential to be coupled to dye-containing effluent treatment systems with synchronous H2O2 injection.

Crednerite CuMnO2 as highly efficient Fenton-like catalysts for p-nitrophenol removal:Synergism between Cu(I) and Mn (III)

p-Nitrophenol (PNP) is one of the highly toxic and mutagenic pollutants existed in aquatic environment. In this work, the crednerite CuMnO2 nanoflake was prepared and used to degrade PNP with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as the oxidant. It was found that CuMnO2 exhibited much higher activity than other Cu-based catalysts such as CuO, Cu2O, CuFe2O4 and CuFeO2, with 90% of PNP degraded after 10 min under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst was also stable during five successive runs. Sulfate and hydroxyl radicals produced from PMS reduction by Cu(I) species, as well as superoxide ions and single oxygen, contribute to the degradation of PNP. More importantly, the interactions between Mn and Cu species in CuMnO2 were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and were further confirmed by the control experiment with the mixture of Cu2O + Mn2O3. The results implied that the high valent Mn(III) species acted as Lewis acids to withdraw electron from PMS, resulting that the Cu(I) species can be easier oxidized to Cu(II) by PMS with the formation of radicals. These findings provide an ideal bimetallic heterogeneous catalyst and a new mechanism for PMS-mediated reaction.

Modulation of High-Spin Co(II) in Li/Co-MOFs as Efficient Fenton-like Catalysts.

Developing high-performance catalysts toward the Fenton reaction is important for environmental protection and sustainable development, yet it is still challenging. The high-spin states of first-row transition metal atoms with tetrahedral coordination provide a flexible electronic environment to activate the catalyst and elevate its catalytic activity. As a type of material with adjustable structures, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent candidate catalysts as they can accurately regulate the coordination configurations of metal ions. In this paper, we investigate and summarize the direct formation of bimetallic carboxylate Li/Co-MOFs with tetrahedral coordination metal centers in a mixed H2O/polar organic solvent system. The induction of Li(I) ions is manifested in the generation of hydroxides during the dissociation of the Co(II) solvation structure to trigger the tetrahedral coordination behavior of Co(II). These Li/Co-MOFs containing high-spin Co(II) centers can serve as highly efficient Fenton-like catalysts for organics. This study provides a promising strategy for rational design of MOF-based catalysts with high-spin metal centers for application in environment governance.

Well-dispersed iron and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon microsphere anchoring by g-C3N4 for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation

Developing single-atom Fenton-like catalysts with the maximum utilization of active sites present an attractive potential in environmental remediation. Herein, the single-atom Fe and N co-doped hollow carbon microsphere loaded g-C3N4 catalyst (HFeNC-g-C3N4) was prepared by an innovative cascade anchoring strategy using polystyrene as the hard template, iron phthalocyanine, polydopamine and urea as the Fe, N and C precursor, in which the in-situ generated g-C3N4 could not only effectively anchor Fe atom to create the well-dispersed Fe-Nx active sites, but also accelerate the electron transfer in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Taking advantages of such sequential protecting strategy, the as-synthesized HFeNC-g-C3N4 catalyst with single-atom Fe-Nx active sites, verified by XRD, XPS and HAADF-STEM, could work as an efficient Fenton-like catalyst for PMS activation, which achieved almost 100% removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in 5 min with the turnover frequency calculated to be 34.6 times higher than that of the homogeneous Fe2+ catalyst. The mechanism of O2•- dominated radical combined with nonradical 1O2 pathway was confirmed by quenching experiments and ESR analysis, which might be interrelated to the improvement of pH adaptability and interference immunity of HFeNC-g-C3N4/PMS system. Overall, the present findings provided an innovation strategy for the synthesis of excellent single-atom Fe based catalyst in wastewater purification.

Enhanced Fenton-like catalytic activity and stability of g-C3N4 nanosheet-wrapped copper phosphide with strong anti-interference ability: Kinetics and mechanistic study

