Efficiency Of Grain Research Articles

Spatial market efficiency of grain markets in Russia: Implications of high trade costs for export potential

Using a threshold vector error correction model approach, we find the wheat market of Russia to be segmented, with the primary grain export region poorly integrated with the domestic market. Results also indicate that trade costs are high, hindering the spatial market efficiency of wheat markets in Russia. This study demonstrates that an empirical benchmark allows for a more comprehensive assessment of the spatial market efficiency compared to the theoretical benchmark that is normally applied. The study shows that the distinction between grain production and export potential, especially for markets located in peripheral regions of Russia, is essential to correctly identify Russia's future role for global food security. As a general conclusion, apart from increasing agricultural production potential, it is also essential to strengthen spatial market efficiency in the agricultural sector to boost Russia's agricultural export potential and the country's prominent role in global food security.

A shadow-based method to calculate the percentage of filled rice grains

Rice grain filling is a critical factor that determines the grain yield. It is important to measure the percentage of filled grains (PFR) in rice production management and scientific research. Current methods to measure filled grain percentage are generally manual, which are all time-consuming and labour-intensive with subjective results. Here, we designed an image analysis-based method to measure the percentage of filled grains using four light sources to generate grains shadows from four different directions. The differences of grain shadows between filled and unfilled grains were found out. The ratio of shadow characteristics to grain characteristics distinguished filled and unfilled grains. The conveyor belt with a vibrating feeder and controlled variable-speed was used to measure batched grains. The maximum measuring speed of the conveyor belt was about 60–100 grains/s, and the proper measuring speed was about 40–50 grains/s. Support vector machine (SVM) identified the unfilled grains, and the percentage of the unfilled grains was calculated for 8 Indica and 8 Japonica rice cultivars. The average false positive rate for Indica rice was 3.85%, and the average false negative rate was 5.44%. The average false positive rate for Japonica rice was 5.11%, and the average false negative rate was 3.54%. All these results indicate that this method is reliable and can be used for fast and intelligent measurement of filled grain percentage. The method shows great potential in improving the efficiency of grains' trait evaluation in crop breeding and cultivation research.

EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF DYNAMICS OF EFFICIENCY GRAINS AND LEGUMES

Goal. Described using histograms accumulation, charts, bubble charts volumetric changes of gross yield, yield and acreage of grain and leguminous crops in the federal districts of Russia during the past 5 years. Factor analysis of the effect of yield and acreage to changes in gross collection. Built equation for forecasting the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops. Methods. We used the methods of descriptive statistics, visualization, factor analysis, correlation and regression analysis. Results. To identify differences between the federal districts were summarized figures for gross harvest, yield and sowing areas of grains and leguminous plants in the federal districts of Russia during the past 5 years. It is possible to trace the trend of these changes in the indices of all FD (as well as the relative position of FD), not only for one year, but for the last 5 years at the same time with the help of histograms and graphs accumulation. Bubble charts clearly demonstrated the interdependence of all three indicators that statistical calculations has been confirmed in the future. Factor analysis showed the importance of the influence of yield and acreage on the gross yield of grain and leguminous crops in the federal districts of Russia. Conclusion. Using the methods of descriptive statistics, visualization, factor analysis, correlation and regression analysis demonstrated their great potential for the evaluation and analysis of the dynamics of a production efficiency of grain and leguminous crops. On the basis of descriptive statistics and visualization techniques have been investigated location of each FD in the development of culture as the data over time and relative to other FD. It has been made appropriate recommendations on the priorities for each DOF. On the basis of factor analysis, it was concluded that the yield of grain and leguminous crops in the Federal District received much attention, it is impossible fully to the increase in acreage. The calculated multiple regression equation allows you to make forecasts of gross collection and suggests that the productivity effect on the gross yield is much more significant than the impact of acreage.

