Effervescent Tablets Research Articles

Potential of tobacco leaf extract paste (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as a denture cleanser to prevent denture stomatitis

The percentage of use of dentures is relatively high. Dentures with less than optimal cleaning can cause Candida albicans infection, called denture stomatitis. The chemical method of cleaning agents from effervescent tablets of tobacco leaf extract has been studied. However, it is still not optimal, so a combination of mechanical cleaning is needed, namely by making a paste preparation. The aim is to analyze the most effective concentration of tobacco leaf extract in acrylic resin denture cleaning paste in reducing the number of C. Albicans. Type of laboratory experimental research. There were 4 sample groups, namely A: HPAI herbal toothpaste. B: Tobacco leaf extract paste (PEDT) 25%. C: PEDT 50%. D: 75% PEDT. The number of samples for each group was 10. Making Acrylic Resin Plates size 65 mm × 11 mm × 3.5 mm, Making tobacco leaf extract paste 25%, 50%, 75%. Preparation of C. albicans Suspension. Treatment of acrylic plates. Next, calculate the amount of C. Albicans using a spectrophotometer. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the control group, the 25% PEDT group, and the 75% PEDT group. A non-significant difference (p>0.05) was found between the control group and the 25% PEDT group and 50 PEDT %, PEDT group 25% to 50% PEDT group, and PEDT group 50% to 75% PEDT group. Effervescent tablets of tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are 75% effective in inhibiting C. Albicans with 30 minutes of soaking time.

Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in effervescent granules prepared via wet granulation method: in vitro study

Lactobacillus acidophilus, a strain of lactic acid bacteria widely used as a probiotic microorganism, has been extensively employed in developing probiotic products including in effervescent granules. This study's objectives were to ensure that the resultant granules possessed the desired physical attributes and retained the requisite viability of lactic acid bacteria. A wet granulation method was used. The formula was physically evaluated and analyzed using Design Expert software, followed by gram staining and bacterial harvesting. Gram staining verification demonstrated the gram-positive nature of the pure L. acidophilus bacterial isolates, as evidenced by their consistent purple coloration and characteristic basil shape. Evaluation of physical properties revealed organoleptic attributes such as granular shape, white coloration devoid of odor, flow rate of 1.497 g/sec, an angle of repose at 40.75o, compressibility of 11.45%, drying loss of 0.62%, and a foam height of 3.075 cm, consistently meeting the stipulated criteria. Furthermore, formula I, II, and III preserved L. acidophilus bacteria after being converted into effervescent granules, as evidenced by viable lactic acid bacteria counts, with formula I (412.5 x 101 cfu/g), formula II (422.7 x 101 cfu/g), and formula III (highest at 522.7 x 101 cfu/g). The formula I emerges as the most favorable effervescent granules containing L. acidophilus 3%; polyvinylpyrrolidone 3%; citric acid 0.3 %; tartaric acid 49.7%; sodium bicarbonate 25% and lactose as filler. Based on the finding, this probiotic effervescent granules has the potential to be developed as a daily supplement, especially for flora normal stabilization.

Polyherbal effervescent granules: An abeyant leap in the management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a neuroendocrine metabolic disorder characterized by an irregular menstrual cycle. In this current cram, we discuss the significance of herbal remedies in the treatment of PCOS, and the chemical composition, mechanism of action, and therapeutic application of selected herbal drugs against PCOS. Herbal drugs have a promising role in treatment and efficient management of PCOS. We have reviewed various key medicinal herbs and come up with a unique polyherbal formulation and its specialized significance in PCOS management. This evaluation will be of significant use to researchers working on herbal therapies to treat PCOS. Complementary or alternative medicine, such as herbal formulations containing herbal extracts of Turmeric, Aloe Vera, mint, and fenugreek, have been highly regarded as natural sources with low side effects and additional benefits of reducing hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and ovarian weight. These plant-based herbal formulations can be effective in this syndrome, which affects serum levels of different hormones and ovarian morphology, representing an opportunity to investigate and discover new bioactive products. Some of the most effective herbs and their formulations that play a critical role in the treatment of PCOS are summarized in this article.

