Efficient Electron Transfer Research Articles

Confinement-enhanced electrochemiluminescence by Ru(dcbpy)32+-functionalized γ-CD-MOF@COF-LZU1 porous hybrid material as micro-reactor for CYFRA 21-1 detection

The improvement of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) performance relies on the electron transfer efficiency between luminophore and coreactant. An ultrasensitive ECL micro-reactor with confinement-enhanced performance was prepared by using the covalent organic framework-LZU1-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF@COF-LZU1) as a platform to assemble enormous N,N-dibutyl-2-hydroxyethylamine (DBAE) and tris(4,4′-dicarboxylic acid-2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) [Ru(dcbpy)32+] into its pore channels. Compared to individual substances of γ-CD-MOF and COF-LZU1, the synergistic effects can conduce to the enhancement of the intensity, durability and sensitivity of the micro-reactor. Besides, COF-LZU1 can provide a mild environment to accommodate a certain amount of DBAE by concentrating them from the aqueous solution into its hydrophobic cavities and boost the oxidation efficiency of DBAE to generate more DBAE●+ and profited the survival of DBAE●, leading to an improved reaction efficiency with the Ru(dcbpy)32+ intermediate. Thanks to the confinement-enhanced strategy, engineered as high-functioning luminescent materials, Ru@γ-CD-MOF@COF-LZU1 micro-reactors decorated with Au NPs can facilitate electron transfer and capture primary antibodies (Ab1). Moreover, Au–Pd–Pt noble metal aerogels (NMAs) functionalized MoS2 NFs (Au–Pd–Pt NMAs@MoS2 NFs) were chosen as base material due to its large specific surface areas, high porosity, and excellent electrical conductivity. Based on above merits, the sensor demonstrated a sensitive response to CYFRA 21-1 detection in a linear concentration gradient from 10 fg/mL to 50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.0055 pg/mL (S/N = 3). The COF-LZU1 decorated ECL micro-reactors were constructed based on the signal amplification strategies to realize accurate CYFRA 21-1 detection.

Photothermal catalytic CO2 oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over Co-Mn bimetallic oxides supported on MCM-41 molecular sieve

Compared with conventional thermal catalysis reaction, the photothermal CO2-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (CO2-ODHP) to produce propylene and CO is an environmentally friendly and sustainable method that operates at lower temperatures. In the present work, we have developed a series of Co-Mn/MCM-41 catalysts and utilized them in the photothermal CO2-ODHP reaction. Among these catalysts, the sample with Co and Mn loadings of 3 % resulted in activities of 225.7 μmol gcat−1 h−1 of propylene and 272.0 μmol gcat−1 h−1 of CO at 250 °C. Characterization results revealed that the electron transfer and interplay between Co and Mn oxides enhance the photoelectronic response and reduce impedance, facilitating the electron transfer process. Besides, the Co and Mn bimetallic species could enhance photothermal conversion efficiency and further enhance the local temperature during the reaction. The present work introduces a novel strategy for building supported bimetallic oxides in achieving CO2-ODHP via the photothermal route and is also expected to provide an optional catalyst required satisfactions including efficient electron transfer and photothermal conversion for other photothermal reactions.

Covalent organic framework with extraordinary intrinsic catalytic activity for electrochemical sensing of iodide ions

Environmental conservation and food safety have aroused enormous concerns owing to their close relationship with human health. Iodide ion (I−) could result in serious diseases in mankind. Thus, it is challenging and essential to develop an effective approach to capture and detect I−. Herein, the TT-COF(Zn) material prepared using 2,3,6,7-tetra (4-formyl phenyl) tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(para-aminophenyl) porphyrin Zinc (II) (TPZ) as building blocks were designed directly as electrode modified material for electrochemical sensing of I−. Combining the meritsofTPZ and TTF to construct the intrinsic efficient electron-transfer pathways, as well as the advantages of porous channel and single-site catalysis of COF, TT-COF(Zn) material-modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic performance towards the redox reaction of I−, which makes it a sensitive sensing platform for the electrochemical quantification of I−. After a series of optimization experiments, the I− sensor demonstrated a wide linear range (0.02–15 mM), low detection limit (3.15 μM), as well as other good sensing features. The proposed sensor also performed well in the determination of I− in real river samples. This work not only offers a simple method to assay I− effectively but also paves a way for the strategical design and synthesis of COFs for electrochemical sensing applications.