Seed Priming Wheat Triticum aestivum L. to improve water use efficiency under different moisture levels

A field experiment was carried out in the experiments of field crops Department field - Faculty of Agriculture - University of Baghdad, during the season 2013 -2014 .The objective was to investigate the effect of seed priming wheat before sowing on the wheat plants tolerance to the drought compared with the non- priming seeds and its relationship with the growth and grain yield. Use the R.C.B.D design in the arrangement of split- plot with three replicates. The drought treatment (50, 70, and 90%) depletion of available water of occupied the main plots. While seed priming treatments (gibberellins, Kinetin, cycocel, salicylic acid, kcl, Ascorbic acid, distilled water and Dry seedss). The results of experiment revealed that there were significant differences between seed priming treatments with emergence. The results of the trial showed that, the moral effect of the seed priming in the proportion of emergence. The average emergence field rate of 78.4% for the treatment of Dry seed to 87.4% using the seed priming with Gibberellin, with increase ratio 11.47%, so as with KCL and Salicylic acid is the other significant increases amounted to 9.31% and 8.62 % compared to the treatment comparison Dry seed . Moisture depletion treatment 90% with seed priming by Salicylic acid increase in water use efficiency of grain reached quotient 1.850 kg. M3 increase exceeded 100% compared to the treatment comparison Dry seed at the same level of attrition 90% causing moisture depletion at 90% with no motivation Dry seeds in the reduction of water use efficiency of cereal quotient 0.8381 kg M3 as the table itself, that moisture depletion at 90% with Gibberellin has achieved an increase in the efficiency of water use for the quotient with biological efficiency 3.8823 kg. M3 compared to treatment comparison Dry seed at the same level of 90% and an efficiency recorded 3.143 kg M3. Seed priming with Gibberellin and Salicylic acid gave the highest values of water use efficiency. The interaction between depletion levels and seed priming was significant for all studied traits.

DEVELOPMENT OF GRAIN MARKET IN UKRAINE

The subject of the research is a set of theoretical, methodological and practical fundamentals of organizational and economic functioning are integrated agricultural formations in the grain market of Ukraine. The methodological basis of research is the complex analysis of economic processes in the grain market in Ukraine and the world. During research we used such methods as method of systematization and comparison, statistic, economic, balance, constructive, target-oriented, and the methods of induction and deduction, analogy and comparison. Main aim of this article is the analysis of the situation on the grain market in Ukraine, defining the role of integrated agricultural formations in this market, improving the organizational-economic mechanism of its functioning, identifies ways of improving the competitiveness of Ukraine among world exporters of grain. Using results of the studies we examined trends grain market in Ukraine; influence of businesses in grain production; analysis of constraints to improve production efficiency of grain; defined domestic (internal) needs of grain in Ukraine; assessed the status and expediency transformation infrastructure of the grain market of Ukraine; defined priority directions of development of the grain market in Ukraine. As a result of the preparation of articles, it is obtained the following conclusions: Ukraine is the world's largest producers and exporters of grain, the production of integrated agricultural units to a third of the total grain; technical condition of farm does not meet the needs of production; the domestic market is unable to provide the existing demand for grain production, contributing to export growth; Ukraine has a number of problems due to increased grain production, namely the shortage of storage capacity for the storage of grain, limited performance transshipment of grain in port elevators and imperfection and depreciation of transport systems; solving the existing problems is possible through the implementation of state and regional programs, implementation of joint projects with partner companies and the purchase of equipment and facilities through leasing programs. As a result of the development of logistics infrastructure of grain market provides employment generation, value-added products that will increase revenues to the state and local budgets. Besides Ukraine reach the strategic goal of producing 80 mln. tons of grain and strengthen positions in the global agricultural market.

Economic evaluation of combined application of nitrogen fertilizers and crop protection chemicals in crop malting barley

The paper presents data on the effect of combined application of nitrogen fertilizers and chemical plant protection products on the grain harvest of malting barley. Sound economic efficiency of grain of spring barley. In 2009-2011 research found that an integrated system of plant protection with the introduction of nitrogen fertilizer dose of 135 kg/ha is most effective and will provide additional 21.1 q/ha with the greatest return of 17.7%.

Effect of different levels of irrigation and planting pattern on grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency of corn grain (Zea mays L.) hybrid SC. 704

