Efficient D2D Research Articles

Network Slicing Based Joint Optimization of Beamforming and Resource Selection Scheme for Energy Efficient D2D Networks

Network Slicing Based Joint Optimization of Beamforming and Resource Selection Scheme for Energy Efficient D2D Networks

Crystals kyber cryptographic algorithm for efficient IoT D2d communication

Crystals kyber cryptographic algorithm for efficient IoT D2d communication

A game theoretic approach for spectral and energy efficient D2D communication in 5G-IoT networks

In the context of fifth generation (5G) technology, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication plays a pivotal role, requiring swift and intelligent decision-making in mode selection and device discovery. This study addresses the challenge of rapid mode selection and device discovery within 5G communication networks, focusing specifically on enhancing spectral and energy efficiency for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. A novel self-centered game theory-based algorithm is introduced to optimize spectral efficiency and support intelligent mode selection. Additionally, the utilization of the support vector machine (SVM) expedites mode selection decisions. For D2D discovery, the Frank-Wolfe method is adopted, significantly improving the differentiation between D2D and Cellular users based on signal strength and interference, thereby enhancing spectral efficiency. The proposed approach maximizes spectral efficiency while adhering to strict power and interference constraints, intelligently partitioning bandwidth into two subparts using game theoretic principles to amplify spectral efficiency. Furthermore, the emphasis on energy efficiency is underscored through iterative calculations to achieve maximum energy-efficient spectral allocation. Numerical analyses validate the efficacy of the proposed technique, revealing substantial improvements in accurately predicted labels. As the number of devices increases, precision and recall rates experience noteworthy enhancements, ultimately leading to superior bandwidth utilization. This research presents a significant contribution to the field of 5G communication, particularly concerning energy efficiency, which is paramount for IoT applications. By accelerating D2D connectivity and optimizing energy and spectrum resources, it advances the goals of energy-efficient D2D communication within 5G-IoT networks.

Social-Aware Peer Selection for Energy Efficient D2D Communications in UAV-Assisted Networks: A Q-Learning Approach

Social-Aware Peer Selection for Energy Efficient D2D Communications in UAV-Assisted Networks: A Q-Learning Approach

Coordinated Machine Learning for Energy Efficient D2D Communication

Coordinated Machine Learning for Energy Efficient D2D Communication

A Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Social-Aware Cooperative Caching Scheme in D2D Communication Networks

Device-to-Device (D2D) caching is becoming prevalent in relieving network congestion. However, there remain challenges in exploring efficient D2D caching strategies due to the diverse user requirements. In this paper, we propose a social-aware D2D caching scheme that integrates the concept of social incentive and recommendation with D2D caching decision-making. Firstly, we investigate federated learning (FL)-based prediction method to achieve the social-aware in a privacy-preserving manner. Then, the predicted social relationship provides prior knowledge for deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to make optimal D2D caching decisions. The optimization problem of this paper is to maximize the data offloading probability, which can be formulated as a Markov decision process. To solve it, we propose a double deep Q-learning network (DDQN)-based D2D caching algorithm. At last, simulation results validate the prediction and convergence performance of the proposed scheme. Besides, the scheme also shows superior caching performance in reducing the average delay and improving overall offloading probability.

Joint uplink–downlink resource allocation for energy efficient D2D underlaying cellular networks with many-to-one matching

Energy efficiency (EE) is an important parameter for the next generation cellular communications which is not limited to voice and text messages only. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is being viewed as a promising technology to support heterogeneous applications involved in future cellular networks. Due to its short range communication, less amount of power is sufficient to make a successful transmission. By exploiting this feature of D2D, this paper proposes an energy-efficient resource allocation scheme for joint uplink/downlink (UL/DL) D2D considering many-to-one matching criterion for channel reuse among users. In this paper, total EE of D2D pairs (DPs) is taken as a performance metric to be optimized subject to quality of service (QoS) satisfaction for cellular users (CUs) within the power budgets of all the users. An iterative scheme is designed for joint channel and power optimization problem. Simulation results show the convergence of joint iterative algorithm and verify significant performance improvement over other schemes.

