Effects Of Whey Protein Supplementation Research Articles

Alleviating effect of whey protein supplementation on oxidative stress in hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalent thyroid pathologies, which causes oxidative stress by disrupting antioxidant mechanisms. In mammals, the thyroid glands regulate metabolism, development, and growth. Dysfunction of the thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer. Whey protein is a widely consumed protein supplement containing abundant sulphur-containing amino acids and bioactive peptides. Here, we analysed the effect of whey protein on oxidative stress in hypothyroidism. In vivo studies were conducted in two phases for 30 and 90 days, respectively. Hypothyroidism was induced in Wistar albino rats by administering 0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU) through drinking water. Five hypothyroid groups and the normal control group were maintained in the first 30 day phase of the study. Among these, one group served as the induced control group, three groups received whey protein at different concentrations (100, 300, and 500 mg per kg body weight), and the last group received L-thyroxine (2 μg per 100 g body weight) as a positive medication. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase, were analysed, and the levels of total antioxidants, glutathione, and malondialdehyde were determined. Ca2+ ATPase and Na+/K+ ATPase activities were detected by estimating the inorganic phosphate content. Histopathological analysis was carried out on the thyroid and liver tissues of all groups. Antioxidant activity was notably increased for higher doses of whey protein compared to that in the diseased control group (p < 0.05). From this initial study, the dose that achieved the desired therapeutic effect was 500 mg kg-1, which was considered for the next 90 day phase of the study. The 90 day phase of the study was conducted with five groups: normal, whey protein-supplemented, hypothyroid, whey protein-supplemented hypothyroid, and levothyroxine-supplemented hypothyroid. All the PTU-treated groups showed degenerative alterations in thyroid histology. Whey protein supplementation causes a considerable decrease in MDA levels with an increase in the major antioxidant enzyme and ATPase activities, with p < 0.05. As a nutritional supplement, whey protein, at a 500 mg kg-1 dose, effectively boosts antioxidant activity without causing any toxicological concerns in long-term use.

Effectiveness of whey protein supplementation on muscle strength and physical performance of older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

BackgroundThe efficacy of whey protein supplement (WPS) in improving muscle strength, physical performance, and body composition in older adults has been widely promoted. However, the results of randomized clinical trials in this regard have been inconsistent. We aimed to determine the impact of WPS, compared to a placebo, during or without training on muscle strength, physical function, and body composition in older adults. MethodsRandomized controlled trials were thoroughly searched using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library Database, Scopus databases up to June 2024. The analysis focused on key parameters such as handgrip strength (HS), leg press, knee extension, gait speed (GS), 6-minute walking test (6MWT), Timed-up and go test (TUG), lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). A pooled effect size was calculated using a random-effects model based on standard mean differences (SMD). ResultsThirty studies involving 2105 participants aged 60 and older met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis of 26 RCTs showed no significant positive effect of WPS on HS (n= 11, SMD: 0.18; 95% CI: –0.13, 0.49; I2= 69%), 6MWT (n= 5, SMD: -0.08; 95%CI: -0.31, 0.16; I2= 0%), GS test (n=4, SMD: -0.08; 95%CI: -0.43, 0.28; I2= 36%), TUG test (n=9, SMD: 0.0, 95% CI -0.15, 0.14; I2= 0%), LBM (n=11, SMD: 0.02; 95%CI: -0.13, 0.17; I2= 0%), FM (n=15, SMD: -0.04; 95%CI: -0.18, 0.10; I2= 0%). However, ASM significantly improved after WPS consumption but with high heterogeneity (n= 2, SMD: 0.39; 95%CI: 0.28, 0.51; I2= 69%). In interventions incorporating RE, statistically significant positive effects of WPS on lower body strength were observed (n= 11, SMD: 0.25; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.45; I2= 0%). ConclusionThe present meta-analysis indicates that whey protein supplementation (WPS), when combined with resistance training (RT), can enhance lower body strength but does not seem to have a significant beneficial effect on handgrip strength, physical performance, or body composition. Further large-scale studies are necessary to confirm these findings and elucidate the potential benefits of WPS in this population.

Whey Protein Intervention and Inflammatory Factors and Oxidative Stress: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Whey protein (WP), a high-biological-value protein contained in milk, may have anti-inflammatory properties and can reduce proinflammatory cytokines; however, the current evidence is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to further investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in adults. We conducted a comprehensive search up to March 2022 using relevant key words in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, focusing on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs that examined the impact of WP on C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity were selected independently by 2 authors. Results were pooled using a random-effects model as weighted mean differences and 95% CIs. The results of the present study demonstrated that WP supplementation had no significant effect on the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress compared with the control. None of the predefined subgroup analyses explained the differences in the effects of WP supplementation on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. This research suggests that WP supplementation had no significant effect on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022325855.

