Efficiency Of Grain Production Research Articles

The effect of sowing dates and sowing rates of wintering peas when cultivated in the southern part of the Rostov region on the economic efficiency of grain production

The current paper has presented the results of field trials carried out at the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2019–2021 to study individual elements of cultivation technology (sowing dates, sowing rate) of wintering peas. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of sowing dates and sowing rates of wintering peas when cultivated in the southern part of the Rostov region on the economic efficiency of grain production. When cultivating wintering peas in the southern part of the Rostov region, the largest shares of costs have been spent on pesticides and seeds and were, respectively, 43.7–38.4 % and 25.4–35.9 % for the variety ‘Zimus’; 44.4–39.2 % and 23.9–34.3 % for the variety ‘Fokus’; 45.9–41.0 % and 20.7–30.6 % for the variety ‘Faeton’. The maximum gross income of 42,370 rubles/ha from the sale of wintering pea grain was obtained from the variety ‘Fokus’ in the third sowing period in the variant with a seeding rate of 1.4 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha. The maximum conditional net income of 16,798 rubles/ha wasnoted for this variety in the second sowing period with a seeding rate of 1.2 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha. The minimum production cost of 11,052 rubles/t was obtained from the variety ‘Fokus’ in the third sowing period with a seeding rate of 1.0 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha, the maximum level of profitability of 72 % was noted in the same option. For the variety ‘Faeton’, grain was sold on 37,430 rubles/ha in the first sowing period at a seeding rate of 1.2 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha. Also in this option, the highest conditional net income was 14347 rubles / ha with the lowest cost of production of 11717 rubles/ton and the maximum level of profitability of 62 %. For the variety ‘Zimus’, the maximum gross income from grain sales was 41420 rubles/ha with a seeding rate of 1.4 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha in the second sowing period. In the same option, the highest conditional net income was 14423 rubles/ha, the lowest cost of production was 12384 rubles/t with the highest level of profitability of 53 %.

Effects of fiscal support for agriculture on grain production technical efficiency: empirical evidence from Chinese farms

ABSTRACT This study utilizes micro-level farm panel data from 2007 to 2012 to measure the technical efficiency of grain production among farms using a stochastic frontier analysis model. Additionally, it employs a two-way fixed effects model to empirically investigate the impact of fiscal support for agriculture on grain production technical efficiency and its underlying mechanisms. The results reveal significant room for improvement in the technical efficiency of grain production among Chinese farms, with increased fiscal support for agriculture demonstrating a substantial enhancement of their efficiency. This promoting effect only exists in the major grain-producing areas and increases with the increase of farm size. The augmentation of fiscal support for agriculture achieves this goal by augmenting modern agricultural input factors, alleviating financing constraints faced by farms, and optimizing agricultural production infrastructure. Our findings provide guidance for optimizing fiscal policy to support agriculture, promoting agricultural modernization, and achieving food security.

АНАЛИЗ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ ПО ПОВЫШЕНИЮ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ И КАЧЕСТВА ЗЕРНА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ЕГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И ХРАНЕНИЯ

The scientific article contains a review of scientific literature on the problems of ensuring the efficiency of grain production by improving its quality. Controlled and uncontrollable factors and conditions for ensuring grain quality are noted. Among the controllable factors and conditions, technical, technological, organizational and economic factors are stated; uncontrollable factors and conditions include solar insolation, daylight hours, temperature, and precipitation. It was revealed that the quality of grain and losses during storage are influenced by: climate, poor-quality grain cleaning, grain injuries, elevated temperature, high humidity, storage processing, technical integrity of the premises. The formation of quality at the stages of grain production is shown: preparation of seed, growing conditions, harvesting conditions, crop transportation, primary processing and storage. It is indicated that spring wheat of soft varieties, cultivated on farms in the Perm region, has a high internal market potential: high technological and baking properties, can be used for the production of flour and baking bread. The consumer properties of zoned varieties of winter and spring soft wheat are shown: the Irgina variety scored the most points (4.7 - 4.9 points), and the Iren variety took second place (4.4 - 4.7 points). The cost of flour obtained from processing grain with a natural weight of 750 g/l was calculated at 700,000 rubles, as well as the cost of flour obtained from processing grain with a natural weight of 760 g/l was calculated at 709,872 rubles; a deviation in the cost for grain quality account in the amount of 9872 rubles.

