Efficient Ethanol Research Articles

In-silico design of covalent organic framework membranes for efficient water/ethanol separation

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently emerged as a promising class of nanoporous materials for membrane separation. At present, COF membranes are not efficient for separation of water from ethanol (ethanol dehydration) owing to pervasive challenge to separate small-sized molecular mixture. In this proof-of-concept study, we have computationally designed a series of novel COFs as pervaporation (PV) membranes for efficient ethanol dehydration. We utilized TpPa-1 as a model COF and its framework was rationally modified by attaching several hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups, resulting in new COF membranes namely TpPa-1-C5H8, TpPa-1-COOC2H5, TpPa-1-OC3H6OH, TpPa-1-C2Ph, TpPa-1-OC4H8OH and TpPa-1-OC2H4NHOCH3. These membranes possess different functionality and aperture size. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated that the permeation flux of water and ethanol is mostly governed by pore aperture size. The COF with the largest pore aperture holds the highest flux. In contrast, polarity of the pore functional groups governs the separation factor. COF membranes with hydrophobic pore functionalities display a lower separation factor than the membranes with hydrophilic pore functionalities. Among the designed COF membranes, TpPa-1-OC4H8OH has shown superior performance compared to the state-of-art membranes. Also, activation energies for permeation of water and ethanol through the two promising TpPa-1-OC3H6OH and TpPa-1-OC4H8OH membranes are lower than the reported PV membranes. Interestingly, water and ethanol molecules indicate backward movement before leaving the membrane surface at permeate side. The potential of mean force (PMF) shows that free energy barrier for water to enter the pore of highly selective COF membrane is ∼18.84 kJ/mol and the driving force for the water transfer from feed side to permeate side is ∼ −10.5 kJ/mol at PV condition. The current study not only reveals the underlying mechanism for solvent permeation and separation, but also suggests a highly selective COF membrane for water/ethanol separation. We envisage potential applications of the designed COFs as novel materials for sustainable solvent recovery.

Co3O4 hexagonal nanodisks: Synthesis and efficient ethanol gas sensing application

Morphology, crystallinity, surface-to-volume ratio, and catalytic properties of metal oxide-based nanostructures are crucial factors that govern their gas-sensing performance. Herein, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) hexagonal nanodisks-like morphology was synthesized using a one-step, and chemical facile route. The crystallinity, structural, composition, and morphological properties of the Co3O4 hexagonal nanodisks were evaluated by employing X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained results confirmed the successful synthesis of Co3O4 hexagonal nanodisks-like nanostructures in large quantities with an average size of ∼ 80 -100 nm. The synthesized Co3O4 hexagonal nanodisks-like nanostructures were utilized as sensing material to fabricate ethanol gas sensors. The ethanol sensing performance of the Co3O4 sensor was evaluated. The sensor exhibited excellent sensing properties towards 10 – 100 ppm ethanol. The highest ethanol sensing response (94%) was obtained at the operating temperature of 175 °C toward 100 ppm ethanol gas. The sensor showed a limit of detection of 10 ppm (response 12%). Also, the selectivity and stability tests of ethanol gas sensors were evaluated. The efficient ethanol sensing performance using Co3O4 hexagonal nanodisks nanostructure-based gas sensor can be attributed to the hexagonal nanodisks, which provided two-dimensional morphology and a large surface-to-volume ratio. These thin Co3O4 hexagonal nanodisks with promising ethanol gas sensing can be the potential candidate for advanced sensor technology.

Synthesis of Hierarchical CdS/NiS Photocatalysts Using Ni-MOF-74 as Template for Efficient Ethanol Conversion and Hydrogen Production under Visible Light.