Device Discovery in D2D Communication: Scenarios and Challenges

Device to Device (D2D) communication is expected to be an essential part of 5G cellular networks. D2D communication enables close-proximity devices to establish a direct communication session. D2D communication offers many advantages, such as reduced latency, high data rates, range extension, and cellular offloading. The first step to establishing a D2D session is device discovery; an efficient device discovery will lead to efficient D2D communication. D2D device further needs to manage its mode of communication, perform resource allocation, manage its interference and most importantly control its power to improve the battery life of the device. This work has developed six distinct scenarios in which D2D communication can be initiated, considering their merits, demerits, limitations, and optimization parameters. D2D communication procedures for the considered scenarios have been formulated, based upon the signal flow, containing device discovery, resource allocation, and session teardown. Finally, latency for each scenario has been evaluated, based on propagation and processing delays.

Distance Based Power Control for D2D Communication in LTE-Advanced Networks

Device to device communication systems places a very important role in handling both voice and data services efficiently in LTE-A networks. Power control techniques that we adopt for efficient D2D communication becomes a challenging issue. D2D and cellular signals under the same network may result in In-band Emission Interference (IEI). This degrades discovery range which result in loss of energy efficiency, throughput and hence increases the power requirement in both uplink and downlink transmissions. In this paper, a power control algorithm is introduced which greatly helps in saving power in LTE-Advanced networks for D2D communication. Power calculation mechanisms for D2D users and cellular users are shown separately. Based on mode selection, transmit and receive power requirements are evaluated to obtain the preset Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. The simulation results presented in the proposed method demonstrates the effectiveness of power consumption in LTE-Advanced networks for device to device communication.

Towards efficient device-to-device multicast content delivery with social awareness

Frequent content retrieval leads to significant energy consumption in cellular networks. Thereby, device-to-device (D2D) communication is used for proximal content delivery. Be aware that social friends may have common content interests, D2D content delivery is further improved by considering social network. However, how to implement efficient D2D multicast with the aid of social relationship needs further consideration. In this paper, with a proposed architecture on combined networks, the cooperation range of content sharing is investigated for D2D multicast to minimize the average energy consumption of serving a content request. Based on combined networks, a cooperation group formation scheme is proposed. Simulation results verify our analyzes and the advantage of proposed scheme.

Two-Level-Composite-Hashing Facilitating Highly Efficient Anonymous IoT and D2D Authentication

Resource limitation is quite popular in many Internet of Things (IoT) devices and eavesdropping on the identities of IoT devices could reveal the sensitive information; therefore, high efficiency (computation and communication) and anonymity protection are two desirable properties in IoT authentication and in device-to-device (D2D) authentication. Conventionally, dynamic pseudonyms are widely adopted to protect the device identity privacy in IoT authentication and in D2D communications; however, the conventional mechanisms of pseudonym-renewing and pseudonym-bound-public-keys updating could be very costly or be vulnerable to the desynchronization-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel 2-level composite hashing (2LCH) mechanism to mitigate the problems, and propose the 2LCH-based anonymous IoT and D2D authentication schemes. The schemes simultaneously achieve high efficiency and strong anonymity for such environments; once two devices successfully complete one instance of the server-assist anonymous authentication, they can run several instances of the direct D2D anonymous authentication without the involvement of the server. The merits of the schemes include: (1) high efficiency in terms of computation and communication; (2) easy and efficient generation/synchronization of dynamic pseudonyms; (3) robustness to both desynchronization-based DoS attacks and the unreliable connections; (4) easy application to the existent IoT architectures and standards; and (5) formal security verification.

Lagrange's multiplier based resource management for energy efficient D2D communication in 5G networks

Device to device communication is the predominantly renowned trait for the 5G network and IoT applications. In the work, proposed novel joint low power/energy efficient resource allocation with mode selection for the D2D communication underlay in-band with transmit power, interference, data rate constraints are investigated with formulation of a novel problem which integrates the three major modules (resource management, mode selection, and power management) of D2D communication into one. To achieve the low power/energy efficient resource allocation with mode selection, we formulate novel optimization problem with objective of maximizing the energy efficiency using the subtractive form method to solve fractional objective function and form an iterative algorithm. The formulated fractional optimization problem is transformed into min–max problem and solved by the Lagrange dual function with low transmit power, interference, data rate constraints as a lagrange multipliers via an iterative process to achieve the optimal low power. Numerical analysis exemplifies and validates the optimal low power and the energy efficient characteristics of the novel proposed algorithm with all constraints to ensure the quality of the communication for the D2D communication, 5G, and IoT applications with the industrial need of low power/energy efficient devices to promote the conservation of energy and green communication.

