Efficiency Of Scientific Research Research Articles

Challenges of adhering to scientific research ethics in the artificial intelligence applications- a study on a sample of algerian researchers

This study aims to explore the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the accuracy and efficiency of scientific research, while focusing on the ethical challenges associated with it. It also seeks to assess the level of awareness of AI ethics among Algerian researchers and the adequacy of current policies in dealing with these challenges, such as issues of plagiarism, privacy violation, and biased results. This will provide a deeper understanding of the reality of scientific research in Algeria in light of rapid technological developments. An electronic questionnaire was used, targeting a group of Algerian researchers, reaching a sample size of 623 individuals. Through this questionnaire, we aimed to collect data that would enable us to provide recommendations to enhance the responsible and ethical use of AI tools while maintaining the integrity and reliability of scientific research. The study found that the respondents demonstrated varying levels of awareness of the ethical implications of using AI in their research, with a lack of adequate training and resources to help researchers deal with the ethical complexities of AI-based research. The study also confirms that current ethical policies and regulations in Algeria are insufficient to effectively address the challenges posed by AI. This calls for the establishment of a comprehensive legal framework in the near future and the updating of ethical guidelines to regulate the use of AI in academic research.

Open bibliographic databases: in search of an alternative to Scopus and the Web of Science

In the context of the recent developments in Russia, such as the termination of activities of several major scientific publishers and the blocking of access to two prominent bibliographic databases, Scopus and Web of Science, Russian scientists face a challenge in continuing their research and contributing to the scientific and educational community. This article aims to explore the potential of open bibliographic databases as a viable alternative to these two databases in addressing the main objectives of scientific and educational policies. The research methodology employed in this study involves a content analysis of relevant sources that examine science as a specialized field of human activity. Additionally, various aspects of utilizing bibliographic databases in decision-making processes related to scientific and educational policies and during actual research are considered. A comparative analysis is conducted on selected open databases to assess their suitability for different stages of scientific knowledge production. The study resulted in the characterization of several open access bibliographic databases: Russian Index of Scientific Citation (RISC), AMiner, The Lens, Dimensions, and OpenAlex. The criteria used for the analysis were: volume of content, period covered, availability of filters, data visualization tools, data upload capabilities, and additional features. Based on these criteria, it was proposed to form a subject area research program using these open bibliographic databases. It was concluded that these databases can fully replace Scopus and Web of Science in terms of solving the problem of defining the boundaries of world science and conducting scientific research. However, at the moment, there is no alternative to Scopus and Web of Science for evaluating scientific results. The study emphasizes the importance of using open bibliographic databases in scientific research and the need to develop them further. The results of the study can be useful for researchers, scientists, and policymakers who are interested in improving the quality and efficiency of scientific research in Russia

Software tools for organizing cloud computing in psychophysiological research based on eyetracking data

The architecture and web version of the software complex have been developed, which significantly expands the diagnostic capabilities of model-oriented information technologies for the assessment of the neurophysiological state. The complex provides cross-platform cloud computing, increases the productivity and efficiency of scientific research, using methods of non-parametric identification of the oculomotor system based on eyetracking data, which is achieved thanks to a new concept of cloud computing organization. Cloud computing technology has been further developed thanks to the proposed concept that combines the principles of PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service). The key feature of this software complex is its undemanding hardware on the client side thanks to the use of cloud computing, and its modular structure, which allows it to be easily scaled. Compared to other similar services, the complex has several advantages: it provides effective work in research and educational areas, supports several programming languages for improving algorithms, and also allows the use of ready-made identification methods through specially developed GUI interfaces. In addition, it offers social capabilities and a high level of abstraction that optimizes the research process.