FORMULATION AND PHYSICAL EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULES OF MINT LEAF EXTRACT (Mentha x piperita L) AS STIMULANSIA

Indonesia is a country with a diverse biodiversity spread across various regions. Several types of plants in Indonesia can be utilised as herbal medicines. One such plant suitable for medicinal purposes is mint leaves (Mentha x piperita L.). The chemical content found in mint leaves includes essential oils that serve as stimulants. This research aims to determine whether mint leaf extract can be used to create an effervescent granule formulation. Effervescent granules are produced using the wet granulation method, incorporating the active ingredient of mint leaf extract with different concentrations: F0: without the addition of mint leaf extract; F1: mint leaf extract added with a concentration of 15%; and F2: mint leaf extract added with a concentration of 17%. The effervescent granule formula is then evaluated based on its physical characteristics. Phytochemical screening of mint leaves yielded positive results, indicating the presence of essential oils. All mint leaf extract formulations tested for physical evaluation met the specified criteria. Flow properties and angle of repose testing resulted in values between 2-3 seconds for flow properties and 35°-36° for the angle of repose. Compressibility testing produced results ranging from 5% to 15%, pH testing yielded results between 5 and 6, and dissolution time results ranged from 40 to 41 seconds. Keywords: Mint leaves, extraction, wet granulation, effervescent granules

Determination of trace cobalt in Gastrodia elata Bl. by effervescent tablet-assisted hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent microextraction combined with micro spectrophotometry

A novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES)-based effervescent tablet was first synthesized as an extractant of effervescent tablet-assisted liquid phase microextraction (ETA-LPME) and combined with micro UV-Vis spectrophotometry for the determination of trace cobalt (Co) in Gastrodia elata Bl. The novel effervescent tablets were prepared by mixing the extractants (HDES) and effervescent precursors (sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and malonic acid (MA)). The effective and rapid extraction of Co was accomplished in one step when NaHCO3 and MA in the effervescent tablet react to produce CO2, and HDES are uniformly dispersed into the sample solution. After the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the ETA-LPME process, it was found that the enhancement factor (EF), the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method were 38, 0.05 μg/L, and 0.18 μg/L, respectively. The method has the advantages of highly efficient, rapid, and environmentally friendly and has been used in the determination of trace Co in Gastrodia elata Bl.

Hidden sodium in effervescent-tablet dietary supplements and over-the-counter drugs: a comparative cross-sectional study

ObjectiveDietary sodium intake represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. The study sought to analyse the sodium content of effervescent dietary supplements and drugs in Germany and the...

Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Effervescent Granules Containing Curcumin and Ascorbic Acid by Fusion Technique Using Full Factorial Design

Recent studies suggest that curcumin has potent immunological activity in combination with ascorbic acid. Hence, research was carried out to formulate effervescent granules of curcumin and ascorbic acid as preventive measures for COVID-19. Thirteen formulas (F1 to F13) were prepared by applying 32 full factorial designs by applying the fusion method using Stat-Ease Design-Expert v7.0.0 software. Here, a complex of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin and curcumin was prepared by lyophilization technique to improve the solubility of curcumin. Citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, polyethylene glycol, and sorbitol were used in the formulation of effervescent granules. Evaluation studies were carried out for all 13 formulas, including compatibility study, flowability study and effervescence time. The results show that granules have excellent flow property with an appropriate bulk density and tapped density for the uniting dose. The FTIR study also indicates that there is no interaction between excipients. The effervescence time is less than 3 minutes for all the batches. Formula 4 shows the best effervescence. This research article covers the development of effervescent granules containing curcumin, which has antiviral properties (both through direct movement on viruses and through modulating the immune system). With the pandemic of coronavirus that we are facing, curcumin and ascorbic acid can provide us protection against COVID-19 by keeping our immunity up and protecting against the onslaught of infections.