Quality of service optimisation of device‐to‐device communications underlaying cellular networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communications play a significant role in increasing the capacity of cellular networks. D2D enables direct interaction between mobile users without traversing the base station (BS) and at the same time causes interference between D2D and cellular links which can affect the system performance. To ensure efficient and reliable D2D operations within a cellular network, the related quality of service (QoS) requirement needs to be met in the design of such a system involving both D2D and cellular users in a same network. In this study, we have investigated three different transmission schemes (cellular, D2D and cooperative D2D modes) by deriving the closed-form expressions of key QoS performance such as system reliability, achievable data rate, and energy efficiency for these three transmission schemes. Based on this establishment, we have also examined the effects of using different numbers of parallel relay branches and different number of relays within each branch on the network performance to reveal how effectively the cooperative D2D can enhance QoS in comparison with other transmission methods. The proposed approach can be optimised through adaptively selecting appropriate transmission schemes and, as a result, good trade-offs between system reliability and efficiency can also be achieved under various environmental conditions.

Selective blockchain system for secure and efficient D2D communication

With the advent of a hyper-connected society, expectations for blockchain technology and its potential have increased. Blockchain technology is emerging as a method to solve security vulnerabilities in the IoT and mobile devices that are already used in various industrial fields. However, the security problem is still one of the most critical issues. The conventional blockchain has a problem in which the performance decreases as the number of participants increases because all of the users participate in the verification. As a result, it is not suitable for traditional IoT and mobile environments in which resources are limited.This work presents an approach of applying a blockchain system in a D2D (Device-to-Device) environment and proposes solutions for the problems of conventional mobile device communication and blockchain consensus algorithms. After a blockchain system in a wireless network environment is separated into an off-blockchain and an on-blockchain, the divided blockchains are processed in three steps. In the first stage of 0ff-blockchain, our proposal confirms the safety of IoT devices that transfer confidential data. In the next stage, the devices reduce the risk of eavesdropping from a third party by calculating the security capacity using the resources of the mobile devices which register for membership on a private blockchain. In the last stage, the devices join the blockchain consensus process. The reliability of the consensus and the performance of the system are improved through calculation of the real participation probability of the participants by the communication elements and by determining whether each node is a selfish participant. As a result, our work proposes a consensus algorithm suitable for D2D communication and a SBC(Selective Blockchain) system considering environmental characteristics.

D2D communication for spectral efficiency improvement and interference reduction: A survey

Device-to-device (D2D) communication system plays an extremely important role in fulfilling the demands of fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) technologies. 4G technology cannot meet high data demands. The D2D communication system is believed to provide major improvements in resource usage, energy efficiency, and overall throughput, which are the main demands for the 5G network. Some of the main issues in the D2D communication system involve spectrum efficiency and interference. Although many studies have been conducted on spectrum efficiency improvement and interference reduction, the issues still remain. A study should be conducted to obtain a better understanding of the D2D communication system and to develop a D2D scheme with efficient spectrum utilization and interference reduction. Many survey papers have been published on these issues, but the fundamental concepts behind the D2D communication system require investigation. In this study, we investigated and analyzed the fundamental concepts behind the D2D communication system to develop an efficient D2D resource allocation scheme with reduced interference.

Joint resource block and power allocation through distributed learning for energy efficient underlay D2D communication with rate guarantee

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed energy efficient joint resource block (RB) and discrete transmit power allocation scheme for an underlay device-to-device (D2D) network. In addition to minimizing the total transmit power of the D2D tier, the proposed scheme also ensures the rate constraints for all the cellular user equipments (CUEs) and D2D pairs. D2D pairs learn the RB and transmit power to be used by playing a game in Satisfaction Form (SF). The Efficient Satisfaction Equilibrium (ESE) of the game is shown to be the RB and discrete transmit power allocation with the lowest aggregate transmit power, in the case when the rate requirements of all the D2D pairs can be satisfied with non-zero transmit powers; else, the game is shown to converge to the K-Person Satisfaction Point (K-PSP), where the largest subset of D2D pairs are satisfied. The base station (BS) then decides to reject or accommodate the D2D pairs to ensure the rate constraints of the CUEs. The proposed scheme is established to be equivalent to the deferred acceptance (DA) algorithm applied to a many-to-one matching game. We exploit this equivalence to investigate the stability and optimality of the solution. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with existing schemes in the literature.