Large-area, flexible bimetallic phosphorus-based electrodes for prolong-stable industrial grade overall seawater splitting

The economical and efficient preparation of highly stable electrodes for hydrogen from water splitting is one of the current challenges. Herein, a flexible and durable bifunctional nickel–cobalt-phosphide electrode is constructed in situ on hydrophilicity filter paper (NiCoP@HP) via a one-step mild electroless plating method for industrial-scale water splitting. The bimetallic synergy of Ni-Co facilitates efficient electron transfer, while the electronegativity of phosphide contributes to high intrinsic activity, and the flexible paper substrate allow the electrode to be folded and bent. The NiCoP@HP electrodes exhibit outstanding performance for the hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER), with low overpotentials only 43 mV and 164 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in simulated seawater (1.0 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl). Importantly, the NiCoP@HP electrode demonstrates long-term stability, operating for over 1440 h at a current density of 500 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl and 1.0 M KOH + Seawater, respectively. This universally applicable method allows the preparation of a range of highly efficient catalytic electrodes (Fe, Mo, W, etc.). This work provides a simple, scalable, and versatile approach for the in situ construction of noble metal-free, highly efficient, and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts, opening new possibilities for industrial-scale water splitting.

Natural air diffusion electrode modified with metal-organic frameworks derived Fe doped porous carbon for sulfamethazine degradation by heterogeneous electro-Fenton

A novel and efficient heterogeneous electro-Fenton process has been developed, utilizing a modified natural air diffusion electrode (NADE) as a bifunctional cathode. This cathode is based on Fe-doped porous carbon (Fe-PC(800)), which is derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). This cathode has the unique ability to simultaneously generate and activate H2O2 in-situ without the need for aeration. Fe-PC(800) synthesized at a pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C exhibited the optimal catalytic efficiency for sulfamethazine (SMT) degradation over a wide pH between 3 and 11, attributed to the production of Fe0 and Fe3C which improved electron transfer efficiency. The presence of Fe0 facilitated the regeneration of Fe2+ and thus increased the activity of the bifunctional cathode in the Hetero-EF process. The co-action mechanism of •OH and 1O2 was confirmed by the radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) investigations. NADE modified with Fe-PC(800) demonstrated broad applicability towards diverse contaminants and exceptional stability in ten consecutive cycling experiments. This study shed light on the viability of a straightforward and economically viable cathode utilizing NADE without the need of aeration in a Hetero-EF system, offering novel perspectives on bifunctional electrode design and the activation mechanism involving in-situ production and catalysis of H2O2.

Double-stranded DNA-nucleic acid dye complex-sensitized biocatalytic photosynthesis: Base pairing-switched regeneration of nicotinamide cofactor

Photo-biocatalysis, the combination of photosensitization and biocatalysis, is an emerging solution for sunlight-based renewable energy. It is thus important to develop light antennas with both good light harvesting and efficient electron transfer. Herein, the intriguing electrical conductivity of dsDNA and its host effect (for nucleic acid dyes to harvest light) were explored simultaneously to develop a dsDNA-based light antenna for photo-biocatalysis. With SYBR Green I (SG) as the example of the nucleic acid dye, the proposed SG-dsDNA system was found to be capable for visible-light-driven reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) regeneration, and the turnover frequency of which (1.35 min−1) exceeded most of the existing photocatalytic systems. Since SG can only be hosted by dsDNA, meanwhile dsDNA can be formed through hybridization between single strand DNA and its complementary strand, the proposed system adds an extra control of the photocatalytic activity (DNA base pairing-based switch). When integrating the SG-dsDNA system with NADH-dependent horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH), successful synthesis of 2-phenylpropanol (a crucial intermediates of profens manufacturing) was achieved.

PDA-Fe3O4 decorated carbon felt anode enhancing electrochemical performance of microbial fuel cells: Effect of electrode materials on electroactive biofilm