The conversion of ethanol into high-valuable chemicals and H2 by photocatalytic process provides a sustainable approach to produce carbon-chain-prolonged chemicals and hydrogen energy. In this article, Ni-MOF-74 was added to fabricate the hierarchical CdS/NiS-N composites with an elevated specific surface area during the hydrothermal synthesis of CdS microsphere, and the Ni-MOF-74 facilitate the self-assemble growth of CdS and provide a source of Ni for the formation of NiS. The as-prepared photocatalyst was subjected to photocatalytic ethanol conversion, and the hierarchical composite material CdS/NiS-N (100) formed by adding 100 mg of Ni-MOF-74 exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity and stability in an ethanol aqueous solution with a water content of 10 %. Under visible light irradiation, the conversion rate of ethanol reached 15.2 % at the photocatalytic reaction of 5 h. The selectivity of 2,3-butanediol(2,3-BDO) was 25 %, and the selectivity of acetaldehyde(AA) was 63 %. Through various characterizations, it has been proven that a large specific surface area and the coupling interface between CdS and NiS are key factors in improving photocatalytic performance. This work provides an effective strategy for constructing photocatalysts with coupled cocatalysts/semiconductors and large specific surface areas.

Efficient Ethanol Separation from Water Using Vacuum Membrane Distillation

Efficient Ethanol Separation from Water Using Vacuum Membrane Distillation

Polysulfide modified PtCu intermetallic nanocatalyst with enrichment realizes efficient electrooxidation ethanol to CO2

Polysulfide modified PtCu intermetallic nanocatalyst with enrichment realizes efficient electrooxidation ethanol to CO2

Unravelling the spectral enigma with enhanced extraction of algal dyes: A sustainable energy tactic

Natural microalgal dyes as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have the potential to challenge the slender spectral response in DSSCs. This paper analyses the extraction efficiency of these dyes obtained via the hot and cold solvent methods in the finest solvent concentration.The dye from six indigenous microalgal species i.e., Scenedesmus sp., Asterarcys quadricellulare, Coelastrella sp., Desmodesmus pseudocommunis, Coelastrum proboscideum, and Pediludiela daitoensis utilizing solvents of acetone, ethanol, and methanol in various concentrations of 80%, 90%, and 100%, were further plotted for UV–Vis spectra and analyzed via MATLAB. Species were continuously shortlisted based on the accepted method of hot solvent extraction using more efficient solvent ethanol. The UV–Vis spectra showed peaks at wavelengths 421, 435, 467, 618, 652, and 665 nm to conclude the presence of pigments like Chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b in it alongside some shifts.The most promising results are found in the Asterarcys quadricellulare and Scenedesmus sp. species extracted in ethanol at 80% concentration. Ethanol (80%) and methanol (90%) hot solvent extracted dyes were compared for characterization analysis like FTIR, Cyclic Voltammetry, and stability testing via UV–Vis to support their potential to be efficient dyes for DSSC fabrication. It was also observed that the Scenedesmus sp. dye is comparatively less stable than Asterarcys quadricellulare dye in ethanol solvent whereas Scenedesmus sp. dye seems to be more stable in methanol.

(100) Preferentially Exposed Pt–Sn Nanosheets with Enhanced C–C Bond Scission as a High-Performance Catalyst for Ethanol Oxidation

Ethanol is a kind of green and sustainable liquid fuel with high energy density, which has a promising application prospect in liquid fuel cells. Improving the anti-poisoning ability and C–C bond cleavage ability of Pt-based catalysts is critical for achieving efficient ethanol oxidation reaction. Here, Pt–Sn nanosheets preferentially exposed with metastable (100) facets rather than thermodynamically stable (111) facets were synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method. Our experiment results demonstrated that the as-synthesized (100) faceted Pt–Sn nanosheets exhibited a good electrocatalytic performance, i.e., higher CO2 selectivity and better stability when compared with Pt–Sn nanoparticles with irregular morphology and commercial Pt/C. The electrochemical in situ infrared spectroscopy tests revealed that the Pt–Sn nanosheets alleviate the binding strength of reaction intermediates and further promote the electrooxidation of intermediates, thereby displaying a good CO2 selectivity at a lower potential and over a wide range of potentials. This work demonstrates the important roles of the facet effect and alloying effect in electrocatalytic properties of noble metal catalysts.

