Efficacy Of Different Concentrations Research Articles

Comparison of the safety and efficacy of fingolimod and tofacitinib in the zebrafish model of colitis.

Oral targeted small molecules, including sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), seem to revolutionize the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To select the most effective treatment, there is an unmet need to comparatively study their mechanism of action, efficacy, and toxicity in the preclinical stage and further translate it into clinical practice. Using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced adult zebrafish colitis model, LC50 of fingolimod and tofacitinib were determined based on the acute toxicity test to compare aquatic toxicity potential. Subsequently, the efficacy of different concentrations of tofacitinib and fingolimod was compared using flow cytometry, qPCR, and histopathology analyses. TNBS significantly reduced the length of villi, and the number of goblet cells increased the level of TNF-α, MyD88, and NF-κB2, the thickness of villi and necrosis, and induced histopathological changes. All of these parameters were reversed almost dose-dependently with both medications, with the highest concentration of fingolimod being superior to other groups. Additionally, results from qPCR analysis suggested that these medications might suppress canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways by targeting toll-like receptors and MyD88. LC50 of tofacitinib and fingolimod was 0.9014 and 0.36mg/L, respectively. Hence, both are in the cory 1 of the Global Harmonization System (GHS) aquatic toxicity and are toxic to adult zebrafish life. Given the better efficacy of fingolimod, it is worth translating the effectiveness and safety of S1PR modulators into IBD patients and comparing them with TKIs in head-to-head studies; albeit, their toxicity should not be overlooked.

Management of Pulse Beetle in Green Gram Seed Using Modified Atmosphere

The experiment was conducted at Seed Research and Technology Center, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India during June, 2019 under laboratory conditions using modified atmosphere with elevated levels of CO2 in two varieties of green gram namely LGG-460 and LGG-407. The study indicated that biological parameters of the test insect and the seed quality parameters were highly influenced by different levels of CO2 and storage intervals and varied between the two accessions of green gram. Emergence of adults decreased with increased concentrations of CO2. Among the two accessions, LGG-460 had least adult emergence with comparatively less insect damage than LGG-407. Higher concentrations of CO2 (45%) significantly reduced the per cent insect infestation and weight loss of both the accessions. The efficacy of different concentrations of CO2 on seed infestation and population build up revealed that exposing the bruchid infested green gram seed to 45% and higher concentrations of CO2 not only checked seed infestation but also checked the progeny production of the pest even after prolonged periods of storage up to 2 MAS. The green gram seeds stored in CO2 rich atmosphere also maintained seed quality with high germination percentage and seedling vigor up to 2 MAS. Two months storage period was effective for control of insect infestation and weight loss. Among the 2 accessions, seedling vigour I and II were found to be high in LGG 460 even at 6 months storage interval.

Experimental treatment of cystic echinococcosis: Combination therapy with carvacrol and thymol versus albendazole

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), which produces serious health and economic problems.For human treatment, chemotherapy with albendazole (ABZ), a derivative of benzimidazoles, is widely used. However, due to its low efficacy and the lack of alternatives to ABZ, novel compounds are urgently needed. Aromatic plants exhibit powerful pharmacological activities, are accessible, have a relatively low cost, and have generally mild toxicities, making them an effective choice to traditional therapies. In particular, the pharmaceutical properties of aromatic plants are partially attributed to essential oils (EOs). The aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro and in vivo effects of the combined carvacrol and thymol against E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.). The greatest protoscolicidal effect was observed with the 9:1 and 5:5 (carvacrol:thymol) combinations which caused a marked decrease in viability after 6 days post-incubation, agreeing with the ultrastructural changes obtained. Permeation of the cysts and loss of turgidity was observed with the incubation with the different combinations of carvacrol:thymol. In the clinical efficacy study, the combination of thymol (40 mg/kg) and carvacrol (40 mg/kg) caused a tendency to diminish the weight of the cysts in comparison with the control group. On the other hand, the treatment of infected mice with ABZ, thymol or carvacrol, caused a significant decrease in the weight of the cysts. In conclusion, we here demonstrated the efficacy of different concentrations of combined carvacrol and thymol against E. granulosus s.s. protoscoleces and murine cysts, where short periods of treatment were sufficient to achieve a pharmacological effect. Moreover, we observed a reduction in the weight of the cysts in experimentally infected mice after treatment with carvacrol and thymol.The strategy used has an advantage over synthetic drugs because natural compounds are generally safe and non-toxic. Moreover, the combination of two drugs with different modes of action would cause a reduction in the doses and treatment times. Based on the promising results obtained in vitro, in the future, different doses of the combined drugs will be assayed in vivo to determine the potential of these compounds for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis.