Metal-based Fenton-like catalysts usually activate H2O2 to produce free radicals (•OH and O2•−) for the degradation of organic pollutants. However, a catalytic reaction dominated by free radicals is easily interfered with by various inorganic anions and water matrices. Herein, g-C3N4-wrapped copper phosphide (CuxP), as a highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst, was successfully synthesized by a simple low-temperature phosphidation method. The CuxP/g-C3N4 catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic ability for the removal of various organic contaminants over a wide pH range of 3–11. In addition, the catalyst exhibited strong anti-interference ability toward various inorganic anions (Cl–, SO42–, NO3–, F–, H2PO4–, HCO3– and CO32–) and water matrices (lake water, river water, tap water and simulated water matrix). The reasons for this performance were analyzed by verifying the mechanism of the catalytic reaction. Compared to the pure CuxP catalyst, the CuxP/g-C3N4 composite possessed good catalytic stability. The enhanced and deactivated mechanisms of the CuxP/g-C3N4 catalyst were systematically analyzed by a series of characterization techniques. A possible reaction mechanism was also proposed based on the experimental results. This work provides new insights into designing highly efficient metal-based Fenton-like catalysts with strong anti-interference ability to practically treat wastewater.

A novel CNTs-Fe3O4 synthetized via a ball-milling strategy as efficient fenton-like catalyst for degradation of sulfonamides

A novel composite (CNTs-Fe3O4) was synthesized by a ball-milling strategy and characterized by BET, SEM, FTIR, XRD and VSM. The as-fabricated CNTs-Fe3O4 was used to remove six sulfonamides by a Fenton degradation process, including sulfanilamide (SAM), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfadimethoxine (SMX), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethazine (SMT) and sulfametoxydiazine (SMD). The degradation behaviors of six sulfonamides in CNTs-Fe3O4/H2O2 system and the relationship between molecular structure of sulfonamides and their degradation behaviors were investigated systematically. Batch experimental results showed that the as-fabricated CNTs-Fe3O4 had excellent Fenton catalytic activity for the degradation of sulfonamides due to its unique porous structure and the good combination mode of CNTs with Fe3O4 particles. The first-order kinetic mode could better describe the degradation behaviors of six sulfonamides in CNTs-Fe3O4/H2O2 system, and the degradation rate constant could be ordered as: SAM < SMT < SDZ < SMR < SMD < SMX. The quantitative relationship between the Mulliken charge of sulfonamides (x) and their degradation rate constant (y) in CNTs-Fe3O4/H2O2 system could be described as: y = - 28.719x + 15.67 (R2 = 0.957). Finally, the possible synthesis mechanisms of CNTs-Fe3O4 and the degradation mechanisms of sulfonamides in CNTs-Fe3O4/H2O2 system was proposed.

Considerable Improvement in Fenton-like Degradation of MB Owing to Ti3+/Ti4+ Using Ion-doped Halloysite Nanotube Catalyst

Due to high efficiency and environmental friendship, Fenton-like technology is widely used in water treatment and has always received significant attentions, especially in design of novel and efficient Fenton-like catalysts. In this paper, iron/titanium ions doped halloysite nanotubes (HNTs-Fe-Ti) have been developed as Fenton-like catalyst. Here, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with high specific surface area and excellent ion exchange capacity were used as carriers, and iron/titanium ions were trace-doped into HNTs via simple ion-exchange reaction. The degradation of the designed catalyst for methylene blue (MB) was greatly accelerated in the presence of titanium ion. It demonstrates that the excellent degradation ability mainly owes to the valence state transformation of titanium and the good adsorption ability of halloysite nanotubes. It shows the mechanism of titanium with multivalent states (Ti3+/Ti4+) on the degradation of MB is similar to the Fenton catalytic mechanism of iron ion trans-formation (Fe2+/Fe3+). In the Fenton-like degradation reaction, titanium and iron play a synergistic catalytic role in MB degradation while titanium has greater impact. When the ratio of titanium to iron is 5:1, the catalyst exhibits superior Fenton-like degradation performance, and the degradation rate could reach 91% at 100 min.

Fe-pillared montmorillonite as effective heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the decolorization of methyl orange

The natural Na-type montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was pillared by iron polycation to obtain Fe-pillared montmorillonite (Fe-MMT). The materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and N2 adsorption–desorption at low temperature. It was found that iron polycation was successfully inserted into MMT layers, and the textural properties of Fe-MMT could be adjusted by altering the amount of iron. Meanwhile, the decolorization of methyl orange (MO) by heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation using Fe-MMT as catalyst was evaluated. The experimental results showed that Fe-MMT exhibited good decolorization performance of MO under 2.0 g L−1 of Fe-MMT-1.5, initial pH of solution 4, reaction time 90 min, and H2O2 concentration of 5 mmol L−1. Fe-MMT exhibited good stability for the decolorization of MO in solution for three successive runs. The decolorization process could be well described by pseudo firstorder kinetics model. Na-montmorillonite (MMT) pillared by iron polycation (Fe-MMT), an efficient Fenton-like catalyst was developed. The decolorization efficiency of methyl orange (MO) was dependent on the textural properties of Fe-MMT adjusted by altering the amount of iron. Excellent decolorization efficiency of MO (91.6–87.9%) was achieved under the optimal conditions.