Optimizing nitrogen application and planting density improves yield and resource use efficiency via regulating canopy light and nitrogen distribution in rice

Coordinating light and nitrogen (N) distribution within a canopy is crucial to improve rice yield and resource use efficiency. However, little attention has been paid to light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate, and its relationships with grain yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE), and N use efficiency for grain production (NUEg) in rice. Here, a two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels, 0 (N1), 90 (N2) and 180 kg ha−1 (N3), and two planting densities, 22.2 (D1) and 33.3 hills m−2 (D2). On average, a 3.4% higher yield and 4.4% higher NUEg were observed under N2D2 compared with N3D1. The extinction coefficient for N (KN) and light (KL) and their ratio (KN/KL) at the heading stage were significantly affected by the N rate, planting density, and their interaction. KN decreased with the increase of N input or planting density. Compared with N1, KN decreased by 43.5 and 58.8% under N2 and N3, respectively, and KN under D2 decreased by 16.0% compared with D1. Higher KL and KN/KL values were observed under a low N rate, while the opposite trend was shown under a high N rate. Moreover, increasing planting density resulted in a decrease in KL and KN/KL values. Compared with N3D1, N2D2 had higher KL and KN, and thus comparable KN/KL. Correlation analysis further revealed that KL was negatively correlated with RUE, while KN and KN/KL were positively correlated with NUEg. Therefore, increasing planting density under reduced N input could ensure rice yield while improving resource use efficiency via regulating canopy light and N distribution.

Assessment of the efficiency of grain production and use based on modern biotechnologies in the Minsk region

Information is provided on the current state of the grain subcomplex in Belarus, in particular the Minsk region. The necessity of further development of high-tech agroindustrial production of a full cycle of in-depth processing of key grain crops on the basis of the Belarusian National Biotechnology Corporation is substantiated. This can help to increase the profitability of the main farms of the Minsk region.

How can agricultural production trusteeship improve the technical efficiency of grain production?

How can agricultural production trusteeship improve the technical efficiency of grain production?

Analysis of the Impact of Land Use Change on Grain Production in Jiangsu Province, China

Located in the Yangtze River Delta region, Jiangsu Province has become the major grain production area of China and plays an important role in ensuring national food security. With rapid economic development and urbanization, the amount of cultivated land has decreased, which greatly affects food security. Based on the statistical data of grain production in Jiangsu Province since 2000 and the remote sensing data of 2000, 2010, and 2020, this paper used the stochastic frontier production function to calculate the output elasticity of various factors and the technical efficiency of grain production. The agglomeration effect of food production was investigated by using spatial correlation analysis. Finally, regression analysis was applied to examine the impact of land use change on grain yield and the technical efficiency of production. The results show that the grain-sown area is the decisive factor for the increase in grain output in Jiangsu Province. The technical efficiency of grain production in the province has been maintained at a relatively high level since 2000, showing a fluctuating upward trend, and the efficiency value in southern Jiangsu Province is greater than that in central and northern Jiangsu. The analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of grain production technical efficiency shows that grain production has an agglomeration effect. The regression results showed that the complexity of land use and the density of the cultivated land patch were negatively correlated with grain yield and grain production technical efficiency, while the location of cultivated land was positively correlated with grain yield and grain production technical efficiency. The conclusion of this paper has important policy significance for promoting food production and ensuring food security.