Optimizing Concentration of Polyethelene Glycol for Exosome Isolation from Plasma for Downstream Application.

Exosomes are ubiquitous extracellular nanovesicles secreted from almost all living cells that are thought to be involved in several important cellular processes, including cell-cell communication and signaling. Exosomes serve as a liquid biopsy tool for clinical and translational research. Although many techniques have been used to isolate exosomes, including ultracentrigation, size-exclusion chromatography, and immunocapturing-based techniques, these techniques are not convenient, they require expensive instrumentation, and they are unhandy for clinical samples. Precipitation techniques from available commercial kits that contain polyethelene glycol (PEG) are now widely used, but these kits are expensive, especially if a large number of biological samples are to be processed. the purpose of this study is to compare and optimize the efficacy of different concentrations of PEG with two commercial kits ExoQuick (SBI) and Total Exosome Isolation (TEI) from Invitrogen in human plasma. we determined exosome quantity, size distribution, marker expression, and downstream application. among the precipitation methods, we found the size of particles and concentrations with 10-20% PEG are similar to ExoQuick and better than TEI. Interestingly, we detected cfDNA with ExoQuick and 10-20% PEG but not TEI and 5% PEG. Moreover, 10% PEG detection of miR-122 and miR-16 expression was superior to ExoQuick and TEI. Furthermore, in proteomics results it also found the identified proteins better than commercial kits but there was a high level of contamination of other proteins in serum. together, these findings show that an optimal concentration of 10% PEG serves as a guide for use with clinical samples in exosome isolation for downstream applications.

Comparative efficacy of different concentrations of chlorhexidine for prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in intensive care units: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

AbstractBackgroundVentilator‐associated pneumonia is a common type of hospital‐acquired infection in critically ill patients. The implementation of effective oral care with chlorhexidine is known to be an effective intervention to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia. Nonetheless, no well‐supported evidence exists yet to rank the efficacy of various concentrations of chlorhexidine.AimTo compare the efficacy of different concentrations of chlorhexidine (0.12%, 0.20% and 2.0%) for prevention of ventilator‐associated pneumonia.Study DesignElectronic databases, as well as bibliographies, were systematically searched to find relevant studies published in English from inception until January 1, 2022. We included randomized controlled trials of mechanically ventilated adult patients in intensive care settings comparing at least two of the following treatments: 0.12% chlorhexidine, 0.2% chlorhexidine, 2.0% chlorhexidine, or placebo. The selected outcome was the incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia. A frequentist network meta‐analysis was performed. We ranked the concentrations of chlorhexidine for the selected outcome by p score (estimate of the probability of being the best treatment).ResultsWe included 19 trials with 3183 participants, conducted across nine countries. The use of 2.0% chlorhexidine and 0.12% chlorhexidine decreased the risk of ventilator‐associated pneumonia compared with placebo (OR 0.46, 95% CI = 0.28–0.75; OR 0.49, 95% CI = 0.33–0.71, respectively), whereas the effect resulting from 0.02% chlorhexidine remains unclear (OR 0.78, 95% CI = 0.54–1.13). Our network meta‐analysis ranked the 2.0% concentration as the most beneficial for ventilator‐associated pneumonia prevention (p score: 0.92).ConclusionThe 2.0% chlorhexidine and the 0.12% chlorhexidine reduce the risk of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. According to the results of our network meta‐analysis, 2.0% chlorhexidine seems more beneficial. Chlorhexidine needs to be further evaluated in large‐scale controlled trials.Relevance to clinical practiceIn patients in intensive care units, and within the inevitable limitations of a network meta‐analysis, this study proposes that 2.0% chlorhexidine is superior to other chlorhexidine concentrations in terms of preventing ventilator‐associated pneumonia.

Field efficacy of biorational and chemical insecticides against mango leaf hoppers (Amritodus atkinsoni and Idioscopus spp.)

