Utilization Efficiency Of Water Resources Research Articles

The Effects of Water Resource Restrictions on Sustainable Development in Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study of Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia

Water resource is a constraining factor in the sustainable development of semi-arid areas (SAAs). In order to study the constraining effects of scarce water resources on the sustainable development of SAAs more accurately, this paper selects the typical representative of SAAs, Tongliao City, as the case study area, and water resource System Dynamics (SD) model was established for the City that described the constraints and the resultant restrictions on sustainable development. The operation of the SD model showed that under the traditional development path, Tongliao City maintained rapid economic growth even though restriction of its water resources had a significant constraining effect. The simulation showed that in 2018, the first water shortage occurred in Tongliao City and the situation of water shortage was getting worse. By 2030 the water shortage will reach 28.9%. Industrial production and urban living will utilize all of the available ecological water and, in consequence, the natural environment will seriously deteriorate. Analysis of the simulation results has shown that, under the existing development path, the structure of water consumption in Tongliao City is irrational. Continuation of the established development model will result in a drastic shortage of water resources, and will curtail significantly the sustainable development of the city. The results of the present study have demonstrated conclusively that shortage of water resources has become the key factor that will restrict the sustainable development of SAAs. Thus, in the future, development methods should be changed to improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in order to achieve sustainable development in SAAs.

The Effect of a Sand Interlayer on Soil Evaporation during the Seasonal Freeze–Thaw Period in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River

Reducing soil evaporation in arid and semi-arid areas of the Yellow River Basin greatly benefits the efficient utilization of water resources in winter and spring, particularly during the seasonal freeze–thaw period. We conducted a field experiment in winter to understand the influences of different sand interlayers (depths of 5, 10, and 15 cm and particle sizes of 0.5–1.5 mm and 2.0–2.5 mm) on soil evaporation during the seasonal freeze–thaw period. The results show that the sand interlayer reduced soil evaporation during the seasonal freeze–thaw period. Decreasing the depth of the sand layer was more effective at reducing the evaporation than increasing the grain size. Soil evaporation reduced as the sand interlayer approached the surface. With constant particle size, total soil evaporation decreased by 40%, 20%, and 18% for sand interlayer depths of 5, 10, and 15 cm, respectively, compared to the homogeneous soil column. With a constant sand interlayer depth, the inhibition of soil evaporation for a particle size of 0.5–1.5 mm was clear. That is significant for improving the efficient utilization of water resources and sustainable development of agriculture in the Yellow River Basin.

Optimal allocation model of the water resources in Harbin under representative concentration pathway scenarios

AbstractWater conservation is a strategic choice for sustainable societal development. Rational planning and allocation of water resources is an effective way to improve the efficiency of water resource utilization. Taking Harbin as an example, this paper constructs a linear fractional programming model based on chance-constrained programming. The model can reflect the randomness of water inflow under different climatic conditions while taking into account the interests of different decision makers at the upper and lower levels and the two contradictory objectives of maximizing economic benefits and minimizing water demands to improve water distribution efficiency and reduce the complexity of water resource distribution systems. The results showed that under the three climatic scenarios of RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, the agricultural water supply accounted for 90.04%, 87.66%, and 84.15% of the total regional water supply, respectively. In the process of building the model, considering the importance of sewage treatment in water safety evaluations, the cost of sewage treatment is included in the upper-level benefits of the model. The sustainable development of water resources should be guaranteed while rationally allocating water resources and pursuing economic benefits.

Evaluation and influencing factors of China’s industrial water resource utilization efficiency from the perspective of spatial effect