Will the Grain Imports Competition Effect Reverse Land Green Efficiency of Grain Production? Analysis Based on Virtual Land Trade Perspective

To explore new strategies to improve the efficiency of land for grain production in China, this study empirically investigates the relationship between the grain imports competition effect and the efficiency of land for grain production from the perspective of virtual land trade based on the new-new trade theory and induced technological innovation theory. We obtained the following conclusions: (1) Overall, the efficiency of land for grain production showed a slow upward trend from 2003 to 2020, with a growth rate of 27.53%. Among them, the efficiency of land for grain production in the Huang-Huai-Hai and northeast regions has increased by 66.41% and 36.30%, respectively. (2) The grain imports competition effect reduces the profitability of domestic grain production through shocks and forces the improvement of China’s grain production land efficiency. It is caused by the trade-for-competition effect. Importing a large number of grain products with lower land use costs reduces the profits of grain producers in the domestic market through shocks, gradually eliminating producers with less efficient land use, thus forcing the improvement of land use efficiency in domestic grain production. (3) The grain imports competition effect is stronger because the developed livestock industry in the northern region requires the import of large quantities of soybeans and corn, and other virtual land content is much lower than the domestic feed grain. Also, the marginal effect of the grain imports competition effect is stronger due to the presence of more producers with less efficient land for grain production in non-major grain-producing regions, which are more likely to be eliminated by market shocks from imports. This study verifies the applicability of the trade promotion competition effect and induces the technological innovation effect in the field of grain trade, which extends the research boundary of virtual land trade in grain.

Internet use and technical efficiency of grain production in China: a bias-corrected stochastic frontier model

Internet technology has unique advantages, such as rich information, rapid dissemination, and overcoming spatial limitations. It is considered an effective approach to promote agricultural technology application and enhance agricultural technical efficiency. However, it is still unclear how Internet use affects the technical efficiency of smallholders in grain production. Based on the grain production data of 1699 smallholders in China, this study uses the bias-corrected stochastic production frontier and propensity score matching to obtain an unbiased estimate of the impact of Internet use on technical efficiency and examines its channels of action. The empirical results indicate that the decision of households to use the Internet is influenced by the individual characteristics of the household head, household characteristics, and village characteristics. The age of the household head has a significant negative impact on Internet use, while the education level and health status of the household head, household income and size, and the topography of the village have significant positive effects on Internet use. We also find that Internet use has a statistically significant positive effect on technical efficiency, and the selection bias leads us to underestimate this effect. Furthermore, we verified the channels of Internet use affect technical efficiency by alleviating financial constraints, broadening social capital, and improving the level of mechanization. Therefore, policymakers must strengthen the construction of Internet infrastructure in rural areas and improve the Internet penetration rate in rural areas. Furthermore, policymakers can establish technical training centers to help farmers learn Internet technology and new agricultural production techniques. Lastly, policymakers can collaborate with banks, research institutions, cooperatives, agricultural enterprises, and other entities to develop diverse policy measures that provide farmers with financial support, technology assistance, and production services.

Cultivation agrotechnologies of winter wheat varieties developed by the North Caucasus FRAC

The problem of improving the sustainability and efficiency of grain production, increasing its gross quantity and improving quality is a key one for farmers in the Stavropol region. Due to the lack of financial resources for most agricultural producers, the problem is largely solved by selecting the most effective cultivation technology elements, including new highly productive varieties due to the agrotechnology. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of forecrops, the level of mineral nutrition, sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity, grain quality and economic efficiency of cultivating new winter wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI “North-Caucasus Federal Research Agricultural Center”. As a result of study carried out on winter wheat crops of various varieties developed by the FSBSI “North-Caucasus FRAC”, productivity of the varieties sown in weedfree fallow was 5.71 t/ha, which was 3.41 t/ha more than after cropped fallow. The application of mineral fertilizers contributed to productivity improvement of the varieties sown in weedfree fallow on 1.27 t/ha, and on 1.8 t/ha when sown after winter wheat on average during 2018–2021. The maximum grain yield was identified at the optimal sowing time in September 30 – October 5 (an average of 6.8 % more than at early and late time). Different seeding rates did not have a significant effect on productivity. Based on the estimation of the effect of winter wheat cultivation technologies on productivity, grain quality and economic efficiency of cultivation, there have been given agrotechnological characteristics of the new winter wheat varieties developed by the North-Caucasus FRAC.