Corn production management including irrigation and planting pattern might be different under various conditions. This research was conducted to study the effects of different levels of irrigation and planting pattern on grain and biological yield, yield components, and water use efficiency of grain corn (hybrid SC.704) in 2010 cropping season at Natural Resources and Agricultural Researches Center of Khuzestan, south-west Iran. The study was split-plot experiment, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Three irrigation levels consisting of optimum irrigation (I1), drought moderate stress (I2) and drought severe stress (I3), (irrigation based on 100, 80 and 60% water requirement, respectively) were considered as main plots and subplots consisted of two planting pattern, planting in furrow (P1) and planting on raised bed (P2). The amount of water applied was determined by Class-A Pan evaporation every day. Required irrigation water was applied as 70 mm of evaporation of Class-A Pan. The total evaporation from Class-A Pan was measured with a manual limnimeter that has 0.1 mm accuracy. These measurements were checked with the readings from the water flow meters mounted in every plot. The results indicated that the effect of drought stress and planting pattern on grain and biological yields was significant at 1% probability level. The maximum grain yield of about 998 gm-2 was obtained from optimum irrigation treatment. Drought severe stress reduced the grain yield by 30% compared to the optimum irrigation condition. This reduction was mainly due to reduction in grain number per ear and average of grain weight. Step-wise regression analysis indicated that about 88% of grain yield variation was related to the grain number per ear. Increasing amount of water applied, while planting in furrow improved economical and biological water use efficiency mainly due to increased grain and biological yields. The results also indicated that selecting suitable treatments )optimum irrigation with planting in furrow system( and change in leaf area index would be optimal for corn grown in semi-arid regions with saline soil similar to the area in south west of Iran where this study was conducted and can cause plant growth increase and high yield access. Key words: Corn, irrigation, planting pattern, water use efficiency.

The Galactic initial mass function: origin in the combined mass distribution functions of dust grains and gas clouds

We present here a theoretical model to account for the stellar IMF as a result of the composite behaviour of the gas and dust distribution functions. Each of these has previously been modelled and the models tested against observations. The model presented here implies a relation between the characteristic size of the dust grains and the characteristic final mass of the stars formed within the clouds containing the grains, folded with the relation between the mass of a gas cloud and the characteristic mass of the stars formed within it. The physical effects of dust grain size are due to equilibrium relations between the efficiency of grains in cooling the clouds, which is a falling function of grain size, and the efficiency of grains in catalyzing the production of molecular hydrogen, which is a rising function of grain size. We show that folding in the effects of grain distribution can yield a reasonable quantitative account of the IMF, while gas cloud mass function alone cannot do so.

A novel way of measuring DC magnetic shielding efficiency of grain oriented and non oriented electrical steel

Following a feasibility study performed using finite element modelling, a new measurement system has been developed to assess DC shielding efficiency of grain-oriented (GO) and non-oriented (NO) electrical steels. Some typical shielding efficiency results for various grades of electrical steel have been produced. Investigations in the paper show that this new method is a quick, easy and convenient way to evaluate the DC shielding performance of electrical steel panels.

On the Efficiency of Grain Alignment in Dark Clouds

A quantitative analysis of grain alignment in the filamentary dark cloud L1755 in Ophiuchus is presented. We show, that the observed decrease of the polarization to extinction ratio for the inner parts of this quiescent dark cloud can be explained as a result of the decrease of the efficiency of grain alignment.We make quantitative estimates of grain alignment efficiency for six mechanisms, involving grains with either thermal or suprathermal rotation, interacting with either magnetic field or gaseous flow. We also make semiquantitative estimates of grain alignment by radiative torques.We show that in conditions typical of dark cloud interiors, all known major mechanisms of grain alignment fail. All the studied mechanisms predict polarization at least an order of magnitude below the currently detectable levels of order of 1%. On the contrary, in the dark cloud environments where A_v<1 the grain alignment can be much more efficient. There the alignment of suprathermally rotating grains with superparamagentic inclusions, and possibly also radiative torques account for observed polarization. These results apply to L1755, which we model in detail and probably also to B216 and other similar dark clouds. Our study suggests an explanation for the difference in results obtained through polarimetry of background starlight and polarized thermal emission from the dust itself. We conjecture that the emission polarimetry selectively reveals aligned grains in the environment far from thermodynamic equilibrium as opposed to starlight polarization studie that probe the alignment of grains all the way along the line of sight, including the interiors of dark quiescent clouds, where no alignment is possible.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on grain protein content, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, in relation to estimated moisture supply

The effects of nitrogen fertilization on protein content, N uptake and N use efficiency of grain for six spring wheat cultivars were evaluated over a N application range of 0–200 kg ha−1, under two moisture supply levels, on Black Chernozemic soils in Manitoba. Moisture supply influenced protein content, protein yield, and grain N use efficiency (NUE) of applied fertilizer. Increased moisture supply lowered protein content and increased protein yield and NUE. Increasing N level increased protein, N uptake and decreased NUE, but effects depended on moisture supply. Cultivar differences occurred, especially at the higher moisture level.Key words: Protein, Triticum aestivum L., nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency, moisture

Slip transfer across grain and phase boundaries

A simple geometrical model is presented with the aim to connect measured distributions of orientation relationships between adjacent grains in single and dualphase brasses and the efficiency of grain and phase boundaries as dislocation obstacles. From the orientation relationships a slip transfer number is evaluated from the angle between the slip plane normals and the angle between the slip directions of the grain neighbors. Taking into account the different stacking fault energy and the different hardness of α-phase brass and β-phase brass and using reasonable limiting conditions for the above angles the result of the calculations is the same as obtained from the Hall-Petch analysis of the yield stress: phase boundaries are stronger dislocation obstacles than grain boundaries.