ОПЫТ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПИЛОТНОГО ПРОЕКТА «ГРОДНЕНСКАЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКАЯ КЛИНИКА» В АСПЕКТЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ НАУЧНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The development and prompt implementation of advanced medical methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention, based on the latest achievements of science and technology is a healthcare focus area for any state. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the experience of the pilot project “Grodno University Clinic” implementation regarding the efficiency of scientific activities. 12 indices of the University clinic innovative development were included in the model for final results activities of the clinic’s departments. Significant growth in innovation has been achieved, 25 employees of the clinic participate in the educational process of the medical university, 15 theses are being carried out by the clinic staff and teaching staff, and 6 patents have been jointly received. 11 initiative research projects are planned and carried out at the clinic. In addition, funded projects are being implemented, the implementation of which made it possible to attract 209,850 BYN in 2022. Scientific and practical conference “Innovative achievements in the work of Grodno University Clinic” is held annually as a part of the “Perspective plan for the development of the health care institution “Grodno University Clinic” implementation regarding the increase of the efficiency of scientific activities and personnel of the highest scientific qualifications. The clinic conducts clinical trials of medicines and medical products; income for 2022 amounted to 523.88K BYN. The experience of this project implementation makes it possible to draw the following conclusions. The presented interim results of pilot project “Grodno University Clinic” implementation regarding the efficiency of scientific activities allow us to assess positively this initiative transformation of the model for organizing the functioning of a multidisciplinary medical healthcare institution. The marked tendencies in the dynamics of the main indices reflect the efficiency of scientific research in the applied healthcare areas of high priority. The positive influence on innovation impacted by this favorable environment under a new integration project of science and practice for national healthcare is shown. Further research on the role and place of university clinics in the Republic of Belarus under their contribution and influence on the training of highly qualified scientific staff for healthcare, the development and implementation of import-substituting and export-oriented innovative methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention in practical medicine are considered to be relevant.

Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Research:Prospects and Risks———Synthesis of the session “Artificial Intelligence and Paradigm Change in Science and Technology Innovation” in Tianjin Forum 2023

In the sub-forum “Transformation of Artificial Intelligence and Paradigm in Science and Technology Innovation” of Tianjin Forum 2023, scholars from both China and abroad discussed the impact of artificial intelligence. With the deepening development of the new technological revolution and industrial transformation, new-generation artificial intelligence technology is continuously making breakthroughs in research and application. AI not only promotes the transformation of material productivity, but also gradually emerges as a critical engine for enhancing the knowledge productivity. Since the emergence of the concept of "AI for Science", it has become an obvious proposition generally accepted by the academic community for its tremendous enabling capabilities for knowledge production. Artificial intelligence technology continues to achieve breakthroughs and gain widespread infiltration into the scientific research field, introducing new elements and momentum into scientific research and significantly catalyzing the enhancement of scientific research efficiency and paradigm shifts. AI-driven scientific research has become a new frontier in the global application of artificial intelligence. However, as artificial intelligence triggers paradigm shifts in social science research, the issues of data security, ethics, and value alignment that it brings about need to draw attention from the social science community. Scholars participating in the forum generally concurred that, in regulating the enabling role of AI in scientific research, it is imperative to take into account the specificities of various disciplines and stages, and comprehensively reasonable rational risk allocation mechanisms, platform. support mechanisms, and collaborative participation frameworks to achieve prudent, agile, and full lifecycle regulation of AI for Science.

Science 4.0 as a Model of Scientific Activity in an Innovative Environment of Industry 4.0

Technological innovations in the generation, storage, transmission, and processing of data have transformed traditional scientific activities and contributed to the accelerated development of the concept of “data-driven science.” The article analyzes the image of Science 4.0 in a new format since organizing and managing scientific activities with the widespread use of the Industry 4.0 technological platform has become relevant here. A four-level classification of stages in the development of science and the use of e-Science as a technological platform for Science 4.0 is proposed. The essence of Science 4.0 is revealed in the analysis of works devoted to scientific research with broad involvement of the internet of things, cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data analytics, and other intelligent solutions. Implementation of the proposed concept contributes to an increase in the efficiency of scientific research and supports solutions for the operational management of science.