Efficiency of organic technologies of winter rye cultivation in Ukraine's Polissya in the context of climate change adaptation

In the conditions of the Polissya region of Ukraine, the cultivation of winter rye in organic farming is promising, but it is constrained by low crop yields. Therefore, the urgent task is to find ways to improve the efficiency of the fertilisation system of this traditional Polissya crop. The purpose of the study was to analyse the feasibility of using liquid complex fertilisers against the background of three fertilisation systems for organic and convection cultivation of winter rye in the conditions of Ukrainian Polissya. Field, laboratory and analytical, mathematical and statistical research methods were used. The results of a stationary experiment on light grey forest soil were analysed. It was found that the highest yield of winter rye was when grown using convection technology with a mineral fertilisation system – 4.2 t/ha, which provided an increase in grain yield of 1.07 t/ha or 34.4% compared to the control option. The use of organic technology based on organic and organo-mineral fertilisation systems provided a significantly smaller increase – 0.6 and 0.75 t/ha or 19.3 and 24.0%, respectively. However, the level of profitability for the mineral system decreased by 0.54 thousand UAH/tonne or 39.1%, net operating profit – by 1.6 thousand UAH/tonne or 26.0% compared to the organic fertilisation system. The latter was also better from the standpoint of energy efficiency. It is proved that double foliar top dressing with liquid organo-mineral fertilisers significantly increases the efficiency of the fertilisation system. In the conditions of the experiment, this was expressed in an additional increase in productivity by 0.47-1.16 t/ha, a reduction in the cost of production by 0.14-0.36 thousand UAH/ha, an increase in profitability by 19.3-48.3%, energy efficiency – by 0.14-0.71, and the plasticity of the crop to dry conditions during the growing season. The findings can become the basis for improving the fertilisation system for organic cultivation of winter rye, which would ensure the formation of sustainable yields by minimising the impact of stress factors (dry periods during the growing season) and increase the economic efficiency of grain production in agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership

Efficiency of Combed Straw Harvesting Technology Involving Straw Decomposition in the Soil

This article deals with the problem of harvesting combed straw by mixing it with the soil and the process of combed straw decomposition in particular. The idea and purpose of the research are also analysed in terms of circular economy, which represents a closed cycle. Combed straw is seen as a by-product which is reused as fertilizer to increase soil fertility, thus reducing the negative impact on the environment and increasing the efficiency of organic matter use. To analyse the qualitative aspect of the process, the introduction of an indicator is proposed—the straw decomposition coefficient. Experimental studies of straw decomposition in the soil were carried out using the mathematical theory of experimental design, where the response function is represented by the functional dependence of the straw decomposition coefficient on the length of its cutting and nitrogen and phosphorus application doses. For experimental studies, Box–Behnken design was used, which made it possible to calculate the regression coefficients by known formulas. Verification of the obtained coefficients according to Student’s t-test showed that all of them were significant. According to Fisher’s test, it was established that the model is adequate and can be used for further research. As determined by the experimental study, shredded straw incorporation improves soil properties and increases its biological activity. Ultimately, this improves plant nutrition and increases crop yields. The experiment results showed that reduced amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers can be applied, thus leading to a reduction in the direct production costs of growing cereals in the following year. The integration of several technological processes, such as straw cutting, shredding, and incorporating it into the soil with simultaneous application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, increases the economic efficiency of grain production and a shortens the payback period for investment.

Effects of Different Variety and Phosphorus Fertilizer Applications on Grain Starch Characteristic and Nutrient Composition of Winter (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) in Shanxi Province Taigu China

