Effects Of Xylooligosaccharides Research Articles

Xylooligosaccharide interferes with the cell cycle and reduces the antibiotic tolerance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli by associating with its potential antimetabolic actions

This study aimed to probe if xylooligosaccharide (XOS) could act as an antimetabolite to impact the cell cycle and antibiotic tolerance of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). We firstly measured the bacteriostasis of XOS against APEC O78 and its effect on the growth of APEC O78 growing on different medium. Afterwards, the effects of XOS on xylose operon activation along with the cell cycle and antibiotic tolerance of APEC O78 were analyzed. The results showed that XOS caused no inhibitory circle against APEC O78 and did not affect (P > 0.05) the growth of APEC O78 growing on LB medium. Besides, APEC O78 was unable to grow on M9 medium (carbon-free) added with XOS. However, XOS exerted a similar role as xylose in increasing (P < 0.05) the expression of certain xylose operon genes including xylose isomerase (XylA)-encoding gene (xylA) and xylose-binding periplasmic protein (XylF)-encoding gene (xylF) in APEC O78. The molecular docking simulation revealed that the major monomer components (xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose) of XOS had stable binding potentials to both XylA and XylF proteins of E. coli, as supported by the low binding free energy and the formation of considerable hydrogen bonds between them. The subsequent analysis showed that XOS altered certain cell cycle-related genes expression, especially elevated (P < 0.05) nrdB expression and decreased ihfB expression to a degree. Moreover, XOS played a similar role as 2-deoxy-glucose (a glucose analogue serving as a typical antimetabolite) in lowering (P < 0.05) the number of ampicillin-tolerant APEC O78. Collectively, XOS had no direct bacteriostasis against APEC and could not be metabolized/utilized by APEC O78. However, it might become an analogue of xylose and then activate xylose transport- and metabolism-related proteins in APEC O78, thus functioning as a potential antimetabolite and exerting anti-metabolic actions. This could at least partially interpret the observed roles of XOS in interfering with the cell cycle and diminishing the antibiotic tolerance of APEC O78. The above findings expand the knowledges about the functions of XOS and provide a basis for exploring novel strategies to reduce the antibiotic tolerance of APEC.

Effect of xylooligosaccharides from rice husks on the pasting and rheological properties of dough and biscuit quality

Rice husks are rich in xylan, which can be hydrolyzed by xylanase to form xylooligosaccharides (XOS). XOS is a functional oligosaccharide with stable physicochemical properties and physiological functions such as improving the structure and nutritional characteristics of flour products. Regarding the application of XOS in flour products, more attention was paid to the research of the characteristics of the product itself. In this study, the effect of adding XOS on the pasting and rheological properties of flours (1 g/100g, 3 g/100g, 5 g/100g) showed that with the increase of XOS content, the pasting temperature of flour increased and the retrogradation value decreased. With the increase of XOS addition, the storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ first increased and then decreased, and the dough elasticity decreased, indicating that the addition of XOS inhibited the formation of gluten network structure. The addition of XOS lead to an increase in biscuit diameter, with a maximum diameter of 39.63 mm for 5 g/100g XOS biscuits. The digestion results showed that the eGI value of the control biscuit was 59.27, and the eGI value of the 5 g/100g XOS biscuit was 56.98. Overall, XOS biscuits are the high-value utilization pathways for rice husks.

Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide on gut microbiota, brain protein expression, and lipid profile induced by high-fat diet