Mango hopper is an important pest of mango that causes severe losses in yield and lower quality of fruit. The objective of the study was to investigate the susceptibility of mango hopper to the selected chemical and botanical insecticides and to find out the efficacy of different concentrations of selected insecticides/botanicals in controlling the mango hopper in the field conditions. Field experiments were conducted at four locations of Punjab, viz. Gurdaspur (Regional Research Station), Hoshiarpur [Government Garden and Fruit Nursery, Khiala Bulanda; FRS, Gangian; Jhandia Kalan (Ropar)] to evaluate different botanicals and chemicals along with Malathion 50 EC as check insecticide during 2019–21. Results indicated that lambda-cyhalothrin 5 ec @1.0 ml/l, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @0.4 ml/l, deltamethrin 2.8 ec @0.5 ml/l, thiamethoxam 25 wg @0.1 g/l, dimethoate 30 ec @1.65 ml/l, buprofezin 25 sc @2.0 ml/l, oxydemeton methyl 25 ec @1.0 ml/l and malathion 50 ec @1.5 ml/l were found significantly effective against mango leaf hoppers with reduction in population from 90–60%. PAU homemade neem extract @14 ml/l and PAU homemade dharek extract @4 ml/l resulted in 28–80% reduction, respectively. These wide options will help the farmers for opting wide range of insecticides and botanicals for need based spraying of these insecticides instead of schedule sprayings.

Antifouling painting formulations containing green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using water extract of Ulva fasciata

Recently, nanotechnology-based paints have been employed in the field of biofouling prevention. The green production of copper oxide nanoparticles (GB-CuONPs) with Ulva fasciata water extract was described in this study. The aqueous U. fasciata extract contains diverse compounds that act as reducing and stabilizing agents for GB-CuONPs. The GB-CuONPs were characterized by different instruments. SEM indicated monoclinic phase (tenorite) clustered nanoparticles. EDX spectrum comprised C, N, Zn, Cu, and O peaks. FT-IR showed peaks that could be attributed to proteins, carbohydrates and polyphenols. The average crystallite size was 35.2 nm. XRD assigned the reflection lines of monoclinic GB-CuONPs. The antimicrobial activity of GB-CuONPs was studied against three Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. Antifouling efficacy of different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50%) from GB-CuONPs was evaluated in situ for 200 days. Low weights of fouling organisms were formed on all the panels, ranging between 0.0495 and 0.1451 g/cm2. Their effectiveness may be attributed to the biocide’s gradual release from the coatings. Panels treated with formulations containing (1.00% and 1.50%) GB-CuONPs showed good antifouling activity during the study period, with only 5% of barnacles.The surrounding seawater parameters of the immersed coated steel panels were within the typical range for this area.

Antifungal action of essential oils on Colletotrichum musae in vitro

Anthracnose is a phytosanitary problem affecting banana producers. It is a major postharvest disease and is mainly controlled by the use of fungicides. As the search for healthy foods free of chemical residues has increased among consumers, the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal efficacy of different concentrations of essential oils on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum musae, the causal agent of anthracnose in banana fruits. The essential oils used were citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and basil (Ocimum basilicum). The essential oils were added to a potato dextrose agar medium at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,and 2.5 μLmL−1 and distributed in 90 mm diameter Petri dishes. Mycelium discs from the fungal colony, grown for seven days, were transferred to Petri dishes containing the oils and incubated at 25°C with a photoperiod of 12 h (light/dark) cycle for eight days. Colony growth was monitored daily to determine the percentage, index of inhibition of mycelial growth, and average diameter of the colonies. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with six different extract concentrations with replicates (n = 4). Each oil extract was then evaluated separately. The essential oils from citronellagrass, lemongrass, and basil inhibited mycelial growth to the proportion that the oil concentration increased. The total inhibition of the pathogen occurred at a concentration of 1.5 µLmL−1 using citronellagrass and lemongrass and 2.5 µLmL−1 using basil. However, essential oils from clove completely inhibited the mycelial growth of C. musae at a concentration of 0.5 µLmL−1. The tested essential oils showed in vitro antifungal activity against C. musae at different concentrations. However, essential oils from clove are unique in exhibiting a better inhibitory effect on mycelial growth at lower concentrations.