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It plays an important role in ensuring food security and improving people's living standards in China. Few studies have been conducted on how to get high yield and efficient resource use efficiency simultaneously Therefore, field experiment with treatments using three varieties, Yangnong-1212 (YN1212), Shannong-29 (SN-29), Jimai-44 (JM-44) and three phosphorus (P) application rates (0, 150, and 300 kg ha−1, represented as P0, P150, and P300, respectively) were conducted from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the yield with P application had an increase by 2.0%–4.8% compared to P0 treatment, however, there was no significant increase with further increase in P application. Grain yield was 33.6% and 14.1% higher in YN-1212 than that in SN-29 and JM-44, respectively. The longer growth duration, higher leaf area index at anthesis and stronger P uptake capacity led to higher dry matter accumulation for YN-1212. Higher dry matter production of YN-1212 was attributed to increased pre-anthesis dry weight and post-anthesis dry weight. YN-1212 had higher P use efficiency for grain production than SN-29 by 25.0% and JM-44 by 6.7%, respectively. Higher total P quantity of YN-1212 was observed than that in SN-29 and JM-44, which was due to higher pre-anthesis P uptake and post-anthesis P uptake. Therefore, YN-1212 could exhibited both high PUE and grain yield simultaneously with P application of 150 kg ha−1 in Middle Shanxi, China.

Резервный потенциал и перспективы повышения эффективности производства зерна в Российской Федерации

The study identifies and examines the process of intensification in grain production as a potential and reserve for increasing the production of grain sub-sector products, prospects for the development of crop production along an intensive path, how the intensification process affects the efficiency of grain production. The main factors that significantly affect the production potential and prospects for the development of grain production in the country are highlighted and justified. The assessment and analysis of the main indicators of cereal crops production, such as: acreage, gross grain harvest, yield of cereals and legumes, are given. The article presents and analyzes promising directions for the development of the crop industry due to the intensification process: chemicalization of grain production by applying organic and mineral fertilizers, gypsum, liming and phosphorization of soils to increase the economic fertility of land. It is shown what role intensification plays in reducing the cost of grain and increasing the profitability of production.

Mixed cropping with duck co-culture: an agroecological system to improve grain quality and farm profitability.

Previous studies found that mixed cropping combined with duck co-culture (MCDC) system could improve the efficiency of grain production and positively affect soil nutrient contents. However, the effects on grain quality, and profitable income have not been evaluated yet. In this study, a field experiment with four combinations of different rice varieties and ducks was conducted during both the early and late rice growing seasons. The field survey demonstrated that MCDC system significantly decreased the grain appearance of chalky rice rate and the chalkiness degree with an average of 56.82%, and 54.28%, respectively. Leaf SPAD value, photosynthetic rate, and aboveground dry weight were all improved in the MCDC and mixed-cropping systems, relative to the mono-cropping system. The net income obtained from the mono-cropping, mixed cropping (no ducks), and MCDC (with ducks) systems (from grain and ducks' meat) was 581.2 USD ha-1 yr-1 , 1001.8 USD ha-1 yr-1 , and 5242.1 USD ha-1 yr-1 in both growing seasons, respectively. Planting genetically diverse rice varieties and co-culture with ducks increased rice growth rates, productivity and grain quality. The MCDC system would provide more ecological and economic benefits compared with the conventional mono-cropping system. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Zero Growth of Fertilizer Action on Ecological Efficiency of Grain Production in China under the Background of Carbon Emission Reduction

At present, the problem of non-point source pollution and carbon emissions caused by excessive application of fertilizer is increasingly serious and has caused damage to the ecological environment. The “zero growth of fertilizer use by 2020 action plan” was introduced to solve the related ecological and environmental problems. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 1998 to 2020, this paper used the super efficiency SBM model to measure the ecological efficiency of grain production in China, and further verified the mediating effect of fertilizer application amount on the effect of zero growth of fertilizer on the ecological efficiency of grain production using the mediating effect model. The results showed that (1) zero growth of fertilizer action had a significant effect on the ecological efficiency of grain production. That is, the implementation of zero growth of fertilizer action can help improve the ecological efficiency of grain production. (2) The application amount of fertilizer played a mediating role in the mechanism of the effect of zero growth of fertilizer action on the ecological efficiency of grain production. (3) The implementation of the zero growth of fertilizer action effectively reduced the amount of fertilizer application and reduced fertilizer non-point source pollution and carbon emissions, which improved the ecological efficiency of grain production. According to the results of empirical research, to promote the sustainable development of agricultural production, more relevant ecological and environmental protection policies should be introduced and relevant subsidies should be increased.