Anode modification is an effective strategy for enhancing the electrochemical performance of microbial fuel cell (MFC). However, the impacts of the modified materials on anode biofilm development during MFC operation have been less studied. We prepared a novel PDA-Fe3O4-CF composite anode by coating original carbon felt anode (CF) with polydopamine (PDA) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The composite anode material was characterized by excellent hydrophilicity and electrical conductivity, and the anodic biofilm exhibited fast start-up, higher biomass, and more uniform biofilm layer after MFC operation. The MFC reactor assembled with the composite anode achieved a maximum power density of 608 mW m−2 and an output voltage of 586 mV, which were 316.4% and 72.4% higher than the MFC with the original CF anode, respectively. Microbial community analysis indicated that the modified anode biofilm had a higher relative abundance of exoelectrogen species in comparison to the unmodified anode. The PICRUSt data revealed that the anodic materials may affect the bioelectrochemical performance of the biofilm by influencing the expression levels of key enzyme genes involved in biofilm extracellular polymer (EPS) secretion and extracellular electron transfer (EET). The growth of the anodic biofilm would exert positive or negative influences on the efficiency of electricity production and electron transfer of the MFCs at different operating stages. This work expands the knowledge of the role that anodic materials play in the development and electrochemical performance of anodic biofilm in MFCs.

Straw-sheaf-like AgVO3 nanowires for remarkable Zn2+ storage properties

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices because of their impressive energy densities and inexpensive cost. However, there are still challenges to be addressed regarding the performance and cycling stability of ZIBs. In this work, a straw-sheaf-like AgVO3 structure assembled from multiple strongly bonded nanowires was successfully synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal route. We investigate the structural advantages offered by the AgVO3 compound for ZIBs. The AgVO3, which is distinguished by one-dimensional nanowires and a straw-sheaf-like architecture, possesses remarkable properties that facilitate efficient zinc ion deintercalation and electron transfer processes. These include the shortened diffusion length caused by the presence of nanowires, which allows for faster ion migration. The tightly bundled nanowires also provide robust structural support, accommodating the significant volume changes caused by repeated electrochemical reactions. Notably, a single crystal structure enables excellent conductivity and electrochemical kinetics. Remarkably, the straw-sheaf-like AgVO3 electrode exhibited excellent reversible capacity (292.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and long cycling stability. The remarkable electrochemical properties illuminate the potential of AgVO3 as a viable material for ZIBs, paving the way for improved performance and durability in this promising energy storage technology.

Artificial and Biosynthetic Nanoparticles Boost Bioelectrochemical Reactions via Efficient Bidirectional Electron Transfer of Shewanella loihica.

Bioelectrochemical reactions using whole-cell biocatalysts are promising carbon-neutral approaches because of their easy operation, low cost, and sustainability. Bidirectional (outward or inward) electron transfer via exoelectrogens plays the main role in driving bioelectrochemical reactions. However, the low electron transfer efficiency seriously inhibits bioelectrochemical reaction kinetics. Here, a three dimensional and artificial nanoparticles-constituent inverse opal-indium tin oxide (IO-ITO) electrode is fabricated and employed to connect with exoelectrogens (Shewanella loihica PV-4). The above electrode collected 128-fold higher cell density and exhibited a maximum current output approaching 1.5mAcm-2 within 24h at anode mode. By changing the IO-ITO electrode to cathode mode, the exoelectrogens exhibited the attractive ability of extracellular electron uptake to reduce fumarate and 16 times higher reverse current than the commercial carbon electrode. Notably, Fe-containing oxide nanoparticles are biologically synthesized at both sides of the outer cell membrane and probably contributed to direct electron transfer with the transmembrane c-type cytochromes. Owing to the efficient electron exchange via artificial and biosynthetic nanoparticles, bioelectrochemical CO2 reduction is also realized at the cathode. This work not only explored the possibility of augmenting bidirectional electron transfer but also provided a new strategy to boost bioelectrochemical reactions by introducing biohybrid nanoparticles.

Promoting denitrification via high electron conversion ratio in the iron valence Cycle: Prospects for Pseudomonas sp. JM-7 application in environmental engineering

The interdependence between iron and nitrogen in the environment is of utmost importance, and this study has explored the intricate relationship between denitrification and iron valence cycling using Pseudomonas sp. strain JM-7 (P. JM-7) as a model bacteria. Our research demonstrated that P. JM-7 had the ability to effectuate electron transfer from the periplasmic space to electron acceptors, such as nitrate, via Cytochrome c-proteins (c-Cyts). We found that iron valence state transformations with Fe(II)/Fe(III) promoted P. JM-7′s denitrification of nitrate coupled to yeast extract powder (YEP) oxidation. Denitrification rates depended on temperature (>21 °C) and pH (6–9). During logarithmic growth, 5 g/L YEP enabled 350 mg/L nitrate removal, increasing to 1650 mg/L in stable growth. Addition of 4 mM Fe(II)/Fe(III) increased denitrification to 500 mg/L during logarithmic growth. The dynamic test results displayed that compared to the SiO2 filler control group, iron-containing fillers could facilitate P. JM-7 to reduce 100 mg/L nitrate with 50 mg/L YEP electrons, corresponding to 6 times the maximum electron transfer efficiency in the static test. Overall, iron redox cycling significantly enhanced P. JM-7 denitrification, imparting insights into iron–nitrogen interactions. In summary, our research imparts valuable insights into the nexus between iron and nitrogen in the environment, highlighting the potential application of P. JM-7 in environmental engineering. Our findings indicate that P. JM-7 exhibits a significant denitrification capability, and further research is recommended to investigate its ability to remove phosphorus and promote sustainable environmental remediation practices.