Midlife overweight and obesity are risk factors of cognitive decline and Alzheimer' s disease (AD) in late life. In addition to increasing risk of obesity and cognitive dysfunction, diets rich in fats also contributes to an imbalance of gut microbiota. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are a kind of prebiotic with several biological advantages, and can selectively promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut. To explore whether XOS can alleviate cognitive decline induced by high-fat diet (HFD) through improving gut microbiota composition, mice were fed with normal control or 60% HFD for 9 weeks to induce obesity. After that, mice were supplemented with XOS (30 g or 60 g/kg-diet) or without, respectively, for 12 weeks. The results showed that XOS inhibited weight gain, decreased epidydimal fat weight, and improved fasting blood sugar and blood lipids in mice. Additionally, XOS elevated spatial learning and memory function, decreased amyloid plaques accumulation, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and improved neuroinflammation status in hippocampus. Changes in glycerolipids metabolism-associated lipid compounds caused by HFD in hippocampus were reversed after XOS intervention. On the other hand, after XOS intervention, increase in immune-mediated bacteria, Faecalibacterium was observed. In conclusion, XOS improved gut dysbiosis and ameliorated spatial learning and memory dysfunction caused by HFD by decreasing cognitive decline-associated biomarkers and changing lipid composition in hippocampus.

Effects of Xylo-oligosaccharides on soybean growth and mosaic virus disease resistance

Effects of Xylo-oligosaccharides on soybean growth and mosaic virus disease resistance

Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides and β-glucan on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid in diabetic rats

Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides and β-glucan on gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid in diabetic rats

Xylooligosaccharides ameliorate insulin resistance by increasing Akkermansia muciniphila and improving intestinal barrier dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus mice.

Little is known regarding the effects of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on insulin resistance (IR) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to investigate this issue and its mechanism. Sixty female mice were randomly allotted to 4 groups (n = 15): control, high fat diet (HFD), GDM, and GDM + XOS. The control mice were fed an AIN-93 diet, while the mice in the other groups were fed 45% HFD. After pregnancy, mice in GDM and GDM + XOS groups were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg kg-1 streptozocin for 3 days from the first day of pregnancy. Mice in the GDM + XOS group were then fed an HFD containing 2% XOS. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were monitored. The fecal Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk. muciniphila) and Bifidobacterium were measured by qPCR. The Chiu scores were calculated from hematoxylin-eosin (HE)-stained ileal tissues. Phosphorylated Akt in the liver and occludin and ZO-1 in the intestinal tissues were determined by western blotting. XOS reduced (p < 0.05) fasting blood glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR, and increased (p < 0.05) Akt phosphorylation in the livers of GDM mice. Moreover, XOS decreased (p < 0.05) TNFα, IL-1β, IL-15 and LPS in the serum, increased (p < 0.05) fecal Akk. muciniphila abundance, lowered (p < 0.05) Chiu's scores, and enhanced (p < 0.05) occludin and ZO-1 expression. XOS ameliorate IR by increasing Akk. muciniphila and improving intestinal barrier dysfunction in GDM mice.

Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharide on the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis in Clinical Remission.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). Prebiotic therapy is a potential approach for UC management especially remission maintaining. Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) is an efficient prebiotic with proven health benefits and few side effects. However, the effects of XOS on the gut microbiota of patients with UC have not been investigated previously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prebiotic effects of XOS on the fecal microbiota of patients with UC in clinical remission using an in vitro fermentation model. Five patients with UC in clinical remission and five healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Fresh fecal samples of UC patients were diluted and inoculated in yeast extract, casitone and fatty acid (YCFA) medium alone or with XOS. After fermentation for 48 h, samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing to investigate the gut microbiota composition. Differences in the gut microbiota between healthy volunteers and UC patients in clinical remission were detected using original fecal samples. Subsequently, the differences between the YCFA medium alone or with XOS samples were analyzed to illustrate the effects of XOS on the gut microbiota of UC patients. In both principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and principal component analysis (PCA), the fecal samples of UC patients differed from those of healthy volunteers. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed that the relative abundances of g_Roseburia and g_Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group were higher in healthy volunteers than in UC patients, while o_Lactobacillales abundance showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). Wilcoxon rank-sum test bar plot showed that the abundances of g_Eubacterium_halli_group and g_Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group were higher in the healthy volunteers than in the UC patients (P < 0.05). In addition, in UC patients, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed that XOS fermentation promoted the growth of bacterial groups including g_Roseburia, g_Bifidobacterium, and g_Lactobacillus, which is beneficial for recovery of intestinal diseases. These results suggest that XOS can relieve dysbiosis in the feces of UC patients in clinical remission and thus represent a potential prebiotic material for maintaining remission.