Efficacy of food-grade diatomaceous earth as grain protection against <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> - Lesser Grain Borer in stored chickpea under tropical conditions

The efficacy of different concentrations of diatomaceous earth against the <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> in chickpea was evaluated. The selected concentrations were 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% on (W/W) basis. Each treatment was replicated three times and 20 same-aged unsexed adult <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species were introduced into each jar. The percentage of mortality <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species and weight reduction of chickpea commodity were recorded weekly for five weeks. After the 5th week onwards the samples were let to progeny development without any disturbance. The progeny counts were carried out at the end of the 9^thweek. The results showed that mortality percentage <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species, weight reduction of chickpea commodity, and progeny emergence highly affected by different concentrations of diatomaceous earth (DE). The maximum percentage of mortality was attained early, when the concentration was 1%, at the end of the 3rd week (100%). The percentage of weight reduction is relatively less for 1% concentration compared with other treatments. After 9 weeks of exposure, the chickpea commodity treated with 1% and 0.5% concentrations of DE shows the zero number of visible pupal stage and F1 adult progeny of <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species. While chickpea commodity treated with 0.1% concentration of DE shows the dead visible F1 generation of <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species. This means, the larva has emerged as adults but at the end of the 9 weeks of the exposure period, F1 progenies were completely suppressed. The percentage of mortality <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species, weight reduction of chickpea commodity, and the emergence of the progeny of <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species depend upon the different concentrations of DE and applying 1% of DE highly effective concentration to control the <em>Rhyzopertha dominica</em> species in the chickpea commodity.

Effect of Marlubium vulgare Plant on Experimentally Infected Albino Mice with Trichomonas muris Parasite and Compare with Metronidazole Drug

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Marlubium vulgare plant on albino mice experimentally infected with Trichomonas muris parasite and compared it with Metronidazole drug. The oral administration method was used to estimate the effect of the plant extract. where each group of mice was administered a different concentration of the plant alcoholic extract (500, 1500, 2500, 3500) mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg of metronidazole drug was administered to another group, while the control group was administered an equal amount of normal saline solution. The results showed a significant effect of the concentrations of alcoholic extract and the drug metronidazole in the treatment of infected albino mice and showed a high treatment efficiency of 100% with a variation in the time required for complete treatment and complete elimination of parasites. The highest concentration of 3500 mg/kg resulted in complete recovery in the affected albino mice on the fourth day after treatment, while the use of the drug led to a complete recovery on the fifth day after treatment, while the infection in the control group continued to the fifth day and then died. The conclusion of this study confirmed the high therapeutic efficacy of different concentrations of alcoholic extract of M. vulgare plant in treating T. muris parasite in mice experimentally infected with it, which is comparable to the effectiveness of Metronidazole drug.

Remineralization and Antibacterial Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Aqueous Stevia extract and green tea Solutions in Comparison with Fluoride-based Mouthwash on Initial Enamel Carious Lesion- An Invitro Study

Remineralization and Antibacterial Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Aqueous Stevia extract and green tea Solutions in Comparison with Fluoride-based Mouthwash on Initial Enamel Carious Lesion- An Invitro Study

The Effect of Extracts and Phenolic Compounds Isolation from Rosmarinus officinalis Plant Leaves on Tribolium castaneum Mortality

The current laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, and 20%) of the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate, and hexane at a concentration (1, 2, and 4%) of the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis against adults of the insect Trabolium castaneum for three periods (24, 48, and 72 hours). Results showed that the ethanolic extract, ethyl phenolic components (catechol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, calic acid, vanillic acid, coumarin, and cinnamic acid) of rosemary leaves were detected using HPLC technology over a 24 hours treatment period, and their effect on the adult stage of the insect was investigated. The results showed that catechol, calic acid, vanillic acid, and cinnamic acid had a killing rate of 93.33% at a concentration of 20%. In contrast, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid and coumarin had a killing rate of 90% at a concentration of 20%.

Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Withanolides in Ashwagandha Supplements for Insomnia and Enhancing Energy Level

ObjectivesAshwagandha was found to have promising results in treating insomnia and bringing forward circadian rhythms. However, anyone with insomnia responded differently to various concentrations of withanolides in Ashwagandha supplements. In this study, the concentration of withanolides in Ashwagandha and total sleep time improvement, sleep circadian rhythms, and energy level elevation were investigated in sleep deprived subjects.MethodsA total of 132 participants with insomnia aged between 18 and 50 were selected for inclusion in the study. Unstandardized Ashwagandha supplements were distributed to group A (n=39). Ashwagandha with 5% of withanolides was assigned to group B (n=53), and group C (n=40) received ashwagandha contained 2.5% of withanolides. The data were collected from self-reported questionnaires and analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with R Studio 4.1.2.ResultsGroup B showed the greatest improvement in sleep quality. In the beginning, 38% of participants slept less than 6 hours, decreasing to 26% after the trial (p=0.007197). 42% of the participants slept before 12am at baseline, increasing to 64% at the end (p=0.0004883). More participants in group C were able to sleep more than 7 hours (p-value=3.426e-05) and those with high energy levels increased dramatically from 13% to 40% (p-value=0.0001221). However, some people have reported acne and oiliness as side effects.ConclusionsAshwagandha with higher levels of withanolides has been shown to be more effective in treating insomnia. Moderate levels may improve both energy levels and total sleep time, while unstandardized ashwagandha may only be effective in increasing energy levels.Funding SourcesThe company Nutripacks sponsored this testing trial.

Study the Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Coconut Water on Boar Semen Following Equilibration at 18°C for Different Hours

Study the Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Coconut Water on Boar Semen Following Equilibration at 18°C for Different Hours

Postharvest quality of 'Cripps Pink' apple fruit influenced by ethylene antagonists during controlled atmosphere storage with photocatalytic oxidation.

BACKGROUNDThe present study investigated the efficacy of 1H‐cyclopropa[b]naphthalene (NC) and 1H‐cyclopropabenzene (BC) with respect to antagonizing ethylene action and maintaining postharvest fruit quality in ‘Cripps Pink’ apple stored in a controlled atmosphere comprising 3.45 ± 0.45% oxygen and 2.40 ± 0.36% carbon dioxide with photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) at 0 ± 1 °C and 90 ± 5% relative humidity.RESULTSThe BC, NC, and 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) fumigation treatments delayed the climacteric peaks onset and retarded ethylene production rates compared to control fruit. Treatments with ethylene antagonist also maintained fruit firmness (up to 1.12 times), titratable acidity (up to 1.08 times), malic acid (up to 1.23 times), ascorbic acid (up to 1.12 times) and total phenol levels (up to 1.19 times) higher compared to that in control fruit. The 1‐MCP was more efficient in reducing the rates of ethylene production compared to NC and BC, but, in the case of all other fruit quality parameters investigated, the effect of NC and BC treatments were on a par with 1‐MCP.CONCLUSIONThe NC and BC have the potential to be used as ethylene antagonists in ‘Cripps Pink’ apple fruit stored in a controlled atmosphere with PCO. The efficacy of different concentrations of NC and BC in downregulating ethylene action, as well as interactive effects of PCO on the performance of ethylene antagonists, still warrants further investigation. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation the therapeutic efficacy of different concentration of amphotericin B drug in mice infected with visceral leishmaniosis.

Liposomal amphotericin B (Amph B) has been used effectively to treat leishmaniosis, in spite of its high toxicity appeared in some patients. In our study, Amph B was administered in Leishmania donovani that infected BALB/c male mice using different concentrations to evaluate its efficacy challenge against infection as well as its effect in modulating immunity of the host. We observed that low doses with short duration of Amph B as a therapy regime significantly enhanced the induction of Th1 cytokine (INF-γ), but suppressed Th2 cytokine (IL-10) production. Groups of mice infected with L. donovani and treated with Amph B showed clearly increasing in INF-γ level and reduction in IL-10 level in concentration (3, 4, 5 mg/ml/kg) with best result in 5 mg/ml/kg (accumulation dose 25 mg/ml) than concentrations (6, 7 mg/ml/kg). We hypothesized that Amph B with low doses and short duration regime worked to mediate immunotherapeutic for eliminating the parasite-induced immunosuppression.