Exploiting Social Relationships for Trustworthy D2D Relay in 5G Cellular Networks

The rapid growth of IoT is expected to offer a better quality of life and open up new business applications. However, the huge number of IoT devices are likely to create an immense burden on current wireless networks. Interestingly, next-generation 5G wireless networks envision the usage of mmWave frequencies for a manifold increase in data rates and user capacity. Nevertheless, the inherent LoS in mmWave communications raises significant new challenges in providing seamless coverage across the dense 5G networks. Emerging D2D communications are expected to offer a viable solution for this LoS challenge by providing relay services and extending the coverage. An NLoS device can use direct D2D communications for transmitting the data by using other LoS devices. The selection of relay requires maintaining a certain level of trust and privacy of the content. In this article, we explain that similar to human SN, personal trust among devices can be efficiently used to develop trustworthiness in D2D relay communications. By introducing a new distributed architecture for social relationships in D2D communications, we discuss and analyze new methods for a dynamic social relationship and trust management mechanism. Efficient and trustworthy social D2D relay networks significantly improve the capacity of mmWave 5G wireless networks. Simulation experiments corroborate our improvement in IoT device capacity and throughput. We also present coexistence of the proposed scheme with the existing state-of-the-art relay selection schemes.

Energy Efficiency Optimization and Dynamic Mode Selection Algorithms for D2D Communication Under HetNet in Downlink Reuse

Device-to-Device communication (D2D) is a promising technique for improving fifth-generation cellular network (5G) spectrum and energy efficiency. However, limited user power and co-channel interference make designing an energy efficient D2D communication a difficult task. In this paper, a novel framework is proposed to optimize the energy efficiency of D2D communication coexisting with a heterogeneous network (HetNet) in downlink transmission. This optimization problem is mathematically formulated in terms of mode selection, power control, and resources allocation (i.e., NP-hard problem). The optimization fraction problem is simplified based on network load and is solved using different optimization methods. An innovative dynamic mode selection based on Fuzzy clustering is introduced. Proposed scheme performance is evaluated and compared to the standard algorithm. Simulation demonstrated the advantage of the proposed framework in terms of gain performance in both energy efficiency and number of successfully connected D2D users. Moreover, D2D communication improves energy efficiency of the heterogeneous network of Downlink transmission.

Efficient Device-to-Device Service Invocation Using Arrowhead Orchestration

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables interaction from real-world physical objects using sensors to the virtual world of computers and the Internet. The use of service-oriented architecture (SOA) is one step in the creation of basic and complex interactions between several sensors and actuators. However, the use of SOA-enabled technologies alone does not meet all requirements of how sensor and actuator systems could be integrated to create distributed monitoring and control applications. The centralized, traditional method of communication in wireless sensor networks via a gateway presents drawbacks that have to be addressed; device-to-cloud communication adds higher latency and higher power consumption and is less robust than the device-to-device (D2D) communication approach. Moreover, all these characteristics reduce the scalability of the network, thus limiting the use of IoT in the industry. In this article, the proposed method utilizes the arrowhead framework orchestration system to generate service composition within a (wireless) network formed by IoT devices. The aim is to achieve efficient D2D service invocation to reduce the drawbacks of today’s widely used device-to-cloud approach. The method in this article performs efficient service composition for industrial IoT, including mapping SOA service composition in very small resource-constrained devices using the arrowhead orchestration. The results presented in this article at the service level can increase performance and robustness in fog computing on resource-constrained devices.

Incentive Mechanism and Content Provider Selection for Device-to-Device-Based Content Sharing

Content sharing based on device-to-device (D2D) communications has been regarded as a promising technology to offload traffic from the overburdened cellular networks. Efficient D2D content sharing requires an incentive mechanism to encourage mobile devices to participate, and the optimal content-provider selection scheme is also necessary if multiple candidate providers exist. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive scoring mechanism (CSM), which calculates a score for each candidate content provider based on their historical content supply record, current transmission rate, and expected reward. The CSM establishes the relationship between the historical content supply record and the expected reward, and makes it possible to select the content provider with an achievable transmission rate appropriate for the requested content. Based on the CSM and the Hungarian algorithm, we propose a Content-sharing Incentive and Provider Selection (CIPS) algorithm to optimize the selection of content providers for multiple concurrent content requesters. Through extensive simulations, we show that the proposed CIPS algorithm can effectively motivate mobile devices to participate in content sharing and can select the most appropriate content provider(s) from multiple candidates.