Research on the Construction of Statistical Data Management Platform under Big Data

Purpose: Under the construction of Statistical data management platform, the problems such as low accuracy of data, difficult effective integration of data, low efficiency, etc., are solved, and the clinical research workflow is improved. Methods: Based on the integration platform and big data related technologies, multi-source heterogeneous data are integrated and cleaned to form a scientific research data center. What's more, the scientific research retrieval system is used for high-speed retrieval, analysis and utilization of the data in the scientific research data center. Results: The built scientific research retrieval system has the functions of integrating statistical methods, flexibly configuring statistical indicators, customizing queries, etc., which reduces the pressure of scientific researchers in data collection, statistics and analysis, and improves the statistical analysis quality of scientific research data. Conclusion: It has improved the quality and efficiency of scientific research, accelerated the transformation of scientific research achievements, and indirectly promoted the improvement of medical quality.

The Development and Adaptation of a Predictive Model of Full-Factor Optimisation of the Basic Probiotic Fermented Dairy Product Technological Process

Introduction: In the conditions of rapidly developing markets and the increasing needs of the population for new types of products with long shelf life, there is a need to expand their range, further improve their quality and biological value, and modernize traditional technologies. The main means of achieving these goals is to increase the efficiency and quality of scientific research and accelerate the introduction of scientific achievements in industry. The latter will make adjustments to accelerate the development of effective technologies of whole-milk products. The use of new methods of experiment planning in order to optimize technological processes will reduce the duration of research on the creation of new types of products.Purpose: The article is devoted to the research related to the development and adaptation of a predictive (mathematical) model for optimization of the technological process of probiotic fermented dairy product production. This approach will allow to ensure the design of a certain set of formulations for probiotic fermented dairy product, in which the relative biological value (RBV) will correspond to the maximum value at satisfactory given process parameters.Materials and Methods: The objects of research were: probiotic fermented dairy product manufactured in accordance with the developed mathematical model of the process. The search of specialized literature was carried out using electronic databases: E-library, Scopus, MDPI, Science Direct. Mathematical processing of experimental data for the development of the probiotic fermented dairy product model was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Ink.) with the "Solution Search" add-in, as well as specialized software packages TableCurve 2D v.5.01 (SYSTAT Software, Ink.) and Wolfram Mathematica 10.2 (Wolfram Research, Ink.).Results: A mathematical model for optimization of the technological process of probiotic fermented dairy product production was developed. A full-factor experiment (FFE) was conducted, in which the mass fraction of sucrose ( , %) and fat-protein index (r) - the ratio of the mass fraction of fat to the mass fraction of protein in the normalized mixture in the intervals from 0 to 10 and from 0 to 1.5%, respectively, were taken as independent factors. RBV was taken as the resultant factor. Based on the results of the research, a refined mathematical description of the dependence of RBV indicator on the mass fraction of sucrose and fat-protein index was obtained. The set of data on the influence of the mass fraction of sucrose on the dynamics of local maximum of RBV and the dynamics of the corresponding values of the mass fraction of fat showed that the maximum of RBV equal to 244.866% corresponded to the mass fraction of sucrose equal to 7.31%. The latter corresponded to the optimum fat-protein index of 1.241. In order to ensure maximum RBV, the lower limit of the mass fraction of fat had to correspond to 3.475%. The analysis of the FFE data showed the presence of additional corrective factors of RBV indicator dependence on fat and protein mass fraction indices. To refine the developed model taking into account additional factors, a correction factor (Q) was introduced into it.Conclusion: Approbation of the optimization model of the technological process of probiotic fermented dairy product production and the obtained mathematical dependencies can serve as a criterion for the formation of a set of formulations for the production of sugar-containing fermented dairy products with a high potential of relative biological value. It should be taken into account that the definition area of this approach is limited in terms of mass fraction of fat in the range from 0.06 to 4.84% and mass fraction of protein - from 2.8 to 3.9%. With this approach (model development) it is possible to analyze promising modes for the studied process, which in real conditions at the experimental stage are not always possible to obtain. The development of this model will significantly reduce the duration of research on the optimization of the technological process.

