Efficacy Of Closantel Research Articles

Ex-vivo efficacy of commercially available anthelmintics against blood feeding stomach worm Haemonchus contortus of ruminants.

Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent and pathogenic gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in ruminants causing extensive economic losses. It is essential to estimate the efficacy of common commercially available anthelmintics against Haemonchus contortus parasite. Here, we standardized an ex-vivo culture platform for H. contortus and evaluated the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics namely, albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LVM), ivermectin (IVM), closantel (CLS) and rafoxanide (RFX). Adult worms were collected from abomasa of slaughtered animals, cultured in MEM, DMEM, M199 or RPMI with or without 20% FBS for up to 72h. Cultured worms were incubated with ABZ, LVM, IVM, RFX or CLS in DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS at different concentrations (0.5-50µg/ml) in triplicates and examined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48h post treatment. Of the culture conditions, DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS supported the survival of H. contortus for (P < 0.001) longer period of time which was used in the evaluation of anthelmintics. The efficacy of CLS and RFX were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than other drugs and 100% mortality was observed at 2µg/ml of CLS and RFX within 12h post treatment. However, ABZ, LVM, and IVM showed significant effect at the concentration of 50µg/ml with 48, 36, and 24h, respectively. Morphological changes included severe cuticle disruption around the buccal cavity, posterior region and vulva as well as loss of cuticle structure integrity coupled with expulsion and fragmentation of digestive components of parasites when treated with 50µg/ml of ABZ, LVM, and IVM and 2µg/ml of RFX and CLS. Collectively, DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS can be used as ex-vivo culture platform for maintenance of H. contortus, and RFX and CLS can be used as the promising drugs for the prevention, control and treatment of H. contortus infections.

Comparative Endectocide Efficacy of Closantel and Ivermectin in Osmanabad Goats Reared under Semi-Intensive System in Kalyana Karnataka

Internal and external parasitic infestation is a common problem affecting production performance in goats. A study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of endectocides, closantel and ivermectin in controlling this problem in Osmanabad goats. One hundred and fifty Osmanabad goats reared under semi-intensive system were screened for endoparasites using faecal egg count method and those suffering were selected for the study. The study was carried out at Kalaburagi in Kalyana Karnataka and Osmanabad goats were randomly grouped into T1, T2 and T3 in equal numbers. The tick infestation was graded in the affected animals among different groups. Goats in T1 were not dosed with any of the drugs and were considered as Control. Goats in groups T2 and T3 were treated respectively with oral solutions of closantel (15%) and ivermectin (1%) at the rate of 1 ml and 0.40 ml per 20 kg body weight on day-1 and day -21.The animals were monitored for three months and parameters namely fecal egg count (FEC), texture of hair, number of ticks/sq inch, monthly body weight gain, haematology and economics were recorded. Reduction in FEC was significantly low in ivermectin group (T3) in comparison to T1 and T2. Coarse hairs in endectocide treated groups turned soft and lustrous by the end of third month and haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in both the treated groups. Numbers of ticks were reduced in both the groups and the reduction in number was noticed seven days after first treatment and was complete by first month. The body weight gain in treated groups was significantly higher compared to untreated control animals. Recovery and production performance was higher in T3 compared to T2. Ivermectin proved more effective over closantel in the control of ecto and endoparasites.

Efficacy of closantel against benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep

Benzimidazoles are widely used and readily available ovine anthelminthics across the country. However, widespread resistance to this drug class has been documented, primarily in Haemonchus spp. The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of closantel against benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Naturally infected sheep (n=34) were divided into four groups on the basis of fecal egg counts (FEC) using modified McMaster technique with a lower detection limit of 8.3 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) viz. Group-A (500-10000), Group- B (&gt;10,000-20,000), Group-C (&gt;20,000-30,000) and Group-D (&gt;30,000). Generic differentiation of larvae was carried out by coproculture performed on pooled faeces which showed the presence of Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides larvae. To ascertain the evidence of benzimidazole resistance, Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) was performed. All animals were treated with Closantel @ 10mg\kg body weight and EPG was determined on 7th and 11th day post treatment. Animals of different groups had mean EPG range of 400 -760 at 11th day of treatment. In group A, B, C and D mean per cent efficacy of closantel was 91.24±3.49, 95.15±1.72, 97.73±0.72, 98.23±0.86 respectively. Efficacy of closantel against Haemonchus and other gastrointestinal nematodes was further confirmed by performing coproculture 11th day post treatment. Post treatment coproculture revealed presence of Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides larvae and were devoid of Haemonchus larvae. To clear the left out infection of Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides animals were further treated with Fenbendazole @5mg/kg body weight and EPG 14 days post treatment became zero. The results of the study suggested that closantel can be used for Targeted Selective Treatment (TST) in sheep primarily infected with Haemonchus. Since closantel is highly efficacious against Haemonchus its use as an alternative to benzimidazoles group may be helpful to decrease pasture contamination. Overall control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis may therefore be possible by use of closantel along with benzimidazoles.

Efficacy of closantel against ivermectin- and fenbendazole-resistant Haemonchus sp. in sheep in Ontario, Canada

In Ontario, Canada, widespread resistance to ivermectin and fenbendazole, the only readily available ovine anthelmintics, has been documented, primarily in Haemonchus sp. In other parts of the world, closantel has been used to control such infections; however, the drug was not currently licensed for use in Canada and the USA. A randomized controlled trial was conducted on six client-owned farms in Ontario in 2013 and 2014 to determine the efficacy of closantel (Flukiver® 5% Oral Suspension, Elanco Animal Health, 10mg/kg bodyweight) against ivermectin- and fenbendazole-resistant Haemonchus sp. infections in periparturient ewes and grazing lambs. Three farms were randomly assigned to treat all ewes, and three farms were randomly assigned to selectively treat individual ewes at lambing, using predetermined criteria. Fecal samples were collected from a minimum of 15 randomly selected ewes and 13 lambs per group on each farm at the time of treatment and approximately 14days later. Trichostrongyle-type fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed using a modified McMaster technique with a lower detection limit of 8.3 eggs per gram of feces (epg). Haemonchus-specific FECs were determined by multiplying FECs by the proportion of Haemonchus sp. identified from coproculture for each farm; Haemonchus-specific FEC reductions were calculated for each farm. Twenty grazing lambs had FECs conducted monthly, and when mean monthly FECs surpassed 200 epg, all lambs were randomly allocated to either closantel, positive control (ivermectin, fenbendazole, or levamisole) or negative control groups. Pre-treatment Haemonchus-specific mean FECs ranged from 27 to 3359 epg in ewes and 0–5698 epg in lambs. Efficacy of closantel against Haemonchus sp. ranged from 99% (95% CI: 97%–99%) to 100% in recently lambed ewes on all farms in both years (total n=274 ewes), and from 99% (95% CI: 98%–99%) to 100% in grazing lambs in both years on all but one farm (total n=171 lambs). On the latter farm, a whole flock treated farm, closantel efficacy in grazing lambs was 84% (95%CI: 81%–88%) in the first year, but 100% in the second year. Levamisole was effective against overall GIN in lambs on only two farms. Ivermectin and fenbendazole resistance continued to be present, particularly in Haemonchus sp. Closantel had excellent efficacy against Haemonchus sp. over the two year study period, regardless of treatment group, and therefore should be considered one viable component of sustainable integrated parasite control programs for farms with documented anthelmintic resistance and problems with haemonchosis.

