Effervescent Tablets Research Articles

Potentiometric Electronic Tongue for Pharmaceutical Analytics: Determination of Ascorbic Acid Based on Electropolymerized Films

This work deals with the design of an experimental potentiometric electronic tongue (ET) for the recognition of various samples of effervescent tablets with different ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contents. The ET consisted of twelve potentiometric sensors based on conductive polymers, which were derived from 4-amino-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, and neutral red on the surface of the platinum electrode using cyclic voltammetry. The aim of the potentiometric study was to assess the influence of the vitamin C content and the composition of the matrix of commercial samples on the potentiometric response. The results obtained from the sensor array proved that the stability of the potentiometric signal and the accuracy of measurements are affected by individual sensors. The identification of the vitamin C content in the individual samples of effervescent tablets obtained by means of the potentiometric electronic tongue corresponded with the results of the coulometric titration.

Quantification of carbon dioxide released from effervescent granules as a predictor of formulation quality using modified Chittick apparatus

Purpose: To develop a method for the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from effervescent formulations.
 Methods: Effervescent granules were prepared using sodium bicarbonate and citric acid by fusion and solvent-assisted granulation methods. The amount of CO2 released was determined from the maximum pressure of gas release, time profile of pressure gradient using modified Chittick apparatus and gravimetric changes following effervescence.
 Results: The amount of CO2 released from effervescent granules prepared by fusion method was 8.125, 8.763 and 7.98 mM/g measured by ideal gas equation, pressure gradient and gravimetric method, respectively. The formulation prepared by solvent-assisted granulation showed 5.525, 5.475 5.36 mM/g of carbon dioxide measured by the above three methods, respectively. The effervescent granules prepared by fusion method showed approximately 2 % loss in effervescence. However, approximately 39 % loss in effervescence was observed for the formulation prepared by solventassisted granulation. The commercial products showed a loss in effervescence in the range of 5 - 15%.
 Conclusion: Modified Chittick’s apparatus is a useful analytical tool for monitoring of the CO2 from effervescent granules as a function of method of preparation.

Topical Treatment for Scarring and Non-Scarring Alopecia: An Overview of the Current Evidence.

Alopecia is a clinical condition related to hair loss that can significantly affect both male and female adults’ quality of life. Despite the high market demand, only few drugs are currently approved for alopecia treatment. Topical formulations still bring drawbacks, such as scalp irritation with frequent use, and low drug absorption to the site of action, which limits the efficacy. The most recent research points out that different formulation technology could circumvent the aforementioned flaws. Such technology includes incorporation of drugs in rigid or deformable nanoparticles, strategies involving physical, energetical and mechanical techniques, such as iontophoresis, sonophoresis, microneedling, and the use of solid effervescent granules to be hydrated at the moment of application in the scalp. In this paper, the progress of current research on topical formulations dedicated to the treatment of alopecia is reviewed and discussed.

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of barberry juice powder and its effervescent tablets

BackgroundBarberry fruit is a good source of natural antioxidants and various functional compounds. Different concentrations of maltodextrin (10, 13, and 16% w/w) were used to produce spray-dried barberry juice powder and the powders (50, 60, and 70%) were applied to create effervescent tablets.ResultsThe results showed that by increasing the amount of maltodextrin concentration, moisture, and water activity decreased (p < 0.05), but antioxidant activity increased. The barberry powder prepared with 13% (w/w) maltodextrin showed appropriate flowability, color, high antioxidant activity, and phenol content. The presence of high amounts of barberry powder in the tablet increased the disintegration time (1.02–4.03 min).ConclusionsThe tablet containing 60% barberry powder was selected as the best sample. Based on the results, barberry tablets with good color, high antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds can be used as a ‘ready-to-drink’ product.