Sulfidation modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an efficient Fenton-like catalyst for azo dyes degradation at wide pH range

The application of a novel sulfidation modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (S-Fe3O4NP) as catalyst for degradation of dyes-containing wastewater through Fenton-like reaction is investigated in the current research. Results demonstrate the as-prepared S-Fe3O4NP is mainly composed of interconnected FeS2 and sulfur-doped Fe3O4, which can be recovered from aqueous solution by magnetic separation method. S-Fe3O4NP/H2O2 catalytic system exhibits great advantage and much higher catalytic performance over Fe3O4 based Fenton-like process, which can effectively degrade RhB at wide pH range from 3 to 9. It also presents excellent recyclability in the first three cycles and high catalytic activity towards degradation of various azo dyes such as MB, MG and AR-73. The H+ species, Fe2+ ions and surface Fe2+ active sites generated in the S-Fe3O4NP/H2O2 system can significantly facilitate the production of hydroxyl radicals and this synergetic effect between FeS2 and sulfur-doped Fe3O4 leads to the enhanced catalytic performance of S-Fe3O4NP.

A highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst based on isolated diatomic Fe-Co anchored on N-doped porous carbon

The Fenton-like process provides a promising pathway to produce enormous reactive radicals for the elimination of refractory organic pollutants in environmental remediation. In the design of heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst, significant progress has been made for nano- and micro-structures, but catalysts with atomic-scaleactive sites, particularly dual-metal single-atom, has been rarely observed. Herein, we report a highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst based on isolated diatomic Fe-Co anchored on N-doped porous carbon. This diatomic Fe-Co catalyst is robust and highly active in the heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for BPA degradation, showing an outstanding turnover frequency exceeding 60.62 min−1. A variety of analytical techniques and DFT results suggest that the unique N-coordinated diatomic Fe-Co (FeCoN6) serves as highly catalytically active sites in Fenton-like reaction, while the neighboring pyrrolic N act as adsorption site for the adsorption of target organic molecules. The ultra-high catalytic performance of diatomic Fe-Co catalysts can be ascribed to its fantastic isolated FeCoN6 configuration and pyrrolic N adsorption site, which greatly shorten the migration distance from reactive radical to the adsorbed organic molecules.

Single Mn atom anchored on N-doped porous carbon as highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of organic contaminants

Fenton-like technology is a green pathway for removing recalcitrant organic pollutants from the environment. However, low catalytic efficiency and poor stability hinder the development of Fenton-like technology as a result of the lack of effective catalysts. Here, we report a highly efficient and stable Fenton-like catalyst based on isolated single Mn atom anchored on N-doped porous carbon. The catalyst exhibits high activity and stability in the heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for organic pollutant degradation, showing an outstanding turnover frequency of greater than 5.69 min−1 in bisphenol A (BPA) degradation. A variety of analytical techniques as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the unique N-coordinated single Mn atom (MnN4) serves as a highly catalytically active site for PMS activation, while the adjacent pyrrolic N site acts as an adsorption site for the target organic molecules. The ultra-high catalytic activity of single Mn atom catalyst can be attributed to its fantastic dual reaction sites, which remarkably shorten the migration distance from the radical to the adsorbed organic molecules.

Green synthesized iron nanoparticles as highly efficient fenton-like catalyst for degradation of dyes

Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) were synthesized herein through a simple and eco-friendly method using FeCl3 and aqueous plant extract (dimocarpus longan, DL). Compared with Fe NPs prepared via traditional chemical methods, this biogenetic DL-Fe NPs demonstrates higher catalytic activity in Fenton-like reaction to degrade methyl orange (MO) in a wide pH range. It’s worth noting that the DL-Fe NPs manifest a superior stability even after storage for at least 28 days. Systematic characterizations indicate that the active biomolecules from plant extract significantly contribute to the superior performance of DL-Fe NPs, by facilitating the dye molecules to be adsorbed on the surfaces of DL-Fe NPs, and providing a stable acid environment for the Fenton-like catalytic reaction. The kinetics study demonstrates this removal process conforms to the pseudo first-order model with the reaction activation energy of 41.6 kJ/mol. Moreover, various typical dyes including congo red, malachite green, methylene blue, eosin-Y and rhodamine B can be dramatically degraded by this DL-Fe NPs with a satisfactory removal efficiency.