Effects of whey protein supplementation on gut microbiota of Wistar rats with valproic acid-induced autism symptoms.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation (1.24mg/g, 24days) in rats with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) induced by valproic acid (400mg/kg, single dose). Materials & methods: Wistar rats (14days old) were divided into four groups: control, ASD, ASD plus WP andWP. Results: WP increased bacterial diversity and the number of colonies. Bacteria from the Firmicutes phylum were predominantly found in the supplemented groups (p<0.05). WP also improved the animals' memory in the Y-maze test and decreased the time thatmale animals spent in the 'solitary chamber'(p<0.05). Conclusion: WP supplementation positively influenced gut microbiota, along withmemory.

Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Inflammatory Marker Concentrations in Older Adults.

Although whey protein isolate (WPI) has been shown to be immunomodulatory, its ability to modulate production of a broad array of inflammatory markers has not previously been investigated in healthy adults. We investigated the effects of daily supplementation with 35 g of WPI for 3 weeks on inflammatory marker concentrations in the blood serum and feces of 14 older adult subjects (mean age: 59). Serum was analyzed using a multiplex assay to quantify the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A and TNF-α. Fecal samples were analyzed using an ELISA for the inflammatory markers calprotectin and lactoferrin. Our results yielded high inter-subject variability and a significant proportion of cytokine concentrations that were below our method's limit of quantification. We observed decreases in serum IL-12p70 in the washout phase compared with baseline, as well as the washout stage for fecal lactoferrin relative to the intervention stage. Serum IL-13 was also significantly reduced during the intervention and washout stages. Our data suggest that whey protein supplementation did not significantly alter most inflammatory markers measured but can alter concentrations of some inflammatory markers in healthy older adults. However, our study power of 35% suggests the number of participants was too low to draw strong conclusions from our data.

Whey Protein Supplementation with or without Vitamin D on Sarcopenia-Related Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The effects of supplementation with whey protein alone or with vitamin D on sarcopenia-related outcomes in older adults are unclear. We aimed to assess the effect of whey protein supplementation alone or with vitamin D on lean mass (LM), strength, and function in older adults with or without sarcopenia or frailty. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation with or without vitamin D on sarcopenia outcomes in healthy and sarcopenic or frail older adults were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated for LM, muscle strength, and physical function data. The analysis showed that whey protein supplementation had no effect on LM and muscle strength; nevertheless, a significant improvement was found in physical function (SMD = 0.561; 95% confidence interval [CIs]: 0.256, 0.865, n = 33), particularly gait speed (GS). On the contrary, whey protein supplementation significantly improved LM (SMD = 0.982; 95% CI: 0.228, 1.736; n = 11), appendicular lean mass and physical function (SMD = 1.211; 95% CI: 0.588, 1.834; n = 16), and GS in sarcopenic/frail older adults. By contrast, co-supplementation with vitamin D enhanced LM gains (SMD =0.993; 95% CI: 0.112, 1.874; n = 11), muscle strength (SMD =2.005; 95% CI: 0.975, 3.035; n = 11), and physical function (SMD = 3.038; 95% CI: 2.196, 3.879; n = 18) significantly. Muscle strength and physical function improvements after whey protein supplementation plus vitamin D were observed without resistance exercise (RE) and short study duration subgroups. Moreover, the combination of whey protein and vitamin D with RE did not enhance the effect of RE. Whey protein supplementation improved LM and function in sarcopenic/frail older adults but had no positive effect in healthy older persons. By contrast, our meta-analysis showed that co-supplementation with whey protein and vitamin D is effective, particularly in healthy older adults, which is likely owing, we propose, to the correction of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The trial was registered at https://inplasy.com as INPLASY202240167.

Effects of Whey Protein Supplement on 4-Week Resistance Exercise-Induced Improvements in Muscle Mass and Isokinetic Muscular Function under Dietary Control

(1) The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of whey protein supplementation under dietary control on improvements in muscle mass and function following resistance exercise training. (2) Thirty-two men were randomly assigned to a whey protein supplementation group taking whey protein isolate (PSG, n = 17) and a placebo group (CON, n = 15). Participants were provided with three meals per day corresponding to the estimated individual daily energy intake. The supervised resistance exercise program was conducted 60 min per day, six days per week, for four weeks. (3) Post-intervention, there was a significant interaction between groups in terms of muscle mass increase (p = 0.033, η2 = 0.14), with a greater increase in the PSG. There were also significant interactions between the groups and increases in peak torque of the dominant knee flexors (p = 0.048, η2 = 0.12), dominant shoulder extensors, and non-dominant shoulder extensors (p = 0.028, η2 = 0.15; p = 0.015, η2 = 0.18), and the total work of the dominant knee and shoulder extensors (p = 0.012, η2 = 0.19; p = 0.013, η2 = 0.19), with greater increases in the PSG. (4) These results suggest that whey protein supplementation enhances resistance exercise-induced increase in muscle mass and overall muscular strength and endurance, independent of dietary influence.