China is now faced with severe water shortage and water pollution. To solve the problems, it is imperative to improve the industrial water resource utilization efficiency (IWRUE). Firstly, the authors established an evaluation index system of the IWRUE, including an undesirable output. Next, the directional distance function (DDF) model was adopted to measure the IWRUEs of 30 provincial administrative regions (provinces) in China in 2005–2016. After that, the Global Moran’s I was employed to test the presence of spatial effect of regional IWRUEs. Based on provincial panel data, the factors affecting the IWRUE were explored by the spatial econometric model. The results show that: In 2005–2016, only four provinces (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangdong) achieved the optimal IWRUE, while the other provinces need to further improve their IWRUEs. Most high-IWRUE provinces belong to the eastern coastal region. By contrast, inland provinces in central and western China did not output desirable IWRUEs, and should vigorously implement industrial water conservation. The IWRUEs of eastern, central, and western China changed differently in 2005–2016. The IWRUE of eastern China was much better than that of central China and western China. Global Moran’s I values indicate a significant spatial correlation between provincial IWRUEs. Adjacent provinces tend to have highly similar IWRUEs. Finally, the IWRUE is greatly promoted by natural resource endowment, economic development level, degree of industrialization, and technical progress, but significantly suppressed by industrial water utilization intensity, and environmental regulation.

Fuzzy risk analysis of dam overtopping from snowmelt floods in the nonstationarity case of the Manas River catchment, China

With the significant climate change that has occurred in the Manas River catchment, the temporal and spatial patterns of the natural changes in the regional water cycle have changed dramatically in the past 30 years, and the frequency of extreme hydrological events has increased, which has changed the overall stability of the hydrological system of the catchment. According to the annual maximum peak flow data for the period 1956–2014 in the Manas River catchment, we used variable fuzzy set theory and the Mann–Kendall test to conduct trend and change point tests, respectively, and decomposition synthesis theory was used to handle consistency correction. Combined with the flood routing results for the Kensiwate reservoir using Monte Carlo simulation, a reservoir overtopping risk model based on right-angle trapezoidal fuzzy numbers was established, and the fuzzy risk index intervals and the corresponding fuzzy risk rate intervals for the Kensiwate reservoir were considered for past and present conditions. The results show that the local tendency and jumping of the maximum flood peak series showed significant changes; the annual runoff had an obvious growth trend in the period 1985–2006 and a gradually varying qualitative change from 1975 to 2000. In particular, the characteristic parameter reached an extreme qualitative change level of − 0.0016 in 1993. Then, we used decomposition synthesis theory to process the sequence with jumping points and obtained the past and present hydrological time series. Under the present conditions, the average flood peak sequence is 58.10% higher than in the past, and the flood design value decreases with increasing design frequency; however, when the present sequence increases, the change rates of both flood design values increase. The reservoir overtopping risk increased under the current conditions of snowmelt floods, which was affected by a significant increase in catchment temperature. Moreover, the use of right-angle trapezoidal fuzzy numbers to describe the reservoir overtopping risk was more in line with the objective reality than a traditional triangular fuzzy number. The results of this study can be used for the efficient utilization of water resources in the Manas River catchment and provide a new reference for the scientific management of reservoirs.

Snow cover area analysis and its relation with climate variability in Chandra basin, Western Himalaya, during 2001-2017 using MODIS and ERA5 data.

Glaciers and snow cover area (SCA) plays an important role in river runoff in Himalayan region. There is a need to monitor SCA on spatio-temporal basis for better and efficient utilization of water resources. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides less cloudy data due to high temporal resolution as compared to other optical sensors for high elevation regions, and its 8-day snow cover product is globally used for snow cover estimation. The main objective of the present paper is to estimate annual and seasonal SCA in Chandra basin, Western Himalaya, and analysis of its variation with elevation, aspect, and slope during 2001 to 2017 using MODIS Terra (MOD10A2) and Aqua (MYD10A2) snow cover product as well as to correlate the same with temperature and precipitation using fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Atmospheric Reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5) data. The total average SCA observed is 84.94% of basin area during the study period. The maximum annual average SCA was found as 91.23% in 2009 with minimum being 76.37% in 2016. Strong correlation is observed in annual and seasonal SCA with temperature which indicate that SCA variability is highly sensitive to temperature.

Reservoir Inflow Synchronization Analysis for Four Reservoirs on a Mainstream and its Tributaries in Flood Season Based on a Multivariate Copula Model

To meet flood control demand, many reservoirs have been built successively in China for many years. Reservoir inflow synchronization analysis for multiple reservoirs in the flood season can provide a reference for the formulation of the joint water supply operation plan and improve the utilization efficiency of water resources. In this paper, a two-dimensional copula model is used to analyze the reservoir inflow synchronization between a single reservoir on a tributary and the reservoir on the mainstream of the river in the flood season. Based on the obtained results, a R-vine copula model is established by selecting a suitable structure to analyze the multidimensional joint reservoir inflow synchronization for multiple reservoirs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin in the flood season. For four selected reservoirs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River basin in China as a case study, the frequencies of synchronous wetness and synchronous dryness for the four reservoirs are 15.106% and 15.209%, respectively. The research results can serve as a reference for actual scheduling.