A bioinspired hollow fiber-based evaporator with hybrid photothermal enhancement for efficient solar steam generation

Harvesting sustainable solar energy for interface steam generation is an appealing technological approach to address current water shortages. However, practical implementation has been hindered by suboptimal steam generation rates and significant heat losses. This study proposed a pioneering approach by designing and validating a cost-effective and scalable carbonized kapok fiber-based aerogel (Ni-NCNTs/KF), drawing inspiration from the structural characteristics of penguin feathers. The vertically-aligned Ni-NCNTs array on the surface of the hollow KF achieves exceptional sunlight absorption exceeding 96 %, attributed to a hybrid enhancement mechanism and effective light trapping. Furthermore, the distinctive core–shell architecture of Ni-NCNTs facilitates surface plasmon resonance and fosters efficient electron transfer at the interfaces, resulting in heightened light-to-heat conversion efficiency. The strategic configuration comprising a hydrophobic KF and a hydrophilic Ni-NCNTs effectively regulates water evaporation by spontaneously restricting water transport. Notably, the inherent macroporous nature of kapok fibers (KF) significantly mitigates thermal conductivity, thereby minimizing heat conduction losses. Consequently, Ni-NCNTs/KF exhibits a remarkable water evaporation rate of 3.22 kg m−2h−1 in seawater and an efficiency of 90.5 % under 1 sun. This innovative research not only furnishes a robust design paradigm for the advancement of efficacious photothermal materials but also presents a promising solution for desalination.

FeNi3 nanosheets with multiple defects induced by H+-ion irradiation show enhanced electrocatalytic action during the oxygen evolution reaction

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is vital in electrocatalytic water-splitting. However, efficient non-precious metal electrocatalysts are required to improve the reaction efficiency. Therefore, this study aims to increase the OER activity of FeNi3 nanosheets using high-energy H+-ion irradiation to create multiple defects. The optimized sample (FeNi3-16) achieves a lower overpotential of 260 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 than its pristine counterpart (FeNi3, 320 mV). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the multiple defects in Fe and Ni can synergistically reduce the d-band centres of the Fe and Ni sites, which improves the electron transfer efficiency during the OER. This ion-irradiation technique may be applied to other electrocatalysts for various energy device.

Fulvic acid more facilitated the soil electron transfer than humic acid

Humus substances (HSs) participate in extracellular electron transfer (EET), which is unclear in heterogeneous soil. Here, a microbial electrochemical system (MES) was constructed to determine the effect of HSs, including humic acid, humin and fulvic acid, on soil electron transfer. The results showed that fulvic acid led to the optimal electron transfer efficiency in soil, as evidenced by the highest accumulated charges and removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons after 140 days, with increases of 161% and 30%, respectively, compared with those of the control. However, the performance of MES with the addition of humic acid and humin was comparable to that of the control. Fulvic acid amendment enhanced the carboxyl content and oxidative state of dissolved organic matter, endowing a better electron transfer capacity. Additionally, the presence of fulvic acid induced an increase in the abundance of electroactive bacteria and organic degraders, extracellular polymeric substances and functional enzymes such as cytochrome c and NADH synthesis, and the expression of m tr C gene, which is responsible for EET enhancement in soil. Overall, this study reveals the mechanism by which HSs stimulate soil electron transfer at the physicochemical and biological levels and provides basic support for the application of bioelectrochemical technology in soil.