Libidibia ferrea extract as a promising antidiabetic agent: characterization, pre-clinical analysis and development of pharmaceutical dosage forms / Extrato de Libidibia ferrea como um promissor agente antidiabético: caracterização, análise pré-clínica e desenvolvimento de formas de dosagem farmacêutica

The present work aimed at developing pharmaceutical dosage forms based on the dry bark extract of Libidibia ferrea for the treatment of diabetes mellitus . The physicochemical characterization of the plant raw material, extractive solution and dry extract obtained by freeze drying were carried out. Effervescent granules, oral solution and tablets from the dry extract were developed and subjected to the recommended quality control tests. All materials presented standardized values after physical-chemical characterization. The presence of several secondary compounds was confirmed, and the content of the tannins was determined. The extract did not present acute toxicity in the in vivo experiment and provided an increase in glucose uptake in the in vitro study. The developed formulations complied with previously established values for quality control. The results show the safety and efficacy of the developed products, may being promising options in the treatment of diabetes mellitus .

The Effervescent Granule Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) using Variations of Source Acid and Antioxidant Activity

Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) contain flavonoids that has antioxidantactivity. This study was conducted to obtain the effervescent granules andaliman fruit extract which has the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Andaliman fruit was extracted in stages using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol, then dried using freeze drying method. Furthermore, the dry extract of ethanol is formulated using variation acid sources, namely citric acid and tartaric acid. The results showed that the formulas had moisture rate of 2.30 – 3.95%; fl ow rate of 2.53-4.12 g/sec; the particle size distribution with the fi nes &lt;10%; dissolved time &lt; 2 minutes; and a pH value of 5.48-5.65. The results of the antioxidant activity of formula I-III were 74.0; 84.9 and 91.9 ppm respectively. The conclusion of the research showed that the formula I with a combination of citric acid and tartaric acid is a formula that meets the physical quality requirements and has a strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 74.0 ppm.

The effect on the gastrointestinal tract of various forms of alendronate in comorbid patients taking NSAIDs

Introduction. The use of bisphosphonates is associated with some risk of side effects. Gastrointestinal tract complications are particularly important in clinical practice, as they constitute the main reason for refusing bisphosphonate therapy.Objective: To evaluate the effect of various forms of alendronate on the gastrointestinal tract in comorbid patients taking NSAIDs.Materials and methods. The study included 88 women aged 58–65 years (mean age 61.5 ± 3.5 years) with polyosteoarthrosis combined with postmenopausal osteoporosis, who received NSAIDs at medium therapeutic doses to manage a pain syndrome for a long time (3–5 years). The patients were divided into two groups: a group of patients receiving alendronate in the form of a buffered solution (n = 45), and a group of patients receiving alendronate in the form of non-dissolving tablets (n = 43). The first group used Binosto (adendronic acid) 70 mg as effervescent tablets once a week. The results were assessed before initiation of treatment and 6 months after treatment with bisphosphonates. Symptoms were evaluated using the GerdQ questionnaire. Esophageal mucosal injury and gastroduodenal ulceration were assessed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.Results and discussion. After 6-month treatment, comparison of the two groups showed that the percentage of patients with a total GerdQ score of ≥ 8 points was significantly higher in the group of patients taking alendronate in the form of non-dissolving tablets (p = 0.04). The endoscopic findings showed that the number of patients with grade A reflux esophagitis in group 1 increased by 3.3%. The number of grade A reflux esophagitis cases in group 2 increased by 2.2%, those of grade B, C and D cases by 2.4%. The number of gastroduodenal ulcer cases also increased by 2.2% and 4.7% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The number of gastroduodenal erosions increased by 3.5% in group 1 and 7% in group 2.Сonclusion. Symptoms were less severe in patients receiving alendronate in the form of a solution, which points to the importance of choosing the optimal oral bisphosphonate for each patient.