Synergistic Roles of Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Supported Cu0 and Cu+ Species in Dehydrogenation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde: A Computational Mechanistic Study

Copper-based catalysts have been widely used in the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde due to their high activity. However, the inhibition of sintering and the identification of active sites remain challenging. In this work, by means of periodic density functional theory calculations, the catalytic mechanism is reported at the molecular level. The strong metal–support interaction between Cu 3d orbitals and O 2p orbitals and the electron transfer determine the high stability of copper clusters supported on h-BN. The enhancement of the interfacial interaction (binding energies of −11.0 and −12.5 eV on Cu+/BN and Cu0/BN, respectively) resists the sintering of copper clusters and benefits the retention of their active states. The free energy barriers to the C–H bond cleavage are 1.20, 0.90, and 0.53 eV on Cu(111), Cu0/BN, and Cu+/BN, respectively, and the barriers to the dihydrogen formation are 0.42, 1.51, and 2.36 eV, respectively. The results show the promotion of the d-band in the supported Cu+ and Cu0 species and introduce a synergistic effect of the two species, with Cu+ participating in the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and Cu0 in the formation of H2. This work explains the origin of the resistance of h-BN-supported copper clusters against their sintering and identifies the synergistic roles of the Cu+ and Cu0 species in ethanol dehydrogenation This knowledge is expected to contribute to the rational design of heterogeneous copper-based catalysts for efficient ethanol dehydrogenation.

Palladium metallene confined on MXene with increased hydroxyl binding strength for highly efficient ethanol electrooxidation

Rational design and synthesis of high-performance electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is crucial to large-scale commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells, but it is still an incredible challenge. Herein, a unique Pd metallene/Ti3C2Tx MXene (Pdene/Ti3C2Tx)-supported electrocatalyst is constructed via an in-situ growth approach for high-efficiency EOR. The resulting Pdene/Ti3C2Tx catalyst achieves an ultrahigh mass activity of 7.47 A mgPd-1 under alkaline condition, as well as high tolerance to CO poisoning. Insitu attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy studies combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that the excellent EOR activity of Pdene/Ti3C2Tx catalyst is attributed to the unique and stable interfaces which reduce the reaction energy barrier of *CH3CO intermediate oxidation and facilitate oxidative removal of CO poisonous species by increasing the Pd-OH binding strength.

Pd-CoOx nanocomposite aerogels for highly efficient methanol and ethanol oxidation

Noble metal aerogels with unique porous structure have demonstrated tremendous potentials in electrocatalysis due to its excellent electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, high porosity, and prominent activity. However, the traditional two-step synthetic method is time-consuming and complicated, limiting its development and application. In this work, we synthesized Pd-CoOx aerogels simply and quickly by in situ electrochemical reduction strategy without additional organic ligands. Interestingly, introducing Co to form composite aerogels significantly improved the catalytic performance of Pd due to the synergy between Pd and Co. The optimized Pd3-(CoOx)1 aerogel exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities in alcohol oxidations after the in situ electrochemical activation. Specifically, the mass activities of the Pd3-(CoOx)1 aerogel for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) reached 4.94 A mgPd−1 and 8.67 A mgPd−1, respectively, which are 10.5 times and 7.4 times higher than those of the commercial Pd/C. These findings may offer a facile synthetic strategy for composite aerogel catalysts with high electrocatalytic performance.

Ternary CuZnPd Nanoalloys Achieving the Synergy of an Electronic Interaction and Bifunctional Catalysis for Efficient Ethanol Electrooxidation

Rationally constructing nanoalloys achieving the synergy of multiple interactions among different constituents could substantially enhance the electrocatalytic performance of an active metal for a given chemical reaction. In this context, we design and synthesize well-controlled ternary CuZnPd alloy nanoparticles, in which the Cu atoms modify the electronic configuration of Pd atoms through the ligand effect or the lattice strain effect, while the Zn atoms clean their neighboring Pd sites through a bifunctional mechanism, and the synergy of these two benefits endows the ternary CuZnPd alloy nanoparticles with exceptional electrocatalysis for a room-temperature ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). In specific, at an appropriate 1/1/1 molar ratio for Cu/Zn/Pd, the as-prepared ternary CuZnPd alloy nanoparticles exhibit both the highest specific activity and mass activity of 17.3 mA cm–2 and 11.8 A mg–1, respectively, which outperform those of their CuPd, ZnPd alloy counterparts and the commercial Pd/C catalyst, as well as the majority of recently reported Pd-based catalysts. Density functional theory calculations verify that the key CO* and CH3CHO* intermediates generated during the EOR have the lowest adsorption energy on the ternary CuZnPd alloy nanoparticles, which is responsible for their boosted EOR electrocatalysis.