The role of periodical scientific publications in developing professional habits of library specialists in Azerbaijan and their role in Pedagogy

The main aim of the article is to explore the role of periodical scientific publications and their role in pedagogy. Successful state policy in the field of building an information-aware society in the Republic of Azerbaijan, adopted state programs and normative-legal documents make it necessary to solve the issues of reconstruction and development of scientific activity on the basis of modern information and communication technologies (ICT) within the framework of reforms in science. The application of ICT in scientific activities and issues of scientific management is implemented within the framework of electronic science as one of the priority directions of reforms in the field of science in the Republic. The construction and development of scientific activity in accordance with modern requirements, the improvement of scientific management, the formation of a national scientific and informational space, the creation of close ties between scientific organizations, collectives and scientists, the improvement of the efficiency of scientific management and research in all areas of science in the modern world due to the wide use of opportunities for ICT development at the level of standards and integration into the world scientific space are relevant issues nowadays. After the restoration of the state independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as a result of the gradual integration of academic librarians into the international scientific environment, new quality requirements appeared. The informational needs of specialists began to be met in three directions. Firstly, scientific-theoretical and experimental problems, published and presented in important scientific journal titled "Respublika" (Republic). Azerbaijani scientists participated more comprehensively and productively on this platform. Scientific innovations, innovative projects and analytical works of scientists were reflected on this platform. Additinally, the merits of professor A. A. Khalafov in compiling educational programs in the areas of library work, bibliography and bookkeeping, writing educational literature, presenting scientific articles in the scientific press, and, at the same time, in training specialists who meet new requirements were great. In the same year, Professor H.Ismailov, who for a long time was the dean of the Faculty of Libraries and Informatics of Baku State University, along with the training of professional specialists, founded the scientific and practical journal "Library and Bibliography" in 1997 and organized its activities, and for a long time he was the only Azerbaijan specialized scientific journal, distinguished by high professionalism. In 2010, Professor A. A. Khalafov founded the scientific and applied journal "Librarianship and Information", soon the first issue of the journal was published. The article is based on the method of comparative analysis. Application importance: the material can be used in lecturers and seminars in Higher Education Institutions.

Evaluation оf the Automated System of Scientific Research on the Survivability of Gas Production Facilities Effectiveness

In this article, the existing approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of automated research systems are considered. The choice of the evaluation method is justified and a criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of scientific studies of the survivability of gas production facilities is developed, taking into account generalized indicators: research time, resource efficiency, effectiveness. Based on expert assessments, the values of the coefficients of the significance of performance indicators are determined. The efficiency of scientific research on the survivability of gas production using existing automation systems and the proposed one has been evaluated. The analysis of the evaluation results showed an increase in the effectiveness of scientific research of survivability according to the integral criterion with the use of a new automated system by more than 2 times, which indicates the effectiveness of the developed software, methodological and informational support of such a system.

Research and Application of Digital Emergency Decontamination System

With the development of nuclear energy, tritium is extensively used in fusion reactors, nuclear power plants, and tritium-related systems. A digital Emergency Detritiation System (EDS) was developed by combining an ionization chamber, a dew point meter, a circulating pump, a drying bed, a liquid nitrogen condenser, etc. to monitor the system and the tritium gas in the industrial exhaust in real time as well as recover and remove the tritium gas in the exhaust. In the work of a factory, the online monitoring of tritium-containing gas in industrial tail gas was realized. A large amount of tritium gas in industrial tail gas was treated by catalytic oxidation of precious metal oxidation bed to form HTO, and finally, HTO was recovered by a liquid nitrogen cold trap. The complex process flow is visualized and automated by the system integration software to improve the efficiency of scientific research. The results demonstrate that the system can monitor the amount of tritium in tail gas instantaneously and accurately. The removal efficiency of tritium from the industrial exhaust can be up to 99%. After repeated regeneration and activation, the working efficiency of the molecular sieve can still reach 99%, ensuring that the composite emission standards of tritiation-related sites or fusion reactors and other plants are met.