Dietary xylo-oligosaccharide ameliorates colonic mucus microbiota penetration with restored autophagy in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is, nowadays, highly prevalent and presents a global clinical challenge. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) on Il10-/- mice, a classic animal model of IBD. Male wild-type (WT) mice were assigned to WT group, and Il10-/- mice were assigned to interleukin-10 gene-deficient (IL-10-KO) group and XOS group, respectively. There were 6-8 mice aged 8 weeks in each group. Mice in the XOS group received 1.0g/kg/day XOS by gavage for 4 weeks. Compared with mice in IL-10-KO group, Il10-/- mice with XOS intervention presented significant mild spontaneous colitis with lower disease activity index, histological scores, and bowel inflammatory cytokine levels. Dietary XOS downregulated bowel mucus bacterial penetration, which occurred as early as the onset of bowel colitis. The effect of XOS was associated with restored expression of LC3II/I and decreased expression of p62 and beclin-1 in colon. Therefore, XOS decreases colonic mucus microbiota penetration with restored function of antophagy. Our findings suggest that XOS may be a potential dietary supplement or functional food for early management of IBD.

Effect of Xylo-Oligosaccharides (XOS) on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry and Total Viable Count in Ileum and Caecum of Broiler Chickens from Day 13-26

Effect of Xylo-Oligosaccharides (XOS) on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry and Total Viable Count in Ileum and Caecum of Broiler Chickens from Day 13-26

Xylooligosaccharides Increase Bifidobacteria and Lachnospiraceae in Mice on a High-Fat Diet, with a Concomitant Increase in Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Especially Butyric Acid.

Effects of xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) as well as a mixture of XOS, inulin, oligofructose, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (MIX) in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were studied. Control groups were fed an HFD or a low-fat diet. Special attention was paid to the cecal composition of the gut microbiota and formation of short-chain fatty acids, but metabolic parameters were also documented. The XOS group had significantly higher cecum levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids than the HFD group, and the butyric acid content was higher in the XOS than in the MIX group. The cecum microbiota of the XOS group contained more Bifidobacteria, Lachnospiraceae, and S24-7 bacteria than the HFD group. A tendency of lower body weight gain was observed on comparing the XOS and HFD groups. In conclusion, the XOS was shown to be a promising prebiotic candidate. The fiber diversity in the MIX diet did not provide any advantages compared to the XOS diet.

Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharides on Growth and Gut Microbiota as Potential Replacements for Antibiotic in Weaning Piglets.

Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) is a well-known kind of oligosaccharide and extensively applied as a prebiotic. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of XOS supplementation substituting chlortetracycline (CTC) on growth, gut morphology, gut microbiota, and hindgut short chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents of weaning piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three treatments for 28 days, as follows: control group (basal diet, CON), basal diet with 500 mg/kg (XOS500) XOS, and positive control (basal diet with 100 mg/kg CTC). Compared with the CON group, the piglets in the XOS500 group improved body weight (BW) on days 28, average daily gain (ADG) and reduced feed: gain ratio during days 1–28 (P < 0.05). The XOS500 supplementation increased Villus height and Villus height: Crypt depth ratio in the ileum (P < 0.05). Villus Height: Crypt Depth of the ileum was also increased in the CTC treatment group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the XOS500 supplementation increased significantly the numbers of goblet cells in the crypt of the cecum. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed distinct differences in microbial compositions between the ileum and cecum. XOS500 supplementation significantly increased the bacterial diversity. However, CTC treatment markedly reduced the microbial diversity (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, XOS500 supplementation in the diet significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus genus compared to the CON and CTC group in the ileum and cecum (P < 0.01), whereas the level of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Escherichia-Shigella, and Terrisporobacter genus in the XOS500 group were markedly lower than the CON and CTC group (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary supplementation with XOS500 significantly increased the total short-chain fatty acids, propionate and butyrate concentrations and decreased the acetate concentration compared to the CON group in the cecum (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplemented with XOS500 could enhance specific beneficial microbiota abundance and decrease harmful microbiota abundance to maintain the structure of the intestinal morphology and improve growth performance of weaned piglets. Thus, XOS may potentially function as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in weaned piglets in modern husbandry.