An Improved Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process for the Allocation of Water Rights to Industries in Northeast China

To facilitate water management and efficient utilization of water resources, the allocation of water rights to individual industries must be underpinned by a rational and defensible process. This study aimed to develop an improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method of allocating water rights to different industries and focused on Qing’an County, northeast China as a case study. An evaluation index system for allocation of initial water rights was established, and incorporated physiographic, societal, economic, and ecological criteria. The system classifies four categories of second-level indices, 14 third-level indices, and 30 fourth-level indices. The order of priority of the evaluation index was determined and the total weight of initial water rights for different industries was calculated using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method. Results showed that the indices for the allocation of initial water rights ranked in descending order of their total weights coefficient were: (1) agricultural water rights: 0.9508; (2) residential water rights: 0.0240; (3) water rights for non-agricultural production: 0.0173; (4) environmental water rights: 0.0078. Agricultural water consumption accounted for the largest proportion of total water because the study area is a major grain production area. The study provides a theoretical basis for the allocation of water rights and water rights trading in northeast China.

Study of the Utilization Efficiency and Its Influencing Factors of Water Resources in Yangtze River Economic Belt

The Yangtze River Economic Belt has gradually become one of the regions with the strongest comprehensive strength and the greatest strategic competitiveness in China. Promoting the utilization efficiency of water resources in various provinces and cities in this region and minimizing the restraint effect of insufficient utilization of water resources on the economy can provide strong support for the development of the region from the perspective of water resources. The SBM model was used to measure the water use efficiency of 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Zone from 2007 to 2017 and Tobit model was used to identify the key influencing factors. The results show that the water use efficiency of the provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Zone varies greatly, and the total factor productivity index of water resources shows an overall growth trend, which is mainly determined by the scale efficiency. The per capita GDP and the proportion of the first industry have a significant positive effect on the water use efficiency, while the government’s investment in water resources and per capita water resources endowment have a significant negative correlation. Based on this, some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward, such as strengthening inter-regional technical cooperation, optimizing water use structure, and reasonably investing in water conservancy facilities projects.

Spatio-temporal characteristics of adaptability between crop water requirements for summer maize and rainfall in Henan Province, China.

It is very important to master the rainfall utilization efficiency and spatial-temporal distribution characteristics in order to improve the agricultural water resource utilization efficiency. In this study, an adaptability index (AI) was constructed to reflect the relationship between rainfall and crop water demand. Spatial analysis and clustering analysis were used to study the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution rules of the adaptability between water demand and rainfall in the growing period of summer maize in Henan Province of China. The results showed that there were significant spatial differences in the adaptability of different regions, and such differences change with time, indicating that AI has certain uncertainties in the region and growth season. In general, the AI of the whole growth period of summer maize is mainly determined by the AI of tasseling period-milky period, while the multi-year change rate of AI is mainly determined by the emergence period-jointing period, tasseling period-milky period, and milky period-maturity period The adaptability of summer maize to rainfall in the study area can be divided into three categories, among which the one with increased adaptability occupies the main part, and the one with sharply decreased adaptability were also distributed in the study area. The above studies indicate that it is important to pay attention to the adaptability of rainfall to agricultural water management. The complexity division of crop water demand by rainfall adaptability index can guide the establishment of reasonable and accurate irrigation system.