Cost Changes and Technical Efficiency of Grain Production in China against a Background of Rising Factor Prices

Based on panel data for the inputs and outputs of the three major staple grains (rice, wheat and corn) in China from 2000 to 2020, we calculated the cost efficiency using the stochastic frontier cost function model and examined the effects of cost changes for the three major grains to explore the sources of cost increases for grain production. On this basis, the impact of the input factor structures on the technical efficiency of the three food grains was further analyzed under the conditions of price increases. We found that the labor prices and production costs showed the same trends of changes. Compared to 2000, the labor prices in 2020 increased 7.33-fold and the technical efficiency values for the three grains were all close to 0.9 (0.8689, 0.8912 and 0.8451). An efficiency decomposition showed that the adjustment effect of labor prices was the main factor in cost increases, but the effects of technological progress and efficiency improvement could effectively reduce the costs of grain production (the largest average value for technological progress was for rice at 0.4569). In comparison, the effects of technological progress on cost reduction were more obvious. By analyzing the influence of input factor structures on technical efficiency, it was found that the influence of different input factor structures on technical efficiency was heterogeneous among the different grains. This paper puts forward the following policy recommendations: first, improve the level of mechanization by developing social services to reduce the dependence on labor; secondly, promote the construction of agricultural informatization, such as accelerating the research and development of intelligent agricultural machinery and promoting the transformation of traditional agriculture to intelligent agriculture; finally, promote the marketization of land element price through land trusteeship to reduce the land transfer price.

Economic efficiency of maize grain production under various agrotechnical measures of cultivation

Topicality. The efficiency of the grain production industry allows to provide the population with food and the state with currency. A significant place in the increase in the volume of grain crops is assigned to maize, which is in stable demand both in the domestic and foreign markets. Issues. Due to the lack of programs of grain maize breeding in the Western Forest-Steppe zone, it is necessary to purchase the hybrids and seed material in the originating institutions of the Central Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones. The choice of high-yield hybrids depends on their biological char-acteristics, effective use of soil and climatic conditions and positive response to the cultivation technology. Aim. To conduct a comprehensive and economic evaluation of maize hybrids depend-ing on the implementation of their genetic potential in the soil and climatic conditions of the West-ern Forest-Steppe and their response to the system of basic and foliar plant nutrition. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out during 2019–2021 on the fields of the Department of Seed Production and Seed Science at the Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian region NAAS. We studied next maize hybrids: Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV (the originator – State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS, Dnipro). Yield accounting was carried out by direct combining of experimental plots with subsequent weighing, and the obtained data was recalculated for standard grain moisture content. Processing statistical data - by analysis of variance (Excel, Statistica 6.0) according to V. A. Ushkarenko, R. A. Vozhehova, S. P. Golobo-rodko, S. V. Kokovikhin (2013), economic assessment – by the method of V. I. Boiko, E. M. Lebid, V. S. Rybka (2008). Results. The highest grain yield of maize hybrids (7.49 t/ha for early-ripening group and 7.62 t/ha for mid-early group) was obtained in 2019; in 2020, the grain yield was lowest – 7.07 and 7.22 t/ha, respectively. The highest yield of 7.68 t/ha was obtained for DN Meotyda hy-brid of the early ripening group, and 7.67 t/ha – for Orzhytsia 237 MV hybrid of the mid-early rip-ening group. Over the years of research, the variability of grain yield for the early ripening hybrids (FAO 100–199) ranged within 0.32–0.52 t/ha, for the mid-early ripening hybrids (FAO 200–299) – 0.22–0.35 t/ha. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated forms of microfertilizers was effective on gray forest surface-gley soils of the studied region with hard-to-reach forms of nutrients. Microferti-lizers used in pre-sowing seed treatment increased grain yield by 0.21–0.43 t/ha. Conclusions. The growth of economic indicators for farms of various forms of ownership in the Western Forest-Steppe zone is facilitated by the expansion of the range of simple linear maize hybrids of domestic selection. When growing ecologically plastic maize hybrids of different maturity groups (Pochaivskyi 190 MV, DN Meotyda, DN Khortytsia, Orzhytsia 237 MV), the profitability of grain production reached 107.2–132.1 %. Pre-sowing seed treatment with chelated microfertilizers: Ora-cle Seeds (1.0 l/t), Brexil Combi (0.5 kg/t) and Valagro EDTA Mix 5 (0.2 kg/t) increased the profit-ability by 2.7–9.2 %. When applying microfertilizer Oracle Multicomplex (1.5 l/ha) in the stage of ВВСН 16–18 (6–8 leaves) and ВВСН 59 (tasseling), the profitability indicator exceeded the control (without foliar feeding) by 37.1–38.2 %. When the rate of application of mineral fertilizers was in-creased to N150P90K90, it was obtained a higher profitability of grain production of early ripening maize hybrids (FAO 100–199) at plant density of 75 thousand pcs/ha) by 24.6–27.7 %, mid-early ripening (FAO 200–299 with plant density of 80 thousand pcs/ha) – by 17.4–20.7 % compared to N120P90K90. Key words: maize, yield, microfertilizers, mineral fertilizers, profitability.