Grain and Forage Sorghum Production with No‐Tillage on Dryland

AbstractGrain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is adapted to the Southern and Central Great Plains, but water stress at critical reproductive stages can sharply reduce grain yields of the crop on dryland. In contrast, forage sorghums (S. bicolor sudanense or saccharatum) have no such critical stages and, hence, do not require such timely rainfall to attain good yields. This study compared growth, production, water use, and water‐use efficiency of grain and forage sorghums under no‐tillage conditions on dryland from 1984 to 1986. All cultivars attained similar heights at 30 d after planting, but forage sorghums were taller at later times. Average total dry matter (TDM) production by grain and forage sorghums (8.14 vs. 8.61 Mg ha−1) was not significantly different. Total (grain plus stover) crude protein production was higher for grain than for all forage sorghums except ‘Sugar Dan’. Total digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) production also were higher for grain sorghum. Grain sorghum stover, however, has low nutrient value and usually is not harvested. When only grain of grain sorghum is considered, nutrient production (crude protein, DE, and ME) was lower than that for forage sorghums. Water‐use efficiency for TDM and nutrient production was lower for grain than for forage sorghums because grain sorghum had a longer growing season, which resulted in higher growing season precipitation and total water use than that for forage sorghums. In conclusion, forage sorghums are viable alternative crops to grain sorghum on dryland in the Southern Great Plains where forages can be used by the cattle (BOS spp.) industry.

Organic model of interstellar grains

Extinction efficiency of grains is calculated from the Mie formula on the premise that the grains are of organic composition. The optical constants adopted for the calculations are those ofE. coli, polystyrene and bovine albumin. The grain radiusa is assumed to obey a distribution of the formN(a) ∝a−α and the value of α is chosen so as to make the calculated extinction curve match the observed interstellar extinction curve. Although the calculated curve gives a reasonably good fit to the observed extinction curve for wavelength less than 2100 A, at longer wavelength region agreement is poor. It is concluded that another component is required for the organic model to be viable.

Phase boundaries as obstacle to dislocations motion

The influence of the stereological parameter termed contiguity on the plastic flow of dual-phase α + β brasses was studied. The Hall-Petch slope k y for these alloys was assumed to be a weighted average of the efficiency of grain and phase boundaries as dislocation obstacles. Good agreement is found between this assumption and the experimental results.

Level Pan System for Spreading and Storing Watershed Runoff

AbstractLevel pans were constructed in broad natural waterways to intercept runoff from contributing watersheds for storage and crop use. Stored soil moisture at seeding time in the level pans was as much in a 7‐month period over winter as that stored in unleveled fallow plots during a 19‐ to 21‐month period. Watershed runoff during the growing season provided 3 inches of moisture annually to level pans. The increased moisture supplies in the level pans permitted annual cropping with a 2‐fold or better increase in yields over unleveled dryland areas in either fallow or continuous cropping. Water‐use efficiency of grain and forage sorghums (Sorghum vulgare 'RS‐610 and ‘FS‐22’) increased with increasing moisture supplies.

The Value of Milk and Meat Proteins in Chick Rations

The attention of experimental workers in the field of poultry nutrition has been for many years directed to the proper sources and amounts of the protein requirements for poultry for both the growing as well as the laying bird.Grains that usually make up the bulk of poultry rations, have to be supplemented with suitable protein concentrates in order to give optimum growth and egg production. The most commonly used protein supplements to grain rations for poultry are meat and milk products.Numerous experiment stations have reported tests on the value of these supplements for growing stock as well as for layers and breeders. The New Jersey Station1 has found that the addition of 25 per cent of meat scrap to the mash gave a higher egg production with pullets than a ration containing 10% meat scrap. Philips2 concluded that meat and milk proteins increased the efficiency of grain feeds.