Quantification of water resource utilization efficiency as the main driver of plant diversity in the water-limited ecosystems

Identifying the drivers of species richness is a crucial for biodiversity conservation and community ecology. In this paper, the maximum utilization efficiency of water resources available to community is determined as the assembly law in an ecologically stable community with limited water resources. A plant community diversity model that incorporates water potential impedance is established, and the optimization model of community biodiversity structure was obtained based on water niche is also derived. It is shown that this optimization model can theoretically derive a species-area function similar to the traditional island biogeography curve, and it can also verify the predicted values of the species-area relationship experimentally and validated by long-term observations of plant diversity survey data. According to the model analyses, the total number of individuals (N) and the number of species (S) are determined by the combination of the water resources factors (the total quantity of available water resources in the growth season), the individual biological factors (the water consumption per unit mass of species in unit time), the complementary factors of inter- and intra-species water niche (the difference in water potential depending on the water use efficiency of the community), and plant community function factors (the total productivity of plant community). And as the area of plant communities increases, the heterogeneity of the water environment has increased. By adaptation and coevolution, more species are able to go through environmental and biological filtration, becoming community species that can utilize more available water resources at different spatial scales. Changes in water resources resulted in the community maximizing the utilization efficiency of water resources by adjusting the number and abundance of species. The main driving force for the increasing number of species is the full utilization of available water resources.

Multiple-risk assessment of water supply, hydropower and environment nexus in the water resources system

Hydropower has been one of the effective and reliable renewable sources utilized for electricity generation globally, which forms over 70% of all the renewable energy measures since 2016. However, this effective energy source can be greatly affected by the uneven spatiotemporal distributions of water resources in the catchment, leading to the potential risks of insufficient water supply, hydropower and ecological water uses. In this study, the multi-dimensional models by coupling water supply, hydropower generation and environment effects were developed to improve the efficiency and sustainability of water resources utilization. To this end, the joint distributions and conditional expectation models were established to analyze the nexus of water supply, hydropower and environment variables, thereby to evaluate multiple risks in the water resources system. For the validation and demonstration of the proposed method, the upper Yangtze River Basin was selected for a case study through multivariate analysis under different conditions. The application results of bivariate analysis indicated that the probability of water supply exceeding a threshold value decreases gradually with the increase of hydropower generation, which means that the risk of insufficient water supply increases with the increasing of the hydropower generation. Specifically, when the frequency of hydropower generation exceeds 90%, both the expected values of water supply sufficiency and water use sustainability will decrease sharply, causing potential risks of water supply insufficiency and environment damage at upstream of the dam. Furthermore, the application results of trivariate analysis evidenced that different combinations of hydropower generation and ecological water use may be achievable for optimally compromising the water resources supply and utilization. The results and findings of this study may provide useful implications for effective multiple function-based development of water resources, with aims to reduce the water supply risks as well as to improve the water utilization efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater in irrigation districts in China*

AbstractIn China, irrigation plays a significant role in guaranteeing national food security. However, with the development of society and the economy, water resources have become increasingly short and the conflict between water supply and requirement is worsening in irrigation districts. How to optimize and allocate the limited water resources has become a research focus. Combining groundwater and surface water for agricultural irrigation is an effective approach to solve the problems. It is helpful to regulate and utilize the limited water resources more reasonably by conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater. It is also significant in protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development of irrigation districts. In this paper, the definition, principles and advantages of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater are introduced. Then related research is discussed from the perspectives of the research objectives, computing model and methodology. Study of the model on conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in irrigation districts is of great practical significance for the optimal allocation of water, the improvement of water resources utilization efficiency and the economic benefit of irrigated areas. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PRE-PAID SMART WATER OVER CLOUD COMPUTING AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Water is one of the most vulnerable non-renewable energy which needs immediate from all the sectors of society like an academy, research and from the industry. The deep literature study concludes that 70% of the earth is covered with water bodies that infect the human body made of 75% of water. Water is an integral part of everyone's daily life. Hence these water resources have to be invested wary consciously so that the upcoming generation could survive. The report produced by the World Health Organization (WHO) on India says that the inadequate water management system is a root cause for water scare city though India is well occupied with water bodies. Hence, in this paper, we motivate to propose an efficient water management system (WMS) based on wireless sensor networks and cloud computing. Here, we propose a Prepaid Water Distribution Scheme (PWDS) for the efficient utilization of water resources within the domestic environment. Implementation and validation show promising paradigm towards efficient water utilization. KEYWORDS: World Health Organization (WHO), Water Management System (WMS), Prepaid Water Distribution scheme (PWDS)

How High-Quality Urbanization Affects Utilization Efficiency of Agricultural Water Resources in the Yellow River Basin under Double Control Action?