Self-standing foam-like Pd-based alloys nanostructures for efficient electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation

In this work, self-standing binary porous PdM (M = Ni, Fe and Co) foam-like nanostructures are rationally designed by a rapid and one-step aqueous-solution method, including ice co-reduction of metal precursors using sodium borohydride. Amongst the tested PdM nanostructures, the PdNi nanostructures delivered a superior alkaline ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) activity and stability than those of PdFe, PdCo, and commercial Pd/C catalysts. The EOR mass activity of PdNi (4.81 A/mgPd) was 1.32, 1.51, and 24.05-folds of PdFe (3.62 A/mgPd), PdCo (3.19 A/mgPd) and Pd/C (0.2 A/mgPd), respectively based on equal Pd mass loading. This was attributed to the lower synergetic effect of PdNi, which enhanced activation/dissociation of H2O to afford OH- species required for fast EOR kinetics; meanwhile, porous foam-like nanostructure improved electron mobility and increased accessible active sites. This study reveals that low synergism in porous PdM nanocrystals is beneficial for augmenting the EOR activity, which may allow the design of other binary Pd-based alloys for various electrocatalytic reactions.

Solid feeding and co-culture strategies for an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse

The feasibility of second-generation (2G) processes still highly depends on improvements in the hydrolysis and fermentation steps, ensuring the whole use of biomass sugars in an integrated approach. The main bottlenecks are the differences between the optimal conditions for both steps, limitations for high solid load (HSL) hydrolysis, and hexoses and pentose co-fermentation. To overcome these problems, the present work explored a feeding strategy to improve HSL enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (PSB), at optimal and suboptimal temperatures, further integrated with a non-recombinant yeast co-culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus) for sugar co-fermentation. The entire PSB fraction was used without conditioning. Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved using a feeding strategy in a helical stirred bioreactor (64 and 75% cellulose conversion with 22.5% of solids, 72 h at 35 and 50 °C, respectively), obtaining hydrolysates with high glucose and xylose concentrations (100 g/L). Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) provided high glucose (98%) and xylose (52%) conversion in 24 deep-well plates, with ethanol yield of 0.23 getOH/gS, but faced problems of cell viability loss in the bioreactor. Sequential SCF (SqSCF) co-culture stood out as a promising strategy for the use of biomass sugars. The results of this study provide significant contribution to the intensification and feasibility of 2G production, in addition to highlighting the difficulties faced for process integration aiming at the full conversion of sugars coming from high solid load enzymatic hydrolysis.

Mixed matrix membrane for enhanced Ethanol/Water pervaporation separation by incorporation of hydrophilic Zr-MOF NU-906 in chitosan

Conquering the trade-off between selectivity and permeability is crucial for efficient ethanol dehydration. The sophisticated metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have proven their potential as membrane fillers despite of the limited research on few frameworks. Herein, in order to achieve enhanced water permselectivity, hydrophilic zirconium-based NU-906 nanoparticles were incorporated into chitosan (CS) to fabricate NU-906/CS mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for alcohol dehydration. The introduction of NU-906 brought excellent water affinity and structural stability to the hybrid membranes confirmed by the water contact angle and swelling resistance tests. Benefiting from the hydrophilicity and the ordered porosity of the incorporated NU-906, simultaneously enhanced water selectivity and permeability have been achieved on the hybrid membranes. The optimum membrane with 5.0 wt% NU-906 exhibited a high flux of 1086 g/(m2·h) and an excellent separation factor of 2651 for 90 wt% ethanol dehydration at 76℃. This research has expanded the range of MOFs available for the fabrication of MMMs and provided new options for organic solvent pervaporation dehydration.