Agriculture as the main factor of food security in Russia

The leading role in the issue of ensuring the food security belongs to the agricultural sector, which, in the context of the introduction of anti-Russian economic sanctions, was forced to mobilize in a short time and begin to accelerate the production of those types of agricultural products, the deficit of which was previously filled by importing food products from abroad. The main and important thing for the development of all branches of the agro-industrial complex is the increase in the gross grain harvest. Grain production is one of the most important foundations of the crop industry and all agricultural production. There is a close relationship between grain production and certain sectors of the agro-industrial complex and industry. And the main strategic importance in the production of grain and ensuring the food security of our country is to solve a number of important issues - increasing and improvement of the efficiency of grain production, improvement of the gross yield of various grain crops, as well as expansion of sown areas in agriculture. According to many experts the importance of development of a strategy in agricultural production shall rely on its main feature - all production facilities and divisions of this industry are connected with the production of agricultural products as with the main specialization. An important principle, which shall be followed by the formation of a strategy for the development of the grain product sub-complex of the agro-industrial complex, is the mandatory processing of its strategic goals with various factors that are determined by its natural and economic potential. The agrarian policy of modern Russia shall be comprehensive, based on sufficient funding and a stable legislative framework. Also it shall take into account the significant regional differentiation in the levels of agricultural development.

ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ АГРАРНОГО БИЗНЕСА ОТ ВНЕШНИХ И ВНУТРЕННИХ ФАКТОРОВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН)

In 2020, exports from Russia amounted to about 79 million tons of agricultural products and food worth $ 30.7 billion, which is 20% more than in 2019. By 2024, the volume of exports of agricultural products should grow to $ 45 billion, which indicates export opportunities and its prospects. The drought of the growing season of 2021, together with internal factors, caused a shortfall in crop production in the Republic of Tatarstan in the amount of about 43 billion rubles, and a 48% increase in the cost of grain led to a shortfall in profit in the amount of 3 billion rubles. Unfavorable external economic factors, imperfection of state regulation in terms of organizational and administrative nature, lead to a decrease in production efficiency, which could be observed on the example of the beet industry, manifested in an increase in prices for its final products in 2020. Studies have shown that under the same soil-climatic, economic conditions of management, the efficiency of grain production in the context of municipal districts of the Transcamian zone of the Republic of Tatarstan differed significantly (the average level of profitability for 3 years ranged from 13% to 24%). An analysis of the financial results of agricultural enterprises of the republic for 2015-2020 showed that four out of six years, agricultural producers, excluding subsidies from budgets, had a negative financial result, which necessitates an increase in government measures aimed at compensating for the loss of income to agricultural producers. In order to make more complete use of internal reserves, it is necessary to study and implement the technology and organization of production from commodity producers who, under the same soil and climatic conditions, show a high level of production efficiency. State executive authorities, represented by line ministries and departments, should take measures to stimulate production volumes, strengthen intervention measures in the market of agricultural products, raw materials and food, regulate imports and exports, and ensure price parity measures in agricultural industries