Development of Effervescent Cleansing Tablets Containing Asiatic-Acid-Loaded Solid Lipid Microparticles

The objective of this study was to develop effervescent cleansing tablets that can be dissolved and turned into liquid soap, which can be used for bathing or soaking the body. The asiatic-acid-loaded solid lipid microparticles (AASLMs) were prepared via the hot emulsification method followed by cold re-solidification and then freeze-dried to obtained dry powder. The physicochemical properties such as morphology and % entrapment efficiency (%EE) were evaluated. The results revealed that AASLMs have an irregular shape, and the %EE for the resulting AASLMs was 92.04 ± 3.43%. The tablets were manufactured via the direct compression technique. The compatibility test was conducted to ensure that the excipients are compatible with the active ingredient. The angle of repose, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio were studied to evaluate the flowability of the powder blend before compression. The weight of each tablet was set to 1000 mg, and physicochemical characteristics, in vitro dissolution, ex vivo cleansing efficacy, and stability were evaluated. The results showed that the active ingredient was compatible with other excipients, as the results obtained from FTIR spectra indicated the absence of potential chemical interaction between the active ingredient and excipients used in this study. Additionally, all formulations had good flow properties. The effervescence times of selected formulations, F2 and F3, were <5 min, with favorable pH and hardness values. The friability values of all formulations exceeded 1% because the excipients used in effervescent tablets are very fragile. The release of asiatic acid (AA) from the tablets was dependent on the concentration of SLS. In an ex vivo test, it was discovered that the developed products F2 and F3 showed much more effective cleansing efficacy than water. Nevertheless, brown spots appeared in the tablets and the AA content was significantly decreased in both tested formulations after 3 months’ storage at 40 ± 2 °C/75% RH ± 5% RH. The stability study revealed that the developed products were not stable at high temperature and humidity. Therefore, it is recommended that the developed effervescent tablets are not stored at a high temperature.

A New Strategy for Consumption of Functional Lipids from Ericerus pela (Chavannes): Study on Microcapsules and Effervescent Tablets Containing Insect Wax-Derived Policosanol.

In this study, we addressed various challenges associated with the consumption of functional lipids from the Ericerus pela (Chavannes), including unfavorable taste, insolubility in water, difficulty in oral intake, low bioavailability, and low psychological acceptance. Our study focused on the microencapsulation of policosanol, the key active component of insect wax, which is a mixture of functional lipids secreted by the Ericerus pela (Chavannes). We developed two innovative policosanol products, microcapsules, and effervescent tablets, and optimized their preparation conditions. We successfully prepared microcapsules containing insect wax-derived policosanol using the spray-drying method. We achieved 92.09% microencapsulation efficiency and 61.67% powder yield under the following conditions: maltodextrin, starch sodium octenyl succinate, and (2-hydroxy)propyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) at a ratio of 1:1:1, core-to-wall materials at a ratio of 1:10, 15% solid content, spray dryer feed temperature at 60 °C, inlet air temperature at 140 °C, and hot-air flow rate at 0.5 m3/min. The microcapsules exhibited a regular spherical shape with a minimal water content (1.82%) and rapid dispersion in water (within 143.5 s). These microcapsules released policosanol rapidly in simulated stomach fluid. Moreover, effervescent tablets were prepared using the policosanol-containing microcapsules. The tablets showed low friability (0.32%), quick disintegration in water (within 99.5 s), and high bubble volume. The microcapsules and effervescent tablets developed in this study presented effective solutions to the insolubility of policosanol in water. These products were portable and offered customizable tastes to address the psychological discomfort related to insect-based foods, thus providing a novel strategy for the consumption and secondary processing of insect lipids.