Features and Problems of Developing a University Scientometric Policy

The subject of research in this article is the regularities of the process of developing the scientometric policy of the university and the methodology for assessing its effectiveness. In the course of the study, it was found that in order to increase the efficiency of organizing and conducting scientific research in universities, it is necessary to have a certain scientometric policy of the university, which is a set of actions and decisions aimed at determining certain quantitative scientometric indicators both for the organization as a whole and for individual employees of the organization: how many publications should be published on behalf of the organization per year, in which publications certain articles should be published, what should be the average impact factor of the journal, where certain articles and other scientific publications should be published, how many publications are needed, how many should to be cited or what should be the Hirsch index for occupying a particular position in a scientific organization or an educational organization of higher education, what are the necessary resources to achieve the goals, what factors will contribute to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the scientometric field and which ones will hinder this and how to neutralize the hindering factors. It seems that the presence of such a scientometric policy is one of the most important conditions for increasing the efficiency of scientific research in universities. The paper also analyzed the factors influencing the effectiveness of scientometric policy in educational institutions of higher education. Ways to improve the effectiveness of scientometric policy in universities are proposed, which include the following areas: a) the availability of a specialized course dedicated to the specifics of scientific research; b) the university has a unified scientometric policy; c) overcoming myths and stereotypes in the field of scientific research and publication of their results

PYRS: A PYTHON PACKAGE TO PROCESS REMOTELY SENSED DATA FOR GEOMATICS EDUCATION

Abstract. PyRS is a Python package developed for processing remotely sensed data. It provides a user-friendly interface to handle various remote sensing tasks, including data reading, radiometric correction, image enhancement, image denoising, image segmentation, land cover classification, change detection, construction of remote sensing indices, quantitative inversion. PyRS includes a wide range of state-of-the-art algorithms and tools for processing optical data. PyRS is an open-source project that is continually updated and maintained by a group of developers. It is designed to be modular and extensible, allowing users to add new algorithms and functionality to the package. PyRS is widely used in the remote sensing community and has been applied to various applications, such as land cover mapping, crop monitoring, and disaster response. PyRS is a comprehensive and powerful Python package for processing remotely sensed data. Its user-friendly interface, broad range of functionalities, and open-source nature make it an attractive tool for researchers and practitioners in the remote sensing field. PyRS encapsulates the current mainstream remote sensing algorithms, which can greatly improve the scientific research efficiency of researchers in the field of remote sensing. The form of Python packages and the characteristics of open source make it more flexible and transparent than professional remote sensing processing software. PyRS will contribute to the progress and development of geomatics education.

Overview of a Sleep Monitoring Protocol for a Large Natural Population.

A standard operating procedure for studying the sleep phenotypes in a large population cohort is proposed. It is intended for academic researchers in investigating the sleep phenotypes in conjunction with the clinical sleep disorders assessment guidelines. The protocol refers to the definitive American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) manual for setting polysomnography (PSG) technical specifications, scoring of sleep and associated events, etc. On this basis, it not only provides a standardized procedure of sleep interview, sleep-relevant questionnaires, and laboratory-based PSG test, but also offers a comprehensive process of sleep data analysis, phenotype extraction, and data storage. Both the objective sleep data recorded by PSG test and subjective sleep information obtained by the sleep interview and sleep questionnaires are involved in the data acquisition procedure. Subsequently, sleep phenotypes can be characterized by observable/inconspicuous physiological patterns during sleep from PSG test or can be marked by sleeping habits like sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, daytime dysfunction, etc., from sleep interview or questionnaires derived. In addition, solutions to the problems that may be encountered during the protocol are summarized and addressed. With the protocol, it can significantly improve scientific research efficiency and reduce unnecessary workload in large population cohort studies. Moreover, it is also expected to provide a valuable reference for researchers to conduct systematic sleep research.