Effects of xylooligosaccharide on angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of fish actomyosin and quality of snakehead balls with or without high hydrostatic pressure treatment

The interaction of fish actomyosin (AM) with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment (AM-HHP) and xylooligosaccharide (XOS) was analyzed. The binding force of AM/AM-HHP mainly binds with XOS was through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. The interaction between AM-HHP and XOS was stronger than that between AM and XOS. The maximum binding affinity of AM-HHP and XOS was 400 MPa. The AM (400 MPa)-XOS complex had significantly enhanced angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity compared with the non-pressurized AM. Meanwhile, the negative influence of XOS on the ACE inhibitory activity of AM was significantly lesser than that of sucrose. ACE inhibitory activity was related to the surface hydrophobicity (H0) of the AM/AM-HHP-XOS complexes and the binding constant change of the AM-HHP-XOS interaction. In practical applications, 3% XOS addition in the snakehead balls with treatment at 400 MPa for 15 min increased the springiness of the fish ball by 1.32 times without changing its hardness. The above results indicate that XOS is an excellent food additive that could be used as a sucrose substitute in the HHP preparation of high-protein meat products.

Prebiotic Xylo-Oligosaccharides Ameliorate High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Rats.

Understanding the importance of the gut microbiota (GM) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has raised the hope for therapeutic microbes. We have shown that high hepatic fat content associated with low abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in humans and, further, the administration of F. prausnitzii prevented NAFLD in mice. Here, we aimed at targeting F. prausnitzii by prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) to treat NAFLD. First, the effect of XOS on F. prausnitzii growth was assessed in vitro. Then, XOS was supplemented or not with high (HFD, 60% of energy from fat) or low (LFD) fat diet for 12 weeks in Wistar rats (n = 10/group). XOS increased F. prausnitzii growth, having only a minor impact on the GM composition. When supplemented with HFD, XOS ameliorated hepatic steatosis. The underlying mechanisms involved enhanced hepatic β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis of cecal metabolites showed that, compared to the HFD, the LFD group had a healthier cecal short-chain fatty acid profile and on the HFD, XOS reduced cecal isovalerate and tyrosine, metabolites previously linked to NAFLD. Cecal branched-chain fatty acids associated positively and butyrate negatively with hepatic triglycerides. In conclusion, XOS supplementation can ameliorate NAFLD by improving hepatic oxidative metabolism and affecting GM.

Tu1783 – In Vitro Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharide on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Tu1783 – In Vitro Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharide on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Enzymatic Monolith Continuous Microreactors for the Synthesis of Xylooligosaccharides by Controlled Hydrolysis of Xylans

Immobilized enzymes are increasingly used in enzymatic microreactors, to encourage applications in different fields: food industry, medical diagnostics, organic synthesis, drug discovery, biosensors. As a matter of facts, microfluidic systems offer many advantages over conventional packed-bed bioreactors, such as higher efficiency, feasibility of multi-enzyme systems, higher mechanical stability, reduced amounts of reagents required [Pirozzi et al., 2016].In this study s-1,4-xylan obtained from hemicelluloses was used to obtain xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), the only nutraceutical that can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass. XOS are considered non-digestible food ingredients, and their prebiotic effect of XOS on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species has been recently demonstrated [Aachary et al., 2011; Broekaert et al., 2011; Nacos et al., 2006; Samanta et al, 2015; Vazquez]et al., 2000]. In addition XOS are stable at wide range of pH (2.5–8.0) and temperature (100 °C), they can stimulate the selective growth of the gut microflora, reduce the blood glucose and cholesterol, reduce the pro-carcinogenic enzymes in gastrointestinal tract, and enhance the mineral absorption from large intestine [Aachary et al., 2011; Broekaert et al., 2011; Nacos et al., 2006; Samanta et al, 2015; Vazquez]et al., 2000].In this view, sol-gel methods were used for the physical entrapment of xylanase from T. lanuginosus. Due to the mild conditions usually adopted for the gel synthesis, enzymes could be added to the initial mixture of precursors and so entrapped within monolithic porous layers in capillary tubes [Pirozzi et al., 2016].A suitable combination of sol-gel precursors was found for the simultaneous improvement of the monolith adhesion to the tubing internal surfaces and of the catalytic properties of the entrapped enzymes. Specific attention was devoted to the determination of operating conditions suitable to enhance enzyme stability as well as selectivity in terms of XOS produced.