A Bird Eye View on Effervescent Drug Delivery System

Effervescent drug delivery systems (EDDS) have gained significant attention in the pharmaceutical industry due to their unique characteristics and potential advantages over conventional dosage forms. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of EDDS, including their formulation strategies, underlying mechanisms, and diverse applications in drug delivery. EDDS are effervescent dosage forms that release drugs upon water dissolution, leading toward carbon dioxide gas generation. The effervescence, resulting from the reaction between an acid and a base, facilitates rapid drug dissolution and enhances drug bioavailability. The primary components of an EDDS include an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), effervescent agents (e.g., organic acids and bases), binders, disintegrants, and other excipients. Effervescent tablets, granules, powders, and effervescent-coated dosage forms are commonly employed formulations. Several factors, such as pH, temperature, solubility, and particle size, influence the drug’s effervescence process and subsequent release kinetics. The drug release mechanisms from EDDS can be attributed to various phenomena, including effervescence-driven disintegration, gas evolution, and solubilization. The effervescence-induced carbon dioxide bubbles mechanically disrupt the dosage form, leading to enhanced drug dissolution and subsequent release. Additionally, the carbon dioxide gas acts as a propellant, providing rapid drug delivery and potentially improving patient compliance. EDDS find applications in diverse therapeutic areas, including analgesics, antacids, dietary supplements, and antiviral agents. They offer several advantages, such as improved drug stability, enhanced bioavailability, increased patient convenience, and ease of administration, particularly for populations with swallowing difficulties. Furthermore, EDDS can be tailored to achieve controlled release, targeted drug delivery, and taste masking through appropriate formulation modifications. However, challenges associated with EDDS include their sensitivity to environmental conditions, potential drug degradation during effervescence, and the need for specialized packaging to maintain stability. The selection of suitable effervescent agents, excipients, and manufacturing processes is crucial to overcome these limitations and ensure consistent product performance. In conclusion, effervescent drug delivery

Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Amlodipine Besylate Floating Tablets Using Different Polymers

Gastric-retentive amlodipine besylate effervescent tablets have been developed using a variety of hydrophilic polymers. Formulations were developed using different grades of different concentrations of polymer. H. HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100 and xanthan gum were used as polymeric substances. The formulated mixtures have been subjected to various pre-formulation studies and flow properties, and all formulations show that the powder mixtures have good flow properties. Among all formulations, drug release was delayed for the desired period, H. 12 hours, for the HPMC K100 formulation as a polymer. The dissolution data showed that formulations made with HPMC K100M and xanthan gum as the polymer sustained drug release for the desired period. H. 12 hours at a concentration of 150 mg. On the other hand, in formulations containing HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M as polymer failed to produce the desired drug release. Therefore, the floating drug delivery system of amlodipine using the appropriate amount of appropriate polymer can increase the activity of the drug by prolonging the gastric residence time or decreasing the floating lag time. Keywords: Gastric-retentive, amlodipine besylate, effervescent tablets, HPMC K4M

Effervescent tablet-assisted deep eutectic solvent based on magnetic nanofluid for liquid phase microextraction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are efficient anti-cancer drugs. The analysis of TKIs in the treatment of cancer is important to achieve the highest anti-cancer effects with minimal toxicities. Herein, we report an efficient effervescent tablet-assisted deep eutectic solvent based on nanofluid (ETA-DES-NF) combined with HPLC-UV for the determination of three anti-cancer drugs (erlotinib, imatinib, and nilotinib) in human plasma samples. In this method, a magnetic nanofluid composed of deep eutectic solvent (DES) and Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles was used as an extraction solvent. The deep eutectic solvent acted as a carrier and stabilizer for Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles. A tablet was used in the nanofluid for dispersion. The effervescent tablet was implemented to generate in situ CO2 and provide the effective dispersion of the sorbent into the sample solution for diminishing the extraction time and improving the extraction efficiency. Moreover, the magnetic nanofluid enhanced phase separation efficiency without centrifugation to collect the organic solvent. The synthesized nanofluid was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The impact of main parameters, including the type and volume of DES, the composition of the tablet, the composition of the nanofluid and the composition of eluent, were optimized. According to the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were from 0.5-0.8 to 1.5-2.4μg L-1 for imatinib, erlotinib, and nilotinib, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD% n = 5) were determined to be 3.1-5% and 6.4-7.5%, respectively. The developed method displayed high sensitivity, low consumption of solvent, low cost, simplicity, high recoveries, short extraction time, and good repeatability for determination of three anti-cancer drugs in human plasma samples.