Characteristics of Egg White Effervescent Tablet with Different Effervescent Mix Concentration

Egg white is one source of protein that has many functions, including as an antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-cancer, and this can also be used as a preservative and sweetener. The addition of egg white powder to effervescent tablets with lemon essence is expected to increase protein levels in the tablet. The purpose of this study was to study the physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of effervescent tablets by adding egg white powder to the formulation. The study design used a randomized block design (RBD) with the making period as a group. The treatments used were different concentrations of effervescent mix (sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid), that is, 55, 60 and 65%. Data from the test results were tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA), further tests with the Duncan test. The physical characteristics of effervescent tablets with the addition of egg white powder and the difference in the concentration of effervescent mix as a treatment were not significantly different among treatments. The chemical characteristics of egg white effervescent tablets did not change with the treatment concentration of effervescent mix 55, 60 and 65% but the water activity (aw) of the effervescent tablets changed. Increasing the concentration of effervescent mix treatment can reduce the value of aw from 0.58 to 0.50. The addition of albumen powder with different concentrations of effervescent mix resulted in effervescent tablets according to predetermined standards. The organoleptic test results on the overall assessment of egg white powder effervescent tablets were somewhat favorable

Antimicrobial activity of experimental chitosan solutions on acrylic resin and cobalt-chromium surfaces.

To evaluate the application of chitosan as a cleanser in the control of biofilm formation on cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy and acrylic resin surfaces. In total, 172 Co-Cr discs and 172 acrylic resin discs (14 mm x 3 mm) were contaminated with Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, or Candida glabrata and incubated for 48 hours. Then, specimens were randomly divided into groups and immersed in the following solutions for 15 minutes: WC = solution without chitosan (control); CH = chitosan solution (5 mg/mL); CN = chitosan nanoparticle solution (3.8 mg/mL); and ET = effervescent tablet. Biofilm recovery rates (n = 9) were evaluated by counting the colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Biofilm morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Data were compared with Kruskal-Wallis or analysis of variance followed by Tukey post hoc tests. For acrylic resin, ET showed the lowest number of CFU for S aureus and S mutans (P < .001). CH exhibited intermediate values for S mutans, S aureus, and C albicans, and CN exhibited intermediate values for S mutans and S aureus. For C glabrata, there was no statistical difference between the solutions (P = .264). For Co-Cr, ET showed the highest level of antimicrobial action against all microorganisms (P < .001), and CH showed an intermediate level of action against S mutans and S aureus. Against C albicans and C glabrata, there was no significant difference among CH, CN, and WC. Although ET had a broader spectrum of antimicrobial action, the chitosan solution showed promise as a denture cleanser.

Development of effervescent tablet formulation for rapid control of mosquito problem in early stages from different breeding sites

Mosquito problem remains a major problem due to unavailability of effective formulation for controlling mosquito at the starting stages. The aim of this study was to develop a neem based effervescent tablet for immediate and fast destruction of mosquito larvae in any unrecognized ecosystems like stagnant water after rain or water blockage or for household applications. Effervescent tablet was prepared by the 30% neem oil absorbed over silica and then combine acids/acid salts and bicarbonates in definite proportion (citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate). The powdered mixer was then compressed in tablet machine. The tablet shows bubbling reaction by releasing CO2 when dispersed in water. The tablet was evaluated for hardness, thickness, disintegration, weight variation, Ph, content % and accelerated storage test. The tablet shows all the physicochemical parameters within the limits. Bio-efficacy evaluation was tested against larvae. It shows 75–90% mortality for Aedes agyptii larvae.