Xylo-oligosaccharides display a prebiotic activity when used to supplement wheat or corn-based diets for broilers

It is now well established that exogenous β-1,4-xylanases improve the nutritive value of wheat-based diets for poultry. Among other factors, the mechanism of action of exogenous enzymes may involve a microbial route resulting from the generation of prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) in the birds' gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. In a series of three experiments, the effect of XOS on the performance of broilers fed wheat or corn-based diets was investigated. In experiment 1, birds receiving diets supplemented with XOS displayed an increased weight gain (P = 0.08). The capacity of XOS to improve the performance of animals during a longer trial (42 d) was investigated (Experiment 2). The data revealed that diet supplementation with XOS, tested at two incorporation rates (0.1 and 1g/kg), or with an exogenous β-1,4-xylanase resulted in an increased nutritive value of the wheat-based diet. An improvement in animal performance was accompanied by a shift in the microbial populations colonizing the upper portions of the GI tract. XOS were also able to improve the performance of broilers fed a corn-based diet, although the effects were not apparent at incorporation rates of 10g/kg. Together these studies suggest that in some cases the capacity of β-1,4-xylanases to improve the nutritive value of wheat-based diets is more related to their ability to produce prebiotic XOS than to their ability to degrade arabinoxylans. The extremely low quantities of XOS used in this study also challenge the depiction of a prebiotic being a quantitatively fermented substrate. These data also bring into question the validity of the "cell wall" mechanism, as XOS elicited an effect with clearly no action on endosperm cell wall integrity and yet the performance effects noted were equivalent or superior to the added enzymes.

Production of Xylooligosaccharides from Sugarcane Bagasse and Evaluation of Their Prebiotic Potency In Vitro

The purpose of study was utilization of sugarcane bagasse, waste product of sugarcane industry, for production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and their evaluation of their prebiotic potential. The XOS production was carried out in two steps: alkaline extraction of xylan (5, 10 and 15%KOH and NaOH) followed by acid hydrolysis (0.25 and 0.50M H2SO4; 20, 40 and 60 min) of xylan, and quantified using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The prebiotic potency of XOS was evaluated for probiotics viz. Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus viridescens in comparison to standard fructooligosaccharides (FOS). The chemical compositional analysis indicated that bagasse contain 28.42% hemicellulose out of which 21.46% was estimated to be xylan. Maximum yield of xylan (20.5%) was obtained with 15%NaOH treatment. The best treatments for xylan hydrolysis were found to be 0.25M H2SO4 for 20 and 40 min with concentrations of xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose to be 2.014, 2.106 and 1.228 mg ml− 1, respectively, in 20 min hydrolysis and 2.138, 1.502 and 0.824 mg ml− 1, respectively, in 40 min hydrolysis. XOS were found to be better prebiotics than standard FOS. Pure xylobiose was found to have highest positive effect on growth of all three bacteria tested indicating that effects of XOS were due to presence of xylobiose, xylotriose and XOS with higher degree of polymerization in xylan hydrolysates. Sugarcane bagasse xylan can be converted into XOS only by controlled acid hydrolysis leading to increased production of XOS which can be used as good prebiotics in drugs and food ingredients after their purification eliminating all the acidic and alkaline residues and also side products.

Delicate changes of bioapatite mineral in pig femur with addition of dietary xylooligosaccharide: Evidences from Raman spectroscopy and ICP.