Effervescent tablets for carbon-based nanofluids production

This research investigates the fabrication of nanofluids from effervescent tablets for potential thermal applications. Effervescent tablet-based nanofluids of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were produced by mixing then consolidating effervescing agents with surfactant and MWCNTs. The effervescent reactions were first simulated to determine the production of CO2 gas at 25 °C using different concentrations of effervescing agents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant, and MWCNTs. Next, the powders were mixed then compressed into tablets. These tablets were later immersed in water to produce the tablet-based nanofluids. The resulting nanofluids were analysed for dissolution duration, dispersion physical stability, and thermal conductivity. Moreover, the characteristics of the effervescent tablet-based nanofluids were compared with those of similar MWCNTs dispersions produced using the conventional two-step approach. Also, a cost analysis was conducted to determine the feasibility of both conventional and effervescent tablets suspension production approaches. The results have shown that increasing the amount of effervescing agents improves the dispersion stability of the suspension due to the increase in generated CO2 bubbles from the tablets, but also increases the duration for producing the nanofluid. Furthermore, it was found that using ball milling to mix the tablet’s powders content can introduce residuals that would strongly affect the nanofluids formation mechanism. In comparison with conventionally produced dispersions, the effervescent tablet-based nanofluids showed enhanced physical stability, effective thermal conductivity, and economic feasibility.

Effect of polishing and denture cleansers on the surface roughness of new-generation denture base materials and their color change after cleansing.

To evaluate the effect of polishing and denture cleansers on the surface roughness (Ra) of new-generation denture base materials that are additively, subtractively, and conventionally fabricated, while also assessing their color change after cleansing. One hundred and fifty disk-shaped specimens (Ø10×2mm) were prepared from five denture base materials (one subtractively manufactured nanographene-reinforced prepolymerized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (SM-GC), one subtractively manufactured prepolymerized PMMA (SM-PM), two additively manufactured denture base resins (AM-DT and AM-ND), and one heat-polymerized PMMA (CV) (n = 30). The Ra of the specimens was measured before and after conventional laboratory polishing, while color coordinates were measured after polishing. Specimens were then divided into three subgroups based on the denture cleanser: distilled water, 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and effervescent tablet (n=10). The Ra and color coordinates were remeasured after nine cleansing cycles over a period of 20 days. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to calculate the color differences (ΔE00). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the Ra values before (n = 30) and after (n = 10) cleansing, while repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the Ra of material-time point pairs within each denture cleanser (n = 10). ΔE00 data after denture cleansing was also analyzed by using two-way ANOVA (n = 10) (α = 0.05). Before polishing, Ra varied significantly among the materials. SM-GC and SM-PM had the lowest and AM-ND the highest Ra values (P<0.001). Polishing significantly reduced Ra of all materials (P<0.001), and after polishing, Ra differences among materials were nonsignificant (P≥0.072). Regardless of the denture cleanser, the Ra of AM-DT, AM-ND, and CV was the highest before polishing when different time points were considered (P<0.001). After cleansing, AM-ND had the highest Ra of all the materials, regardless of the cleanser (P≤0.017). AM-DT had higher Ra than SM-PM when distilled water (P = 0.040) and higher Ra than SM-GC, SM-PM, and CV when NaOCl was used (P<0.001). The type of cleanser significantly influenced the Ra of AM-DT, AM-ND, and CV. For AM-DT, NaOCl led to the highest Ra and the tablet led to the lowest Ra (P≤0.042), while for AM-ND, distilled water led to the lowest Ra (P≤0.024). For CV, the tablet led to lower Ra than distilled water (P=0.009). Color change varied among the materials. When distilled water was used, SM-GC had higher ΔE00 than SM-PM and AM-DT (P≤0.034). When NaOCl was used, AM-ND had higher ΔE00 than SM-GC, SM-PM, and AM-DT, while CV and SM-GC had higher ΔE00 than SM-PM and AM-DT (P≤0.039). Finally, when the tablet was used, AM-ND and CV had the highest ΔE00, while AM-DT had lower ΔE00 than SM-GC (P≤0.015). The tested materials had unacceptable surface roughness (>0.2μm) before polishing. Roughness decreased significantly after polishing (<0.2μm). Denture cleansers did not significantly affect the surface roughness of the materials, and roughness remained clinically acceptable after cleansing (<0.2μm). Considering previously reported color thresholds, AM-ND and CV had unacceptable color change regardless of the denture cleanser, and the effervescent tablet led to perceptible, but acceptable color change for SM-GC, SM-PM, and AM-DT.