Research of antiexudative and diuretic activity of effervescent tablets with a spissum extract from Betula leaves

In recent years, herbal remedies gain the increasing popularity in the pharmacotherapy of many diseases. The number of people suffering from chronic pathology of the kidneys has steadily increased today. Phytopreparations would be useful for the pharmacological correction of chronic kidney disease. They can reduce the inflammatory process in the kidneys and, thus, maintain a physiological balance for the implementation and normalization of organism functions.&#x0D; This work aimed to study the anti-exudative activity of effervescent tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves on a model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and their diuretic activity against in water test in rats.&#x0D; Tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves were developed at the Department of Technologies of Pharmaceutical Preparations of the National University of Pharmacy. «Canephron® N» (Bionorica, Germany) and «Ortophen-Zdorovje» were chosen as the reference drugs. The study was carried out on 42 sexually mature rats weighing 180–200 g, which were kept on a standard vivarium diet at the Research Institute of Applied Pharmacy of the National University of Pharmacy. Inflammation was caused by the introduction of a 1% carrageenan solution into the hind limb of rats. The study of diuretic activity was carried out using the water test.&#x0D; The rat foot volume significantly decreased during 2, 3, and 4 hours of the experiment under the influence of the studied tablets compared with the control pathology. The reference drug «Canephron ® N» showed a less pronounced anti-inflammatory effect and was inferior in its activity to effervescent tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves with the same tendency of anti-inflammatory action.&#x0D; As shown by the results of studies, 2 hours after the introduction of effervescent tablets with spissum extract from Betula leaves, diuresis was significantly different from the intact control. Diuresis was significantly higher after 4 hours in the group of animals receiving the studied drug. Similar data were shown by the drug «Canephron® N» by the end of the experiment.&#x0D; For the first time, a study of the antiexudative and diuretic activity of effervescent tablets contained an extract from Betula leaves was carried out. It has been experimentally shown that the antiexudative activity of the developed drug was 28.9%, exceeded the similar activity of the phytopreparation «Kanefron® N» – 22.3%, and was inferior to the reference drug «Ortofen-Zdorovje» – 44.8%. It was found that the investigated drug exhibits the most pronounced anti-exudative properties during the first 2 hours of the experiment.&#x0D; It was determined that after 4 hours the diuretic activity of effervescent tablets with a spissum extract from Betula leaves was 127% and 124% for the drug «Kanefron® N», respectively.

Efficacy of low-molecular weight chitosan against Candida albicans biofilm on polymethyl methacrylate resin.

Candida biofilm is a major cause of denture stomatitis. We aimed to compare the efficacy of low-molecular-weight chitosan solutions against Candida albicans biofilm on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. Various types of chitosan were tested for anti-Candida activity by broth dilution. Two types were selected for further testing on 24-hour C.albicans biofilm formed on PMMA specimens. Specimens were randomly distributed among experimental groups, including 0.1% and0.2% acetic acid, 3 and 6mg/mL of oligomer chitosan and 30kDa chitosan solutions, effervescent tablet (Polident), and 0.2% chlorhexidine, and immersed for 5min to 12h. The viability of C. albicans after cleansing were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Remaining viability was calculated into percentage relative to respective controls and analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests. Live/dead fluorescence microscopy was also performed. Chitosan solutions had high efficacy against C. albicans biofilm on PMMA. The mean relative viability compared to control after 12-h immersion was 6.60±4.75% and 12.72±6.96% for 3 and 6mg/mL oligomer, respectively, and 11.68±4.81% and 18.08±6.20% for 3 and 6mg/mL 30kDa chitosan, respectively. Low-molecular-weight chitosan solution is an effective antifungaldenture cleanser that can significantly reduce C. albicans viability in biofilm on PMMA.

A facile and sensitive video-analysis method for tracking floating lag-time and floating rate of gastro-retentive tablets

Floating effervescent tablets are designed to rapidly float in the gastric fluids by gas formation, after an initial lag-time. We developed here a method to characterise these dosage forms. Tablets were prepared containing various concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and sodium bicarbonate (NB) as gelling agent, high-density model compound and gassing agent, respectively. Videos of the motion of tablets exposed to fluids for 6 h were recorded and then analysed to measure: i) tablet swelling; ii) floating kinetic until lag-time and iii) residual floating rate of the tablets over time. The developed technique was able to precisely track tablet motion and thus describe the floating performance of the dosage forms. Specifically, it was found that floating lag-time and floating fluctuations were influenced by the concentration of NB, more than DCP. Moreover, both swelling volume and residual floating rate over time were not affected by tablet composition, suggesting that density developments of the tablets were similar across formulations. Floating rate also remained constant over the test duration, which correlates well with previous findings on the floating force of HPMC/NB matrices. Overall, we showcase here a simple video-recording and -analysis technique to effectively characterise the performance of floating dosage forms.