To promote the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, the total amount and intensity of agricultural water must be controlled. Further speaking, an urbanization development system should be established that is compatible with water resources and the water environment. We adopted the stochastic frontier analysis model to measure the agricultural water utilization efficiency of the Yellow River Basin from 2007 to 2017. We also adopted the dynamic panel difference generalized method of moments (GMM) and system GMM models to verify the driving factors, in which population urbanization, economic urbanization, and equilibrium urbanization levels were selected as the key variables. The results show that the overall efficiency of agricultural water utilization maintained a steady upward trend during the research period. The spatial differentiation was generally characterized by higher efficiency levels in the eastern region and lower levels in the western region. The variation coefficient of water utilization efficiency showed a downward trend in general, which indicates a space spillover effect. Agricultural water utilization efficiency continued to converge from 2007 to 2017, and the upper reaches area converged relatively more quickly. Regarding the influencing factors, the population urbanization, economic urbanization, balanced urbanization, crop planting ratio, and rice planting ratio had negative effects on agricultural water utilization efficiency. Urbanization did not positively affect agricultural water use efficiency as the related theories, so urbanization quality and urban–rural integration should be paid more attention. However, technology innovation was significantly positive in agricultural water utilization efficiency. The influencing factors of per capita water availability and annual precipitation did not pass the significance test. Therefore, the government should vigorously promote the development of high-quality new-type urbanization, scientifically formulate the scale and speed of urbanization, strengthen the urban, rural, and industrial integration, and promote the adjustment of planting structures and agricultural deep processing.

Water rights trading: a new approach to dealing with trans-boundary water conflicts in river basins

AbstractClimate change and increasing demand of water aggravate the frequency and intensity of trans-boundary water conflicts, which are evolving into one of the most sensitive economic and social issues in trans-boundary areas. This paper analyzes the inefficiency of traditional regional negotiation models to deal with trans-boundary water conflicts, and argues that Coase's theory of property rights is more suitable for dealing with trans-boundary water conflicts. Based on the Bayesian evolutionary game model with incomplete information of property rights, we put forward the following two ways to promote the smooth progress of water rights trading and, furthermore, resolve water resources conflicts: first, to reduce the transaction costs of the upstream and downstream regions; second, to increase utilization efficiency of water resources in the upper reaches. Finally, taking the water conflict of Dayankeng Hydropower Station as a case simulation, we give answers to the three questions: (1) under what conditions, both sides of the conflicts will choose water rights trading; (2) what is the impact of transaction costs on water rights trading, which provided a new way to solve trans-boundary water conflicts; (3) what is the improvement of welfare effects of water conflict participants because of water rights trading.

Analysis of chemical characteristics of lignite upgrading wastewater and its agricultural utilization.

The lignite upgrading wastewater (LUW) produced in the drying and upgrading process of lignite cannot be discharged directly. Conventional wastewater treatment methods are usually costly and unable to achieve efficient utilization of water resources which are rich in activity components. In this study, the water quality analysis showed that LUW belonged to seriously polluted waters with low pH and very high total nitrogen content. Fifty-five compounds, mainly phenols and organic acids, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The study confirmed that the LUW, after being diluted to an appropriate concentration, could significantly promote the growth of wheat seedlings. The phenols and organic acids were the activity material basis of LUW, which promoted seed germination possibly through playing a role similar to plant hormones and simultaneously enhancing the utilization of nutrient elements. LUW had the natural advantages of directly developing high-end liquid fertilizers in terms of its physical form, chemical composition, biological activity, safety and economy. This study confirmed the feasibility of applying LUW to agricultural field as liquid fertilizer only through simple dilution without other treatments. Applying LUW as liquid fertilizer can not only supply a fertilizer product with low production cost and outstanding efficacy, but also provide an efficient and green way for the treatment of upgrading wastewater, which utilize the LUW as natural resources instead of purifying and discharging.