IN VITRO MUCOLYTIC ACTIVITY DETERMINATION OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE EFFERVESCENT TABLET USING SUSPENDED LEVEL VISCOMETER

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the in vitro mucolytic activity of N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) effervescent tablet using egg white solution and suspended level viscometer. Methods: Egg white has similar physicochemical characteristics with airway mucus, thus in vitro mucolytic activity of NAC effervescent tablets was assessed using an egg white solution and a suspended level viscometer. This was also compared with API and marketed effervescent tablets. Outcomes were statistically analysed using a single-factor ANOVA and a paired t-test. Results: The results show, in all three cases, i.e., API, Test tablet, and Commercial tablet, viscosity reduced linearly as the concentration was raised from 10 to 60 mg/10 ml having R2 values 0.9973, 0.9909, 0.9953 respectively. When compared to the negative control solution, viscosity rapidly decreased, which amounted to 71.10 %, 73.03 % and 84.63 % of API, Test tablet and Commercial tablet, respectively. The p values of single factor ANOVA and paired t-test were found to be very less than 0.05 in all cases. Conclusion: NAC effervescent tablet's in vitro mucolytic activity was successfully assessed; results suggested that linearly decreases in viscosity as the concentration of NAC increases and statistical analysis shows significant differences in values.

Process Optimization of Sea Buckthorn Fruit Powder Effervescent Tablets by Random Centroid Methodology Combined with Fuzzy Mathematical Sensory Evaluation

Solid beverages of effervescent tablets have good taste and portable features and are favored by consumers, but product quality and nutrition cannot meet the need of increasing nutritional requirements. Sea buckthorn fruit has a special flavor and nutrient-rich characteristics, but the related products of effervescent tablets have not been developed. In this paper, different additive contents (sea buckthorn fruit powder, erythritol, disintegrant, maltodextrin, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) were optimized using the random centroid method; the obtained effervescent effect sensory evaluation characteristics (appearance, beverage, appearance, taste, solubility) were used to establish a fuzzy mathematic model for sensory evaluation method of process optimizing; and the nutritional components and characteristics of optimized sea buckthorn powder effervescent tablets were compared to the ones of the commercial product. The results show that the optimal process conditions (47.7% sea buckthorn fruit powder, 1.3% erythritol, 1:1 disintegrant ratio, 2% maltodextrin and 2.9% PVP) were obtained according to the highest fuzzy comprehensive sensory score (87.76). Moreover, the optimized one contains a higher content of vitamin C (50.36 mg/100 g), carotenoids (10.18 mg/100 g), total phenols (11.52 GAE/g), and total flavonoids (28.46 mg RE/100 g), as well as a shorter disintegration time (10 s). The results indicate the RCO, combined with fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation, is preferably suitable for effervescent tablet process optimization, and the quality indicators met the requirements of the effervescent tablet.

Magnetic effervescence-assisted switchable solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of pyrethroids in edible fungi

A simple, rapid, effective, and environmental friendly analytical procedure for determining three pyrethroids (tetramethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and fenvalerate) in edible fungi was developed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection after magnetic effervescence-assisted switchable solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MEA-SHS-DLLME). In the extraction procedure, hexanoic acid and carbon dioxide were used as the extraction and dispersion solvents. The magnetic Fe3O4 @ graphene with large specific surface area were used to adsorb the extraction solvent and the target analytes. The optimized conditions were as follows: sodium hexanoate 45 mg, citric acid 90 mg, sodium bicarbonate 60 mg, Fe3O4 @ graphene mixing ratio 1:6, and dosage of Fe3O4 @ graphene 25 mg. Under these conditions, accuracy and precision were demonstrated at the concentration range of 1.25-125 mg/kg, and the correlation coefficients were between 0.9903-0.9998. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.0067-0.0329 mg/kg and 0.0224-0.1096 mg/kg, and the extraction recovery was 81.0-97.4% with relative standard deviations < 5.1%. The technique had been successfully proven to be valuable for the ultrasensitive detection of tetramethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and fenvalerate in 5 kinds of edible fungi, and only magnetic effervescent tablets containing switchable solvent were needed without dispersing solvent, centrifugation, and complex instruments. Moreover, the extraction recovery was better than other reported methods. This novel approach has a favorable potential to be applied for detection of pyrethroid residues in other samples.