Modulating mesoporous Co3O4 hollow nanospheres with oxygen vacancies for highly efficient peroxymonosulfate activation

The role of oxygen vacancy (VO) in catalyst is manifested to be positive in the Fenton-like process. However, rational modulation of VO with a simple strategy for the efficient Fenton-like catalysts remains desirable and challenging. Here a facile heat treatment method without any additives was demonstrated to introduce VO on mesoporous cobalt oxide (Co3O4) hollow nanospheres, which served as highly reactive and stable Fenton-like catalysts for recalcitrant organic pollutants (bisphenol A, BPA) degradation by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The VO-rich Co3O4 nanospheres exhibited superior BPA removal efficiency with high BPA degradation rate (0.0232 min−1, 100 min). The concentration of VO in Co3O4 was proved to act as an important role for the PMS activating efficiency. A series of mechanism studies, including radical scavengers, chemical probes and electrochemical characterizations, were conducted to identify the active radicals generated by PMS activation. Singlet oxygen produced from the VO-based reaction pathway, rather than sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical, was unveiled to play a key role in the BPA degradation process. This work provided new insight into designing transition metal oxide-based Fenton-like catalysts with efficient and sustainable remediation of refractory organic contaminants in wastewater.

Copper Nanoclusters/Red Globe Flower Carbon as a Fenton-Like Catalyst for the Degradation of Amido Black 10B

Cu-based copper nanoclusters have generated a great deal of interest based on for their fluorescent and catalytic properties. However, as heterogeneous catalysts, little attention has been given to the degradation of organic pollutants in Fenton-like reaction systems. Here, flower-like copper nanoclusters/flower carbon heterostructured microspheres were prepared by a one-pot mixing template-based method. With Cu-based copper nanoclusters/carbon (CuNCs/C) composite as a Fenton-like catalyst, a CuNCs/C-H2O2 system was used to degrade Amido Black 10B (AB-10B). The effects of different factors on the degradation rate of AB-10B were studied. A 98.6% degradation ratio of AB-10B was reached for the CuNCs/C -H2O2 based Fenton-like reaction within 180 min under optimal experimental conditions. The CuNCs/C concentration was 0.06 g/L, the dosage of H2O2 was 25 mmol/L, the mass ratio of CuNCs and the carbon was 1:2, pH = 6.0, and the reaction temperature was 40.0 °C. The removal rate of AB-10B on CuNCs/C decreased by less than 10% even after 6 catalytic cycles, which showed a remarkable reusability characteristic and high catalytic activity. Cu0 and Cu+ were found to co-exist in the catalysts and presented a high degradation effective for intermediates that were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). These results indicated that the catalysts can be used as highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants in wastewater.

Mesoporous reduction state cobalt species-doped silica nanospheres: An efficient Fenton-like catalyst for dual-pathway degradation of organic pollutants

A novel heterogeneous Co-containing Fenton-like catalyst consisting of mesoporous reduction state cobalt (RSCo)-doped silica (SiO2) nanospheres (mp-RSCo-SiO2 NSs) was prepared by an enhanced hydrothermal process. The catalyst exhibited very high activity and stability for a series of refractory pollutant degradation in a very wide pH range of 3.1–10.9. The Fenton-like reaction rate constant of this Co-containing catalyst was approximately 290 times higher than that of Co3O4 for pollutant degradation under the neutral and mild conditions. Based on the characterization, the catalyst possessed a porous nanosphere morphology, and the reduction state cobalt species, including nano-zero-valent cobalt (nZVCo) and Co2+, were found to be generated in the SiO2 framework through forming CoOSi bonds. During the Fenton-like reaction, the electron donation effect of organic pollutants was successfully realized through the interaction of “Pollutants → Co2+/0-SiO2”. The obtained electrons from pollutants were transferred to the catalyst surface and captured by H2O2, resulting in the generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH). Therefore, a dual-pathway degradation of the pollutants was realized: (I) oxidation and degradation as the electron donors for the system and (II) attacking and destruction by OH radicals. This work provided a new perspective on the effective utilization of the electrons of pollutants and the improvement of Fenton reaction efficiency.