Comparative efficacy of anthelmintics and their effects on hematobiochemical changes in fasciolosis of goats of South Gujarat

Aim:Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease caused by Fasciola spp. of the family Fasciolidae (trematodes) characterized by bottle jaw, anemia, progressive debility, and potbelly condition. There are many aspects of fasciolosis remaining unknown thus hemato-biochemical alterations in closantel, triclabendazole + ivermectin, and oxyclozanide + levamisole treated goats were studied.Materials and Methods:A total of 40 naturally fasciolosis infected goats having egg per gram more than 100 were randomly divided into four groups. Goats of Group I-III were treated with three different anthelmintics, whereas, goats of Group-IV were kept as control or untreated. Whole blood, serum, and fecal samples were collected on 0, 7th, and 30th day of treatment.Results:During the study, values of hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, pack cell volume, and total protein were significantly elevated to their normal levels in anthelmintics treated groups. Whereas, values of total leukocyte count, aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly reduced to their normal level in anthelmintics treated groups. The efficacy of closantel (T1), triclabendazole + ivermectin (T2), and oxyclozanide + levamisole (T3) was 99.63%, 100%, and 94.74% and 100%, 100%, and 97.38% on 7th and 30th day of treatment, respectively.Conclusions:Fasciolosis in goats can be diagnosed on the basis of fecal sample examination, but alterations in important biomarkers such as AST, GGT, and LDH are also helpful for early diagnosis. The use of newer anthelmintic either alone or in combination showed a higher therapeutic response in fasciolosis of goats.

Novel insights into the pathogenic importance, diagnosis and treatment of the rumen fluke (Calicophoron daubneyi) in cattle

Recently, sharp increases in the prevalence of rumen fluke infections have been recorded throughout Western Europe. However, scarce information is available on the diagnosis, pathogenic importance and control of this parasite. We undertook 3 pilot studies to gain more insights into these aspects of rumen fluke biology in cattle. First, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of mini-FLOTAC to detect adult rumen fluke infections based on faecal egg count in an abattoir survey and found high sensitivity (0.94) and specificity (0.98). Moreover, there was an association between ruminal fluke burden (assessed by visual scoring) and faecal egg count and a cut-off of 200 eggs per gram is proposed to detect highly infected animals (>200 flukes present in the rumen and/or reticulum). There was also a significant association between ruminal fluke burden and faecal consistency. However, in a second study, we performed a case-control field survey to investigate the association between rumen fluke infection and herd-level problems with diarrhoea and no association was found. Finally, we evaluated the use of closantel (Flukiver®, Elanco Animal Health, subcutaneous administration at 10mg/kg) to treat rumen fluke infection on 3 herds, but no significant reduction in egg output post-treatment was found. Because this result is in contrast with a previous study using an oral dose of closantel, more research is required into the effect of administration route on the efficacy of closantel on rumen fluke.

First report of anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus in alpacas in Australia

BackgroundParasitic nematodes can cause substantial clinical and subclinical problems in alpacas and anthelmintics are regularly used to control parasitic nematodes in alpacas. Although anthelmintic resistance has been reported in ruminants worldwide, very little is known about anthelmintic resistance in alpacas. The present study was carried out to confirm a suspected case of anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus in alpacas in Australia.MethodsPost mortem examination of an alpaca was conducted to determine the cause of its death. To confirm a suspected case of macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance in H. contortus in alpacas, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed using closantel (7.5 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg). Nematode species were identified by morphological and molecular methods.ResultsPost mortem examination of a 1-year-old female alpaca that had died following a brief period of lethargy, anorexia and recumbency revealed severe anaemia, hypoproteinaemia and gastric parasitism by adult Haemonchus contortus, despite recent abamectin (0.2 mg/kg) treatment. Based on these findings and the exclusive use of MLs in the herd over the preceding six years, ML resistance in parasitic nematodes of alpacas on this farm was suspected. FECRT revealed that the efficacy of closantel was 99% (95% CI 93-100), whereas that of ivermectin was 35% (95% CI 0-78), indicating that the treatment failure was likely due to the presence of ML-resistant nematodes. Larval culture of faecal samples collected following ivermectin treatment consisted of 99% H. contortus and 1% Cooperia oncophora, a result confirmed using a PCR assay.ConclusionsThis study provides the first evidence of ML resistance in H. contortus in alpacas in Australia. Based on the extent of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in Australia, veterinarians and alpaca owners should be encouraged to implement integrated parasite management strategies to improve nematode control in alpacas.