Preliminary physicochemical evaluation of effervescent granules of Anogiessius leocarpus stem bark extract

The plant Anogeissus leiocarpus is traditionally used in the treatment of ulcers including gastric ulcers. Effervescent granules are unique, pleasant-tasting oral formulations which are ingested as liquids. This study is a preliminary development and evaluation of effervescent granules of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus. The extract was obtained by drying the filtrate gotten from maceration of the dried, crushed stem bark in water. The acids (citric and tartaric acid) were each combined with the base (sodium bicarbonate) in 1:1 and 1:2 ratios and these were mixed with the extract using either the fusion or wet granulation method of preparation of effervescent granules. The granules were evaluated for their flow properties, moisture content, pH after dissolution, effervescent time and in vitro dissolution. Results show that granules prepared by the fusion method possessed better flow properties than those prepared by wet granulation. Moisture content of the granules was similar. Granules containing higher base content had higher pH (7.29 and 7.30) and faster effervescent time (86 -99 sec) than those containing equal ratio of acid and base with pH of 5.85 and 5.96 and effervescent time of 104 -150 sec. In vitro release was faster release from formulations containing higher base content (100 and 90.32 % respectively) than the other batches. Aqueous extract of the stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus can be suitably formulated into effervescent granules.

Formulation of halalan toyyiban radish effervescent tablet

Radish is a vegetable high in nutritional and phytochemical contents that are beneficial to the human body, especially for managing kidney stone disease. However, it is less consumed as compared to other vegetables due to its pungent flavour and odour. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to formulate a radish effervescent tablet to enhance the palatability of the vegetable. The radish effervescent tablet was formulated by using Simplex Lattice Mixture Design where the percentages of sucralose and strawberry flavour were chosen as the factors. Five formulations were generated, and sensory acceptance test was conducted on them. Next, the halalan toyyiban principle compliance was evaluated based on the Halal Control Points (HCPs), toxicity assay (brine shrimp lethality assay), anti-urolithiatic properties (turbidimetric assay), and nutritional composition (energy, total protein, total fat, total carbohydrate, and total sugar). Formulation 5 (F5) with 20% citric acid, 12% sodium bicarbonate, 58% radish powder, 2.5% sucralose, and 7.5% strawberry flavour was selected as the most acceptable formulation (p &lt; 0.05). For the halalan toyyiban principle compliance, F5 was evaluated, and it complied with the halalan toyyiban principles. It is halal, non-toxic, and safe for consumption as the LC50 was greater than 1,000 μg/mL (2,223.31 μg/mL) for toxicity test, and exhibited significant potential as an anti-urolithiatic agent (88.13% inhibition). In the future, prototype development of radish effervescent tablet with potential anti-urolithiatic and fast-dissolving properties can be carried out.

Development of silver nanoparticles based on the method using quince seed mucilage for ascorbic acid determination.

Nanoparticles are used in various fields such as chemistry, pharmacy, biotechnology, and food science since they provide higher sensitivity than traditional optical detection methods. Recently, synthesis of nanomaterials using green chemistry has become popular. Many phytochemical components are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, including vitamins, proteins, polysaccharides, glycosides, essential oils and phenolic compounds. A novel green nanotechnology-based method using quince seed mucilage (QSM) was designed for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical preparations. QSM, a natural polysaccharide, was used as a bioreducing and stabilizing reagent in the proposed silver nanoparticle (SNP)-based method. In the first stage of the developed method, silver(I) is reduced to silver(0) via QSM and spherical, homogeneous SNPs were prepared (QSM-SNPs). In the second stage of the developed method, SNPs nuclei were enlarged with the addition of ascorbic acid. The developed method was validated by performance parameters (linearity, recovery, and precision). Ascorbic acid determination was performed by measuring increase in absorbance at 420 nm. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for ascorbic acid were, respectively, found to be at 0.27 and 0.90 μM. The QSM-SNP-based method was successfully applied to effervescent tablets containing ascorbic acid. The standards of the excipients frequently used in pharmaceutical preparations did not interfere with the developed method. The developed QSM-SNP-based method satisfies the requirements of green nanotechnology. The developed QSM-SNP-based method is simple, fast, eco-friendly and low-cost.