Bone mineral is strongly correlated with performance and health of animal bodies. The mineral bioapatite (BAp) is the dominant component in bone tissue. This study investigated mineralogical changes of BAp in pig femur by Raman spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The pigs had been raised with various xylooligosaccharide (XOS) additions at two stages of growth (growing and fattening periods). The results show that XOS can decrease the degree of carbonate substitution for PO4 in BAp mineral and improve the mineral's crystallinity. ICP data is consistent with the Raman results, that is the low solubility of bone BAp for pigs fed with XOS. Additionally, the effect of XOS is much better in the growing period (before 65kg) than in the fattening period (after 65kg). Moreover, the high addition of XOS (within the range of 0.1-0.5g/kg) would be appropriate to improve the crystallinity of bone BAp. This study sheds light on applying Raman and ICP techniques to investigate the delicate changes of mineral in pig bones undergoing different managements.

Xylobiose ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia via regulating hepatic lipogenic genes in db/db mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder in glucose and fat metabolism and has become a major public concern in worldwide. Xylobiose consists of two molecules of xylose and is a major disaccharide in a well‐known sweetener, xylo‐oligosaccharide. Although it has been reported the hypoglycemic effect of xylo‐oligosaccharide, the physiological effect of xylobiose on blood glucose and lipogenesis has not been evaluated. The objective of study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipogenic effect of xylobiose in db/db mice. Five‐ week old male C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice were randomized into 3 groups as follows: (1) a control group of C57BL/6 mice that received AIN93G (Ctrl), (2) a diabetic control group of C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice that received AIN93G (DB), and (3) a group that supplemented with 5% xylobiose as part of the total sucrose content of the diet (XB5). Mice were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Supplementation of xylobiose reduced food and water intake and improved glucose tolerance by reducing the levels of oral glucose tolerance test area under the curve, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA‐IR. These results indicate xylobiose attenuates hyperglycemia by regulating insulin and blood glucose metabolism. In addition, xylobiose supplementation significantly decreased the levels of TG, total cholesterol, and LDL‐C. Histopathologically, fat accumulation in liver tissues was reduced in XB 5 group. Expressions of lipogenic genes, including, FAS, PPARγ, SREBP‐1C, SREBP‐2, ACC, and HMG‐CoA reductase in liver tissues were significantly down‐regulated by xylobiose supplementation. Furthermore, xylobiose supplementation suppressed the mRNA expressions of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and MCP‐1 and phosphorylation of three MAPK, such as JNK/SAPK, p38, and ERK (1/2). Taken together, xylobiose exhibits considerable anti‐diabetic, hypolipogenic, and anti‐inflammatory alternation in db/db mice.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by High Value‐added Food Technology Development Program (Project number: 313024‐03‐2‐HD040), Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea, and Brain Korea 21 Plus (Project No. 22A20130012143)

Xylooligosaccharide increases bifidobacteria but not lactobacilli demonstrating potential for obesity prevention and treatment (37.6)

Background: Prebiotics can alter gut bacteria in obese subjects towards patterns seen in lean individuals.Objective: This study was conducted to determine the tolerance and effects of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on human colonic microbiota, pH and short chain fatty acids (SCFA).Design: Healthy adult subjects (n=32) were randomized to receive 1.4 g, 2.8 g XOS or placebo in a 12 week study consisted of a 2‐week run‐in, an 8‐week intervention,and a 2‐week washout. Stool samples were collected at baseline, after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention and 2 weeks after the intervention for culture, pyrosequencing of community DNA, pH and SCFA analyses.Results: XOS was tolerated without significant gastrointestinal side effects. Both XOS groups achieved increases in Bifidobacterium counts compared to the placebo subjects, with the 2.8 g/day group showing significantly greater increases than the 1.4g/day group. Total anaerobic counts and Bacteroides fragilis group counts were significantly higher in the 2.8 g/day XOS group. There were no significant differences in the counts of Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium between the three groups.XOS had no significant effect on stool pH, SCFA or lactic acid. Pyrosequencing showed no notable shifts in bacterial diversity.Conclusions: XOS supplementation may be beneficial to gastrointestinal microbiota and 2.8 g/day may be more effective than 1.4 g/day.