Physiological basis of the contemporary human psyche imperfection

The article reveals the fundamental reasons for the emergence of problems that social development faces in modern society, related to human physiology. Understanding the nature of the human psyche and the adequate thinking algorithms open up the science prospects development. The article goal is to determine the root causes of these problems and the ways visible by the author to overcome the stagnation in the science development at the present stage, to a large extent generated by these causes. The author's method for solving the problem in a unique way combines views on the problem from different angles of fundamental sciences, combining them in a single solution in order to find a way out of the impasse in each of the sciences and the knowledge of nature as a whole.
 The result of the study is also unique, because the author sees the ways to increase the efficiency of scientific research in the whole complex of fundamental sciences in the direction of the movement of scientific knowledge towards the goals defined by philosophical science, but undeservedly forgotten in daily scientific works. The problems of the human psyche imperfection are presented in an axiomatic format. The range of problems is outlined in a mathematical format according to the fundamental knowledge of philosophy, physics, biology, human physiology, medicine, and their author's systematization is also given below. It indicates the dead ends to which it can lead, and ways to eliminate the existing pressing problems. The drastic change and the rigid vector of the scientific research direction, proposed in the article, constitute its scientific novelty. As a result of a com prehensile analysis of these problems, the possibilities of overcoming this serious obstacle to social development are indicated.The practical significance of the article lies in the radical increase in the efficiency of scientific research, which is proved by the author.

Digital tools for agrobiological and phonological accounting of the Anapa ampelographic collection

Relevance. Digitalization in the monitoring system of vine plantations of agrobiological indicators is the most important resource for the development of viticulture. Digital tools for collecting, analyzing and visualizing data can improve the efficiency and accuracy of scientific research in the field of viticulture. The purpose of the work. Digitalization of methods for the rapid collection of scientific data on the state of grape plantations in real time based on mobile digital spatial positioning devices.Methods. Agrobiological and phenological accounting with recording data in the observation log on paper and entering data into spreadsheets from the keyboard and voice. Evaluation of errors and timing of transferring data from paper to a computer database when manually writing data to a log with recoding into a CSV-text format for the MySQL DBMS. AppSheet technology was used as a platform for collaborative work of mobile devices with Internet server databases.Results. The automated system for collecting, recording and processing data on agrobiological and phenological indicators of grape varieties is designed for route and field studies of the Anapa ampelographic collection during field data collection on grape bushes. It is used in agronomic and phenological accounting by specialists of research organizations. The main functions of the program are data registration using a mobile digital device in the field and their transfer to a cloud database on the Internet. The results of the calculation of agrobiological and phenological indicators of grapes are transmitted in real time to digital electronic devices connected to the Internet. The program records the date and time of the field observation, geographic coordinates, agrobiological and phenological indicators of the survey, and a photo of the bush.

Performance Aspiration in Meritocratic Systems: Evidence of How Academic Titles Affect the Performance of Universities

The study of academic title differences in universities helps to promote researchers’ enthusiasm and is critical to the efficiency of university scientific research. This study examines the impact of academic title differences on the research efficiency of universities and explores its mechanism. Based on the perspective of production types, the scientific and technological innovation achievements of universities are divided into academic output and economic output. By using the stochastic frontier model, this paper evaluates the influence of different academic titles on the academic and economic production efficiency of scientific research innovation in universities. The research results show that academic output efficiency increases over time, while the economic output efficiency decreases over time. Researchers with associate professor titles are more efficient in academic research production, and researchers with lecturer titles are more efficient in economic research production. Regional economy is positively correlated with the economic output of universities and negatively correlated with academic output. The production and development of academic and economic research in different regions are not coordinated.