Efficacy of Closantel 5% against Cattle Gastrointestinal Parasites

Problem statement: There are several anthelmintic classes based on chemical structure that are in use, but, during the last 20 years, it has been increasingly noted that the target parasites have become resistant, the incidence varying with geographical location and mode of use. Approach: In this study, 60 apparently healthy cows under the same management conditions of the experiment, feces (EPG) were examined. Cows divided to 2 groups (30 = control, 30 = treated with closantel 5%) then treated cows received 10 mg kg-1 B.W closantel 5% oraly and After treatment the cow, faecal samples from each of 2 groups were examined in days 1-7-21-28 after treatment by wet-mount and willis-methods and MC-master slid used for egg count. Results: Therefore Closantel 5% drugs if used oraly by dosage 1 mL 10 kg-1 B.W in cow against Fasciola hepatica and Haemonchus spp. Bunostomum phlebotomum been quite effective (average percentage of drug effect = 97%) and used for control and prevention of parasitic infections in cow was recommended. Conclusion: Therefore Closantel 5% is an effective drug against cattle gastrointestinal helminthes in Iran.

Efficacy of closantel plus albendazole liquid suspension against natural infection of gastrointestinal parasites in camels

Oral administration of closantel in a dose of 10 mg/kg plus albendazole in a dose of 5 mg/kg liquid suspension was studied in 75 camels naturally infected with various types of gastrointestinal parasites. The camels involved were 15 pregnant she-camels, 20 non-pregnant she-camels and 40 male camels of various ages. Each camel received a single oral dose of closantel (10 mg/kg) plus albendazole (5 mg/kg) orally. Two weeks later, 20 camels of this group were re-dosed again with the same dose of the anthelmintic. Fecal samples were collected per rectum from all camels at the time of treatment and again 14 and 42 days post treatment. Fecal egg counts and generic determination of third stage larvae was performed. Results indicated that six different species of gastrointestinal tract parasites were identified in camels. Single treatment of closantel plus albendazole mixture reduced egg counts in camels by 100%, 100%, 98% and 77% for Haemonchus longistipes, Ascaris spp., Monezia expansa and Fasciola hepatica, respectively. However, administration of the drug twice on the base of 2 weeks apart significantly raised the efficacy of the drug for clearance of the parasites from 92.5% to 100% in camels infected with various parasites. Camels were not adversely affected by treatment.

Efficacy of closantel, albendazole and levamisole on an ivermectin resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus in sheep

Following evidence of reduced efficacy of oral ivermectin in a field population of Haemonchus contortus on a sheep farm in Kenya, this strain of the parasite was submitted to a controlled anthelmintic test. One hundred and twenty worm-free lambs were randomly split into two groups of 60. Each lamb in the first group was infected with 5000 third stage larvae (L 3) of the suspected resistant strain the remaining 60 lambs were each infected with 5000 (L 3) of a H. contortus strain of known susceptibility to the major groups of anthelmintic compounds used in sheep. On day 28 post-infection, each group was subdivided according to egg counts and at random into six sub-groups of ten lambs, each of which was treated with closantel at 5.0 mg kg −1, albendazole at 5.0 mg kg −1, levamisole at 7.5 mg kg −1, oral ivermectin at 0.2 mg kg −1 or injectable (Inj.) ivermectin at 0.2 mg kg −1, or was left as an untreated control. At slaughter, 10 days later, all the anthelmintics had resulted in reduced worm burdens in animals infected with the susceptible strain (albendazole 99.0%, levamisole 99.5%, closantel, Inj. and oral ivermectin 100%). By contrast, in the lambs infected with the suspected resistant strain, closantel was 100% effective, but inj. ivermectin, oral ivermectin, albendazole and levamisole reduced worm counts by 47.6%, 24.2%, 38.5% and 41.4%, respectively. Anthelmintic resistance to the other chemical groups had been confirmed previously on this farm and although benzimidazoles and levamisole had not been used for the last 4 years, this strain was still highly resistant to albendazole and levamisole: closantel remained as the only drug evaluated which was still effective against this population of H. contortus.

The efficacy of closantel and rafoxanide against fenbendazole- and levamisole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants.

The efficacy of closantel and rafoxanide against fenbendazole- and levamisole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants.