Analysis of Three Flavonoids in Jujube Effervescent Granules by High performance liquid chromatography

In this research, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the content of rutin, myricetin and epicatechin in jujube effervescent granules. Methanol-0.1% formic acid water was used as the mobile phase, and the UV detection wavelength was 270 nm. The results showed that the content of rutin and myricetin has a good linear correlation (r>0.99) within the range of 1.0 μg to 50 μg, and the content of epicatechin also has a good linear correlation (r>0.99) in the range of 1.5 μg to 100 μg. The recovery of rutin, myricetin and epicatechin were 99.1 %, 98.6 % and 101.8 %, respectively. Furthermore, the total content of the three flavonoids in jujube effervescent granules was 472.19 μg/g, the content of rutin, myricetin and epicatechin was 433.75 μg/g, 6.46 μg/g and 31.98 μg/g, respectively.

Optimization of Effervescent Tablet-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Central Composite Design for Preconcentration of Stimulant Drug

The extraction efficiency of stimulant drug, namely caffeine, was investigated using a 23 central composite design. The values of optimum extraction condition were set at 468 μL of 1-dodecanol, 1 piece of effervescent tablet, and 22 °C of extraction temperature. An enrichment factor was calculated as 72 for 80 mL water sample. The run time was conducted in less than 6 min using a non-polar C18 column and an isocratic mobile phase (methanol: water of 40:60 (v/v)) at a controlled flow rate of 1 mL min-1. A good linear response was achieved in the range of 0.01-0.50 μg mL-1 (R2&gt; 0.998). Detection and quantification limits were calculated at 0.009 and 0.015 μg mL-1, respectively. The average recoveries at two spiking concentration levels were within the range of 75-105% with RSD &lt; 2% (n = 3). Real samples namely beverages which contained caffeine and river water were tested using the proposed method, and the results ranged 0.021-0.56 μg mL-1. The eco-scale score and green analytical procedure index confirmed the greenness profile of the proposed method through a calculated score of 88 and has 6 green criteria, respectively.

Cost-effectiveness of buffered soluble alendronate 70 mg effervescent tablet for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in Italy

SummaryThe use of buffered soluble alendronate 70 mg effervescent tablet, a convenient dosing regimen for bisphosphonate therapy, seems a cost-effective strategy compared with relevant alternative treatments for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis aged 60 years and over in Italy.IntroductionTo assess the cost-effectiveness of buffered soluble alendronate (ALN) 70 mg effervescent tablet compared with relevant alternative treatments for postmenopausal osteoporotic women in Italy.MethodsA previously validated Markov microsimulation model was adjusted to the Italian healthcare setting to estimate the lifetime costs (expressed in €2019) per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) of buffered soluble ALN compared with generic ALN, denosumab, zoledronic acid and no treatment. Pooled efficacy data derived from the NICE network meta-analysis were used for bisphosphonate treatments. Two treatment duration scenarios were assessed: 1 year using persistence data derived from an Italian prospective observational study including 144 and 216 postmenopausal osteoporotic women on buffered soluble ALN and oral ALN, respectively, and 3 years. Analyses were conducted for women 60–80 years of age with a bone mineral density T-score ≤ − 3.0 or with existing vertebral fractures.ResultsIn all simulated populations, buffered soluble ALN was dominant (more QALYs, lower costs) compared to denosumab. The cost per QALY gained of buffered soluble ALN compared to generic ALN and no treatment always falls below €20,000 per QALY gained. In the 1-year treatment scenario, zoledronic acid was associated with more QALY than buffered soluble ALN but the cost per QALY gained of zoledronic acid compared with buffered soluble ALN was always higher than €70,000, while buffered soluble ALN was dominant in the 3-year treatment scenario.ConclusionThis study suggests that buffered soluble ALN represents a cost-effective strategy compared with relevant alternative treatments for postmenopausal osteoporosis women in Italy aged 60 years and over.