Electronic regulation over Pd nanoparticles: One-pot synthesis of B, N Co-doping MXene-supported Pd catalyst for efficient ethanol oxidation

Multi-element doping support is considered an effective method to improve the electrocatalytic performance of catalysts, but there is a lack of simple and mild methods to prepare catalysts. In this article, dimethylamine borane is used as a heteroatom dopant and a metal-reducing agent at the same time, realizing the co-doping of B and N atoms and the deposition of metal Pd on Ti3C2 through a rapid, one-step hydrothermal method. By exploring the electrocatalytic properties of ethanol oxidation, the Pd/DMAB-Ti3C2 exhibits much higher electrochemically active surface areas, ethanol-oxidated current densities, and electrochemical stability than those of the single-doped and undoped catalysts. And the current densities after 350 redox cycles of Pd/DMAB-Ti3C2 can retain 74.6 % of the maximum capacity. Such different properties can be attributed to the synergy of B and N species in the Ti3C2 introduced by dimethylamine borane, which significantly affects the electron transfer and d band center of supported metal Pd, thus facilitating the progress of the EOR along a favorable pathway. This work provides a new insight into synthesizing the high-performance B and N co-doped supported metal catalyst through a rapid one-step synthesis.

Design of a stable ethanologenic bacterial strain without heterologous plasmids and antibiotic resistance genes for efficient ethanol production from concentrated dairy waste

Engineering sustainable bioprocesses that convert abundant waste into fuels is pivotal for efficient production of renewable energy. We previously engineered an Escherichia coli strain for optimized bioethanol production from lactose-rich wastewater like concentrated whey permeate (CWP), a dairy effluent obtained from whey valorization processes. Although attractive fermentation performances were reached, significant improvements are required to eliminate recombinant plasmids, antibiotic resistances and inducible promoters, and increase ethanol tolerance. Here, we report a new strain with chromosomally integrated ethanologenic pathway under the control of a constitutive promoter, without recombinant plasmids and resistance genes. The strain showed extreme stability in 1-month subculturing, with CWP fermentation performances similar to the ethanologenic plasmid-bearing strain. We then investigated conditions enabling efficient ethanol production and sugar consumption by changing inoculum size and CWP concentration, revealing toxicity- and nutritional-related bottlenecks. The joint increase of ethanol tolerance, via adaptive evolution, and supplementation of small ammonium sulphate amounts (0.05% w/v) enabled a fermentation boost with 6.6% v/v ethanol titer, 1.2 g/L/h rate, 82.5% yield, and cell viability increased by three orders of magnitude. Our strain has attractive features for industrial settings and represents a relevant improvement in the existing ethanol production biotechnologies.

Fine‐Tuning Texture of Highly Acidic HZSM‐5 Zeolite for Efficient Ethanol Dehydration

AbstractAchieving high and stable ethylene yield from (bio)ethanol dehydration over highly active acidic zeolite remains challenging due to undesired side‐reactions. To overcome this issue, the fine‐tuned textural property of the HZSM‐5 catalyst with a hierarchical structure is crucial to overcome diffusion restrictions and limit undesired side‐reactions. Herein, the texture of high acid catalysts obtained via hydrothermal synthesis was simply tuned in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as a meso‐ and micropore directing agent and the controlled molar ratio of NaF‐to‐Al2O3. The hierarchically designed HZSM‐5 with the small nanosheet size of 6.5 nm exhibits a high external surface area and mesopores, largely enhancing the catalytic performance of ethanol dehydration up to 95 % ethylene yield as well as preventing the formation of heavy hydrocarbons. To gain insights into the mechanistic points of view, the in situ DRIFTS study revealed that ethylene could form through ethoxy‐mediated mechanism or decomposition of diethyl ether (DEE). The catalyst deactivation caused by polyaromatics obtained from side‐reactions is the reason for low ethanol conversion and high DEE selectivity. Reducing the crystal size of highly acidic zeolite to ultra‐thin nanosheet can shorten the residence time of ethanol, intermediates, and products in porous structures, substantially suppressing the transformation of coke precursors into heavy hydrocarbons to achieve high and stable ethylene yield.