Efficacy of closantel against Fasciola hepatica in Korean native goats

Closantel (Flukiver™), a salicylanilide antiparasitic compound, was tested in Korean native goats infected with Fasciola hepatica. The goats were administered closantel once orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Efficacy was monitored weekly by fecal examination of all infected animals starting the second week post-treatment and continuing for 3 weeks. Closantel elicited 80.3, 97.8 and 92.7% efficacy in goats with naturally-acquired fasciolosis at the second, third and fourth week post-treatment, respectively. It elicited a 100% efficacy in goats experimentally infected with F. hepatica metacercariae and treated at 18 weeks post-infection.

Efficacy of closantel against infestations of screw‐worm fly Chrysomya bezziana

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 67, Issue 9 p. 340-340 Efficacy of closantel against infestations of screw-worm fly Chrysomya bezziana JP SPRADBERY, JP SPRADBERY CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601Search for more papers by this authorIL OWEN, IL OWEN National Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Livestock, PO Box 6372, Boroko, Papua New GuineaSearch for more papers by this author JP SPRADBERY, JP SPRADBERY CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601Search for more papers by this authorIL OWEN, IL OWEN National Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Livestock, PO Box 6372, Boroko, Papua New GuineaSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1990 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07822.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume67, Issue9September 1990Pages 340-340 RelatedInformation

The Efficacy of Closantel against Fascioloides magna in Sheep

Closantel(N-[5-chloro-4[(4-chlorophenyl)-cyanomethyl]-2-methylphenyl]-2-hydroxy3,5,diiodobenzamide), a new, salicylanilide anthelmintic discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium, by Janssen and Sipido (1977, U.S. Patent No. 4,005,218) has been found to have lethal activity against several species of nematodes, trematodes and arthropods (Van den Bossche et al., 1979, Arch. Int. de Physiol. et de Biochim. 87: 851-852; Guerrero et al., 1983, Vet. Parasit. 12: 71-77). Efficacy against adult and larval stages of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica has been previously demonstrated and the information summarized (Guerrero, 1983, Prev. Vet. Med. In Press); closantel seems to be especially effective against parasites which are either in close contact with circulating blood or that are hematophagus (Guerrero et al., 1982, J. Parasit. 68: 616-619). The present study was undertaken to determine if Closantel was effective in killing larvae of Fascioloides magna in sheep, a major economic problem in Minnesota and several other states in the USA. Twelve sheep (ewes) less than 12 mo old, mean weight of 38.7 kg, were purchased from a farm in an area known not to have liver flukes. It was believed that animals this age and size accurately reflect the age and size at which sheep on pasture would naturally be exposed to and become infected with F. magna for the first time. Sheep were maintained in indoor pens and held for 4 wk prior to infection. The sheep were fed a balanced ration of hay and concentrate throughout the experiment and received water ad lib. During this time fecal examinations were performed on all sheep on arrival and they were treated with thiabendazole, 50 mg/kg (Omnizole, Merck). Two weeks later fecal examinations were performed and some were still found to be positive for helminths. All animals were treated with levamisole at a dose of 8 mg/kg (Levasole, Pitman-Moore, Inc.). All animals were found to be negative for intestinal helminths at the start of the experiment.

Anthelmintic Activity of Closantel against Ancylostoma caninum in Dogs

The efficacy and minimum therapeutic dose of closantel, an injectable salicylanilide anthelmintic, was evaluated on adult Ancylostoma caninum. Doses of 7.5 and 10 mg/kg had a marked anthelmintic effect on adult stages, removing 99 and 98%, respectively. A second experiment tested the efficacy of closantel against hypobiotic larval stages of A. caninum. A dose of 20 mg/kg did not affect the abundance of arrested hookworm larvae or prevent their subsequent development, but it may have inhibited their full maturation as adult worms so that patent, intestinal infections did not occur. Small numbers of adults were recovered from treated dogs at 29, 43, and 57 days post-treatment, but no eggs were passed in their feces. These studies bear on the practical problem of control of hookworms in dogs.