Clinical efficacy of intravaginal recombinant lysostaphin administration on endometritis in sows.

Recombinant lysostaphin has been used for the treatment of cow endometritis and mastitis in China. To our knowledge, no scientific effort has been made to evaluate the efficacy of lysostaphin in sows with clinical endometritis. Lysostaphin, loaded in effervescent tablets that were completely foamed and dissolved within 30 min in the presence of water or body fluids and released active lysostaphin, were administered vaginally on endometritis sows in this study. The clinical recovery, bacterial clearance and reproductive performance of sows with endometritis were investigated. We found that the 400U dosage (400U lysostaphin/pill/time, repeat once on the third day, a total of two times, with 10% oxytetracycline uterine injection as a control) is the most effective treatment. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent finding (34%, n = 188), followed by Streptococcus (32%, n = 181), Escherichia coli (19%, n = 104) and other bacilli (15%, n = 83) before treatment by drugs. Administration of lysostaphin resulted in an extremely significant (p < .01) reduction in S. aureus (0.18 ± 0.25 from 4.57 ± 0.33) and Streptococcus (0.11 ± 0.14 from 3.88 ± 0.29), as well as a significant (p < .05) reduction in E. coli (0.55 ± 0.42 from 3.11 ± 0.14). Mixed infections (83%) were predominant before treatment, in contrast to single infections (61%) after treatment. Large‐scale trials were conducted to verify the clinical efficacy of lysostaphin on sow endometritis. The average cure rate of 400u lysostaphin on sow endometritis(82.5%) was higher than the antibiotic group(72.17%). In addition, our results revealed that intravaginal administration of lysostaphin had no adverse effect on the reproductive performance of sows. Thus, this lysostaphin has potential application value as a new method alternative to antibiotics to treat endometritis in sows.

Effervescent tablet-assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based on-site dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography for the determination of pyrethroid pesticides in environmental waters

A novel effervescent tablet-assisted switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based on-site dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography detection has been developed to determine five pyrethroid insecticides in environmental water samples. In this method, effervescent tablets contain effervescent precursors and extractants, which play a dual role of dispersion and extraction. After effervescence reaction, the formation of extractant and the extraction of analytes were accomplished simultaneously. Phase separation were carried by filtration using homemade filter column, which of filter is oil-absorbing cotton polypropylene. After phase separation, the extractant phase were obtained by elution. No electric instrument was required in sample pre-treatment step in the developed method. Experimental conditions affecting the extraction efficiencies have been optimized, such as type and amount of extractant, type of effervescent tablets, etc. Under the optimized conditions, the linearity was 5-500μg L-1, with coefficients greater than 0.9990. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were in the range of 0.22-1.88μg L-1 and 0.75-6.25μg L-1. The relative standard deviations ranged from 0.8% to 6.1%. The enrichment factors were in the range of 65-108. This method was successfully applied to the on-site processing of tap, reservoir and river water.

Shortages of alternatives to ranitidine could be putting patients at risk

The suspension of ranitidine stocks, owing to ongoing regulatory investigations into the presence of the contaminant N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), could be putting some patients at risk, gastroenterology pharmacists have warned. On 31 March 2021, the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee updated its notification on ranitidine to highlight that all preparations of the drug, including tablets, effervescent tablets, […]

Concept, Manufacturing and Characterization of Effervescent Tablets: A Review

Concept, Manufacturing and Characterization of Effervescent Tablets: A Review