CoS2 nanoparticles embedded in N-doped hollow carbon nanotubes as anode materials for high performance lithium-ion battery

CoS2 nanoparticles are effectively incorporated into N-doped hollow carbon nanotubes (CoS2@HC) through a combination of a straightforward oil bath method and a high-temperature sulfurization process. The CoS2@HC composite demonstrates exceptional electrochemical performance as an anode material in Li-ion batteries. The outstanding performance of this system can be attributed to the ingeniously designed hollow carbon nanotubes. These nanotubes not only possess high electrical conductivity, thus facilitating efficient electron transfer, but also provide ample space to accommodate volume changes. Furthermore, the ultrafine CoS2 nanoparticles embedded within the hollow carbon nanotubes offer a large surface area for effective electrolyte wetting and rapid ion diffusion during the cycling process. As a result, the CoS2@HC composite delivers a high capacity of 356.2 mAh·g−1 at 2000 mA·g−1 even after 1500 cycles, demonstrating remarkable cyclic stability.

Biofilm-NOM-ferrihydrite synergy facilitate the dissimilatory iron bioreduction

Dissimilatory microbial iron reduction, a key biogeochemical process, influences the cycling of iron, hazardous metals such as arsenic, cadmium and chromium, and natural organic matter (NOM) across diverse environments like soils and aquatic systems. Despite its ecological significance, the interaction between ferrihydrite, NOM, and biofilms, particularly the synergy within these conditions, remains unclear. This study explored the bioreduction of ferrihydrite by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms, analyzing how varying concentrations of NOM and electron donor affects this process. We developed a kinetic model to quantify iron transformation, revealing that NOM performs dual functions: as a carbon source and an electron shuttle. In carbon-rich environments, NOM acts as an electron shuttle, while insufficient carbon sources, biofilms metabolize NOM for electron transfer to ferrihydrite. The biofilm's extensive surface area facilitates the coprecipitation of NOM and ferrihydrite, enhancing electron transfer efficiency. The study noted a significant conversion of ferrihydrite into goethite and lepidocrocite, particularly at high C/Fe ratios. Additionally, integrating a coupled reactive-diffusion model, we aimed to predict iron transformation and distribution in biofilm systems. This approach emphasizes the importance of the biofilm-NOM-ferrihydrite synergy in iron biogeochemical cycles and the need for incorporating biofilm dynamics in realistic biogeochemical process models. The findings provide a new insight into the biofilm function in mediating the ferrihydrite bioreduction process in different carbon resources in real scenarios.

Novel electrochemical platform based on C3N4-graphene composite for the detection of neuron-specific enolase as a biomarker for lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 10–15% of cases and has an overall 5-years survival rate of only 15%. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has been identified as a useful biomarker for early SCLC diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. This work reports an electrochemical immunosensing platform based on a graphene-graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanocomposite for ultrasensitive NSE detection. The g-C3N4 nanosheets and graphene nanosheets were synthesized via liquid exfoliation and integrated through self-assembly to form the nanocomposite. This nanocomposite was used to modify screen-printed carbon electrodes followed by covalent immobilization of anti-NSE antibodies. The unique properties of the graphene-g-C3N4 composite facilitated efficient antibody loading while also enhancing electron transfer efficiency and electrochemical response. Systematic optimization of experimental parameters was performed. The immunosensor exhibited a wide linear detection range of 10 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL and low limit of detection of 3 pg/mL for NSE along with excellent selectivity against interferences. Real serum matrix analysis validated the applicability of the developed platform for sensitive and accurate NSE quantifica-tion at clinically relevant levels. This novel graphene-g-C3N4 nanocomposite based electro-chemical immunoassay demonstrates great promise for early diagnosis of SCLC.

Nanoconfined zero-valent iron effectively enhances the catalytic degradation of phenolic pollutants by Fe-Mn bimetallic peroxidase-like compound

Peroxidase mimics can activate H2O2 to degrade organic pollutants in water. A novel bimetallic active center of MOF-based peroxidase-like (POD-like) (Fe@PCN-222(Mn)) was synthesized, with Fe0 uniformly doped within the channels of PCN-222(Mn). This nano-constrained strategy greatly improves the catalytic stability and anti-interference performance of Fe@PCN-222(Mn). Enzymatic reaction kinetics studies showed that Fe0 doping significantly increased the reaction rate. Compared to externally exposed Fe/PCN-222(Mn), pure PCN-222 and PCN-222(Mn), Fe@PCN-222(Mn) exhibited a more stable and efficient performance in the 4-NP-catalyzed degradation process, assisted by both bimetallic synergism and nanoconfinement. Within 60 min, the removal of 4-NP was as high as 100%, while the removal of TOC was 56.74%. The large amount of 1O2 produced in the Fe@PCN-222(Mn)/H2O2 system is the main reason for the rapid degradation of 4-NP. This is because the distance between the pollutant molecules and the ROS is greatly shortened under the nanoconfined conditions, and the electron transfer efficiency between Fe/Mn is also effectively improved. Furthermore, the electronegativity difference between Fe/Mn drives the reaction. This work expands the application of POD-like and offers a new approach to designing and developing Fenton-like catalysts.