The role of e-infrastructure in supporting scientific activities: challenges and perspectives

The article outlines the role of e-infrastructures in supporting scientific activities and discusses the challenges and prospects associated with their utilization. In the digital world, e-infrastructures play a crucial role in facilitating access to scientific information, enabling data sharing, and fostering collaboration among research communities. An overview of the main types of e-infrastructures in Ukraine, such as the Ukrainian National Grid (UNG), Ukrainian Research and Academic Network (URAN), GÉANT, and the National Repository of Academic Texts (NRAT), is provided, along with their key characteristics. The main advantages of utilizing e-infrastructures to support and conduct scientific research can be summarized as follows: access to infrastructure and resources, support for various scientific fields, collaboration and cooperation, high productivity and efficiency, integration with international initiatives, ensuring security and confidentiality, and fostering the development of the national scientific and technological community. The primary functions of e-infrastructures are described. Emphasis is placed on the significant impact of e-infrastructures on the scientific community, including notable changes in the organization and communication among researchers facilitated by e-infrastructures. Currently, interaction between scientific fields and communities takes place through e-infrastructures platforms. The experience of the article’s authors in popularizing digital services and e-infrastructures through the organization of scientific mass events for Ukrainian scientists is described. Emphasis is placed on the increased utilization of e-infrastructures by researchers and students, as well as their understanding of the potential for enhancing the efficiency and quality of scientific research.

The role of citizen science in demonstrating the local effects of climate change

Climate change is the greatest global challenge for present and future generations, destabilizing life-support systems with its diverse interrelationships and interactions. The real solutions to global problems at the local levels can only be expected through the widest possible social cohesion and the effective transmission of the results of science to all ages and social strata. One of the best ways to do this is by involving present or historical data from reliable sources of qualified and reliable amateur (citizen) scientists, which is an outstanding methodological opportunity to expand and increase the efficiency of scientific research. Therefore, citizen science has become more and more widespread within and between different disciplines in recent decades. One of the significant practical examples of this, with the persistent and accurate work of a late enthusiastic amateur data collector, Mr. László Cseh), who measured, collected and preserved main local climate data (that is, the average and maximum temperature and precipitation) over several decades in Csem?-Ereklyés region near Cegléd. The comparison of these data sets with the dynamics of the national middle-term data and the possibilities of their use in explaining plant phenology shifts are presented in this paper. According to our results, these local data sets fit well with the national trend and can increase the effectiveness of nature conservation by demonstrating the effects of climate change on plant phenology. Community science provides an opportunity for greater social recognition and acknowledgement of scientific results.

CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNOVATION SYSTEM IN THE PRC

The article is devoted to the process of transition of the People’s Republic of China from the position of a country successfully adapting and using modern foreign technologies to the state of a country with a domestic innovation system capable of independently creating its own breakthrough technologies and generating impulses of global development. The author shows a radical change in the position of science in the country over the past decade. The number of people employed in R&D has more than doubled with a 3.5-fold increase in research and development funding. The prestige and demand for researches and engineers have significantly increased in the Chinese society.
 
 Solving the above-mentioned tasks has required serious institutional innovations, including the implementation of numerous state R&D programs, the redistribution of functions and responsibilities between various participants in the innovation process (e.g. public research organizations, colleges and universities, state-owned and private companies), strengthening the role of the business sector in financing, development and commercialization of new technologies, the comprehensive development of international scientific and technological cooperation etc. Both direct and indirect sources of R&D financing as well as different forms of implementing investment projects in the field of R&D are considered in detail. Cases of the most successful innovative companies and projects are presented.
 
 Special attention is paid to the analysis of China’s success in creating a post-industrial knowledge society, including the country’s rising position in various international rankings reflecting innovative development in whole and its particularities. The problems and difficulties on this path are also characterized with a special accent on improving the quality and efficiency of scientific research, as well as a more effective protection of intellectual property rights in the country.