Benzocaine and Eugenol as anesthetics for pangasius juveniles, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect and efficacy of different concentrations of eugenol and benzocaine for pangasius juveniles (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and determine the anesthetic and concentration most appropriate for carrying out routine fish farming practices for this species. Onehundred juveniles with an average weight of 32.10 ± 4.9 g and an average total length of 15.32 ± 0.57 cm were used. Four concentrations of both anesthetics were evaluated: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L, with four induction time stages and three recovery stages. During the time that the fish remained anesthetized, biometric procedures were performed. Then, they were transferred to a 10-liter aquarium containing clean water, without adding the anesthetic to observe the recovery time. After recovery, the animals were kept in aquariums for 72 hours to check for mortality. Eugenol, at all concentrations evaluated, and benzocaine, at a concentration of 25 mg/L, were not effective in sedating juveniles of pangasius. Benzocaine concentrations of 75 and 100 mg/L were effective for anesthesia and recovery of fish within the time span of five andseven minutes. However, considering animal welfare, the use of a concentration of 100 mg/L is recommended, as it resulted in shorter latency and recovery times.

PHYTOCHMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF SORGHUM HELEPENSE L. FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OCHRATOXIGENIC FUNGI

Ochratoxigenic fungal species are a major cause of various infections in plants and posed a serious threat to their consumers,including humans and animals. In the current study the objective was to examine the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of leaves methanolic extract of S. helepense L. (Pers.) against target pathogenic ochratoxin producing fungal species (Trichoderma viride Pers., Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries).For this purpose, different concentrations viz. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% of leaf methanolic extract were prepared and tested for antifungal potential in a completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that all the applied concentrations of S. helepense inhibited the growth of all the tested fungal strain. Maximum growth inhibition was observed in 2% of concentration of methanolic extract of S. helepense in case of C. cladosporoides i.e. 84%. On the other hand minimum reduction was observed in 4% of concentration of methanolic extract of S. helepense against T. viride as compared to control. The phytochemical analysis was also conducted to evaluate that which chemical entities were present that account for antifungal potency of methanolic extract of S. helepense. Results of phytochemical analysis revealed the occurrence of saponins, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids and tannins while the plant is devoid of terpenoids, phlobatanins and glycosides respectively. Hence it can be concluded that the methanolic leaf extract of the tested plant proved to be beneficial for inhibiting the growth of test ochratoxigenic fungi.

38&#x2003;The efficacy of different concentration of coconut water on boar semen following equilibration at 18&#xb0;C for different times.

Reproduction, Fertility and Development is an international journal publishing original research , review and comment in the fields of reproduction and developmental biology in humans, domestic animals and wildlife

Effects of 45S5 bioactive glass on the remineralization of early carious lesions in deciduous teeth: an in vitro study

BackgroundEarly childhood caries has been designated as a serious public health problem. The traditional restoration method is very challenging, especially in uncooperative patients. Non-invasive therapy, like remineralization agents, which have been developed to reverse the demineralization progress at the early stage of caries, may be a better choice. This study aimed to evaluate the remineralization efficacy of different concentrations of 45S5 bioactive glass (BAG) on artifical carious lesions of deciduous enamel.Methods65 caries-like enamel lesions of the deciduous teeth were assigned to 5 groups (n = 13) and transported to a 14 days pH-cycling: Group A: 2%BAG, Group B: 4%BAG, Group C: 6%BAG, Group D: 8%BAG, and Group E: deionized water (DDW, negative control). 8 sound (Group F) and 8 demineralized teeth (Group G) were prepared for contrast. The recovery power of mechanical property was evaluated by Vickers hardness test through the recovery of enamel microhardness (%REMH). Surface morphology, mass fraction of Ca and P ions, and Ca/P atomic ratio were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipped with attenuated total reflectance was used to identify the chemical structure of newly formed compounds.Results% REMH were (42.65 ± 1.35), (52.59 ± 2.96), (57.40 ± 1.72), (52.91 ± 2.55), (12.46 ± 2.81) in 2%BAG, 4%BAG, 6%BAG, 8%BAG, and DDW groups respectively. Micro-spherical particles were deposited in all BAG groups and 6% BAG showed the densest and most uniform surface. EDX analysis identified significantly higher Ca(wt%) and P(wt%) in four BAG groups than in the demineralized group (p < 0.005), while 6% BAG showed the highest mineral gain efficacy. The infrared spectrum demonstrated that newly mineralized crystals were consisted of type-B hydroxycarbonate apatite.ConclusionBAG possessed a promising remineralization effect on artificial lesions in deciduous enamel by recovering enamel surface mechanical property, morphology and chemical elements. Among them, 6% BAG performed the greatest overall efficacy. Acting as a new caries-arresting biomaterial, 45S5 BAG has the potential to facilitate the adaptation of better carious prevention strategies in children.