Efficient irrigation water allocation and its impact on agricultural sustainability and water scarcity under uncertainty

Agriculture is a key economic sector in developing countries that are facing challenges of low efficiency of water resources utilization and of shrinking water supply. This study develops an optimization model for the allocation of agricultural irrigation water to improve irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), considering uncertainties of fluctuating water supply. Then, it assesses the impact of efficient water allocation on the sustainability and water scarcity under different levels of water supply. This study can help answer questions as to how to optimal allocate limited water supplies to different crops and different subareas under uncertainty to improve IWUE, how water shortage affects economic, social, and environmental aspects, and what the relationship between system sustainability and water shortage is. To demonstrate its feasibility, the proposed models are applied to an irrigation district in northeastern China. These models can also be applied to other regions that suffer from water scarcity. Results of application are found to be satisfactory for explaining the impact of agricultural irrigation water allocation on net economic benefit, water resources allocation equity, total greenhouse gas emissions, and water scarcity footprint under different water supply conditions. This study provides insights into tradeoffs amongst resources, economy, society, and environment in irrigated agricultural systems under uncertainty.

Effect of irrigation methods on root growth, root-shoot ratio and yield components of cotton by regulating the growth redundancy of root and shoot

Mulched drip irrigation is a common water-saving irrigation technology that can improve water resource utilization efficiency in arid areas. The change of irrigation method affects the growth of crop root system and then regulates the growth of aboveground organs. However, there have been limited comparative studies on how mulched drip irrigation affects the cotton root growth and regulates the relationship between cotton root and shoot. The objective of this study was to determine whether mulched drip irrigation could achieve water-saving and high-yield cotton cultivation by regulating the growth redundancy of root and shoot. Under field conditions, mulched drip irrigation (conventional drip irrigation and excessive drip irrigation) and traditional flood irrigation (conventional flood irrigation and reduced flood irrigation) were used in this experiment. Traditional flood irrigation was used as the control group. The results showed that compared with the traditional flood irrigation, the higher soil water content under mulched drip irrigation increased the specific root length (SRL), which promoted the growth of fine root length and biomass at the full flowering stage and prophase full boll stage. The growth of fine roots increased the root-shoot ratio (R/S) of mulched drip irrigation, and then inhibited the excessive vegetative growth of the aboveground parts. When entering the late full boll stage and boll opening stage, the fine root biomass and fine root mass fraction decreased rapidly under the mulched drip irrigation, resulting in a lower R/S. The smaller R/S of mulched drip irrigation facilitated the distribution of photosynthetic products to reproductive organs, which increased the boll number per plant by 7.30 %–25.10 %, thus increasing the boll loading of fine root system and seed cotton yield. However, compared with conventional drip irrigation, over irrigation led to excessive vegetative growth of cotton under excessive drip irrigation, which resulted in the decrease of boll opening rate and seed cotton yield by 8.71 %–17.19 % and 14.14 %–24.27 %, respectively. Moreover, the smaller R/S at the late growth stage enabled conventional drip irrigation to achieve the maximum water use efficiency (WUE). Therefore, mulched drip irrigation promoted the root growth of cotton and inhibited the vigorous vegetative growth of shoot before the prophase full boll stage, and then reduced the growth redundancy of root and increased the productive capacity of the fine root system after the prophase full boll stage, which increased boll number per plant and yield. However, only under the appropriate irrigation amount (390 mm), mulched drip irrigation can increase both yield and WUE, thus achieving the goal of water-saving and high-yield cultivation.

Rain gauge improvement and the comprehensive effect of hydrological calculation on water resources protection

Water is the basis of human survival. With the rapid development of the society and economy in China in the new era, people have been concerned about the efficiency of water resources utilization. Hydrological calculation dose good to water conservation and predict future circumstance of using water such as droughts or floods in agriculture, industry, and daily life. The water resources protection mentioned in this paper involves rainfall and water consumption, water quality, satisfaction with water supply time of residential water, water waste and pollution and so on. Water quantity forecasting, water quality pollution and treatment include various factors and multiple aspects. The existing natural rainfall method of hydrological stations is to use artificial or computer to read the rainfall scale on the rainwater bottle, and measure the rainfall depth within the specified time period. This method serves as the basis for subsequent hydrological calculations and provides a guarantee for further prediction of water quantity calculation.