A review of antibody, aptamer, and nanomaterials synergistic systems for an amplified electrochemical signal.

The synergy between biomolecules with inorganic nanomaterials and nanoparticles has been investigated over the past years, primarily to improve biomarker reception, generate signals, and amplify the signals generated. In this paper, several articles on aptamer-based and antibody-based electrochemical biosensors that target antigens were examined. Among the key characteristics identified were the electrochemical platform development, which includes the usage of nanomaterials as electroactive or electrocatalytic labels, crosslinking of the biological agent with inorganic compounds, and electrode coating to provide an electronic source and support efficient electron transfer. A single approach using labeled or unlabeled biological receptors has become advantageous due to its simple architecture and more straightforward application method. However, the dual system approach allows the incorporation of more nanomaterials to boost the signal and add more features to the electrochemical system. The dual system approach uses a capture and reporter probe in a competitive or sandwich detection format. The reporter probe is often labeled by an electroactive or electrocatalytic compound or immobilized in a nanocarrier, resulting in an increase in measured peak current in proportion to the target's concentration. The reported limit of detection and linear range for each platform is presented to assess its efficiency. Generally, the dual system aptasensor showed higher sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility than the immunosensor in comparable settings. The aptasensor showed promising results for the development of point-of-care type applications.

Constructing Protein-Scaffolded Multienzyme Assembly Enhances the Coupling Efficiency of the P450 System for Efficient Daidzein Biosynthesis from (2S)-Naringenin.

Daidzein is a major isoflavone compound with an immense pharmaceutical value. This study applied a novel P450 CYP82D26 which can biosynthesize daidzein from (2S)-naringenin. However, the recombinant P450 systems often suffer from low coupling efficiency, leading to an electron transfer efficiency decrease and harmful reactive oxygen species release, thereby compromising their stability and catalytic efficiency. To address these challenges, the SH3-GBD-PDZ (SGP) protein scaffold was applied to assemble a multienzyme system comprising CYP82D26, P450 reductase, and NADP+-dependent aldehyde reductase in desired stoichiometric ratios. Results showed that the coupling efficiency of the P450 system was significantly increased, primarily attributed to the channeling effect of NADPH resulting from the proximity of tethered enzymes and the electrostatic interactions between NADPH and SGP. Assembling this SGP-scaffolded assembly system in Escherichia coli yielded a titer of 240.5 mg/L daidzein with an 86% (2S)-naringenin conversion rate, which showed a 9-fold increase over the free enzymes of the P450 system. These results underscore the potential application of the SGP-scaffolded multienzyme system in enhancing the coupling and catalytic efficiency of the P450 system.

Interfacially Modulated S‐Scheme Van der Waals Heterojunctional Photocatalyst for Selective CO2 Photoreduction Coupled with Organic Pollutant Degradation

This study introduces a novel strategy employing a phosphate‐mediated S‐scheme 2D/2D Van der Waals heterojunction, xCu[acs]/yP‐BCN, linking copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) with boron‐doped and nitrogen‐deficient graphitic carbon nitride (BCN). By leveraging phosphate as a charge transfer mediator, spatial constraints are mitigated, facilitating efficient electron transition from BCN to CuPc upon excitation. The captured photoelectrons by CuPc central Cu2+ ion promote CO2 conversion into valuable products, boosting photocatalytic efficiency by 78‐fold compared to standalone BCN. In situ µs transient absorption spectroscopy quantitatively demonstrates a remarkable 36.4% electron transfer efficiency for CO2 reduction with xCu[acs]/yP‐BCN, surpassing other catalyst configurations. Additionally, a 4% CuPc integration into BCN substantially increases photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) to 96%, attributed to the heterojunction's ability to prevent charge carrier recombination. Moreover, under direct sunlight, the optimized heterostructure achieves a bisphenol‐A (BPA) photodegradation efficiency of approximately 70.6%, highlighting the potential of interface‐tailored photocatalysts in efficiently reducing CO2 and degrading environmental pollutants.