Free–templated synthesis of N–doped PtCu porous hollow nanospheres for efficient ethanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions

Hollow metal–based nanoparticles usually possess improved electrocatalytic properties, but challenge in their tedious and complicated synthetic protocols. In this paper, a one–step template–free method is newly developed, whereby the N–doped PtCuCo polycrystalline nanospheres can be spontaneously transformed to the N–doped PtCuCo porous hollow nanospheres. Specifically, the Kirkendall voids form with the rapid removal of transition metals in the starting nanoparticles by a special diffusion–oxidation–complexation effect. The N–doped Pt7Cu hollow nanospheres with ultrathin porous shells are formed after removing the surface oxides. A large electrochemical surface area of 97.9 m2 gPt–1 is established with the formation of abundant open channels in the hollow nanospheres. With the synergetic effect of the introduction of Cu, N components and the high Pt utilization, the N–doped Pt7Cu porous hollow nanospheres demonstrate greatly enhanced electrocatalytic mass activities of 2.14 A mgPt–1 and 1.42 A mgPt–1 toward ethanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions, respectively.

High-performance IN738 superalloy derived from turbine blade waste for efficient ethanol, ethylene glycol, and urea electrooxidation

In this work, IN738 superalloy used previously in gas turbines was recycled and used as a working electrode for the electrooxidation of different fuels, namely ethylene glycol, ethanol, and urea. The electrocatalytic efficiency of the electrode was studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance. Several kinetics parameters like diffusion coefficient, Tafel slope, rate constant, and activation energy were calculated. The modified electrode was characterized as received using XRD, SEM, and EDAX to elucidate the crystal structure and surface morphology before and after electrochemical oxidation. The anodic current densities of electrochemical oxidation of ethanol, ethylene glycol, and urea were 29, 17, and 12 mA.cm−2, respectively, in an alkaline solution at a potential of 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The kinetic parameters like diffusion coefficients for ethanol, ethylene glycol, and urea were found to be 1.5 times 10–6, 1.038 times 10–6, and 0.64 times 10–6 cm2 s−1, respectively. The charge transfer resistances were estimated for electrooxidation of different fuels by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).Graphical

Stabilizing agents assisted construction of monometallic self-supporting Palladium NCs with ultrafine nanostructures and rich surface area for highly efficient direct ethanol fuel cell

Design and construct nanoparticles to develop highly efficient electrocatalysts for energy-associated fuel cells remains a significant challenge. High cost, slow reaction kinetics, and poor durability of catalysts are also essential challenges toward the commercialization of DEFCs. Hence, the optimizationof highly structuredPalladium nanocatalysts (Pd-NCs) with suitable nanostructure, rich surface area, and excellent electrochemical performance is a hot area to explore. Herein, we have successfully developed monometallic Pd-NCs with different nanostructures (nonporous, nanoshere, cubes, and unspecified shapes) via altering the varieties of stabilizing agents (PVA, PVP, AA, CTAB, and SOA) for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) in alkaline medium. The morphological characterization findings indicate that the monometallic Pd-NCs have ultrafine morphologies with small particle size and large surface areas, indicating the role of stabilizing agents in regulating structures. The obtained CTAB-Pd NCs exhibited promising electrocatalytic activity (5429 mAmgPd-1) toward ethanol oxidation in alkaline medium, which is outperforms SF-Pd NCs (917 mAmgPd-1), PVA-Pd NCs (3458 mAmgPd-1), PVP-Pd NCs (3678 mAmgPd-1), AA-Pd NCs (5126 mAmgPd-1), and SOA-Pd NCs (2196 mAmgPd-1). More impressively, the as-prepared CTAB-Pd NCs demonstrated greater EOR durability and a strong ability to remove CO poisoning to accelerate the overall DEFC system. Therefore, our prepared catalysts represents outstanding EOR performance than most of resent reported catalysts, due to their distinct structures and huge ECSA. This work provides more insight into the structure-regulated nanocatalysts, which will contribute to the rational development of highly-efficient Pd-based electrocatalysts for practical application of DEFCs.