Effect of whey protein supplementation on body composition of patients undergoing bariatric surgery

Bariatric surgery (CB) is the most successful method for weight loss in patients with Grade III obesity and morbidities. However, patients submitted to CB generally do not reach the protein intake recommendation. Thus, protein supplements could minimize muscle mass loss, preventing protein malnutrition. Whey protein has a high biological value, with a high content of branched-chain amino acids that stimulate protein synthesis and reduce the loss of muscle mass seen in low-calorie diets. Thus, whey protein would contribute to maintaining body composition and preventing muscle loss. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of 8-week whey protein supplementation in female patients submitted to CB, regarding metabolic and nutritional status. After the eight weeks of the experiment, there was an increase in lean Mass and a reduction of fat Mass and fat percentage in the Whey group compared with the initial time, a result not seen in the control group. There was no difference in biochemical parameters, except for the increased fasting glucose in the Malto group that was prevented in the Whey group. We conclude that whey protein supplementation could reduce the loss of fat-free Mass and increase the body fat Mass regardless of changes BMI evolution in the later postoperative period of bariatric surgery, a period of weight loss is minimized, and weight reacquisition occurs more frequently.

FUNÇÃO DA PROTEÍNA DE SORO DE LEITE NA RECUPERAÇÃO PÓS-TREINO

ABSTRACT Introduction: Evidence indicates that whey protein supplementation may accelerate tissue repair and be useful for exercise-induced muscle injury (EIMD) by accelerating recovery and elevating protein synthesis and blood amino acids. However, the potential role of whey protein after EIMD in humans is inconsistent. Objective: Find the effective role of whey protein in post-exercise recovery from EIMD. Methods: Scopus, Medline, and Google scholar, were systematically searched until March 2022. To assess the risk of bias, the Cochrane collaboration tool was applied. Weighted mean differences (WMD), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and random effect models to calculate the total effect. Results: The result of the review indicated that the decreasing impact of whey protein intake is significant on creatine kinase (CK) [WMD = −19.11 IU.L-1, CI: −36.200, −2.036; P = 0.028]. The effect of whey protein supplementation on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration indicated that the impact of whey protein on changing LDH levels is significant. In addition, subgroup analysis showed significant decreases in CK and LDH based on post-exercise follow-up times, whey protein dosage, test duration, supplementation time, exercise types, and training status. Conclusion: The results showed the efficacy of whey protein in decreasing CK and LDH levels among adults in general and in subgroup analysis. Therefore, whey protein could have an effective role in the post-exercise recovery of EIMD. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies – review of results.

Impact of resistance exercise rehabilitation and whey protein supplementation in elderly patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction with sarcopenia: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

IntroductionHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects more than half of the patients with heart failure. HFpEF and sarcopenia can interact with each other and contribute to reduced physiological...

Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: Whey protein (WP) in combination with resistance training (RT) is beneficial in improving sarcopenic obesity and its damaging effects in older adults, while the difference between men and women should be considered while interpreting results. This review aims to investigate WP’s efficacy on postmenopausal women with or without RT; (2) Material and Methods: We searched electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception to August 2021 for randomized controlled trials that included comparison groups to evaluate WP’s efficacy in women aged 55 years and above. The outcomes included body composition, muscular strength, functional capacity, and dietary intake. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the effect of WP. We also performed subgroup analysis with or without RT; (3) Results: We included 14 studies in the systematic review and 10 studies in the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses showed RT was a major confounder for muscle strength, lean mass, and dietary protein intake (PI). In the RT subgroup, WP supplementation had a significant positive effect on biceps curl strength (BC) (SMD: 0.6805, 95% CI: 0.176, 1.185, I2: 0%), and lower limb lean-mass (LLLM) (SMD: 1.103, 95% CI: 0.632, 1.574, I2: 14%). In the subgroup without RT, a significant negative effect on PI (SMD: −0.4225, 95% CI: −0.774, −0.071, I2: 47%) was observed, while no significant effect on muscle strength or lean mass was revealed. WP supplementation did not show a significantly different effect on fat mass or body weight loss in both the subgroups; (4) Conclusions: In postmenopausal women, WP supplementation only in combination with RT enhances BC and LLLM compared to placebo controls. Without RT, WP has no significant benefit on muscle strength or lean mass.

S3014 Hepatotoxic Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation

Introduction: Currently, more than 50% of Americans take dietary supplements. Whey is a commonly used protein supplement that is often viewed as safe, with only rare reports of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Here, we report an unusual case of severe liver injury following whey protein consumption. Case Description/Methods: A 40-year-old female with obesity and well-controlled hypothyroidism presented with 3 days of nausea and painless jaundice. Her only home medication was levothyroxine. Two months prior, she began drinking whey protein shakes (each containing 20 grams of protein) twice daily to aid with weight loss. She denied use of alcohol, recreational drugs, herbal supplements, and recent medication changes. On physical exam, she was alert and oriented x4, with jaundice and scleral icterus present. Lab work was significant for ALT 2,502, AST 1,434, total bilirubin 11.0, INR 1.42, and platelets 217,000. Acetaminophen and salicylate levels were unremarkable. Her whey protein supplementation was immediately stopped and a workup for transaminitis was initiated. RUQ ultrasound was unremarkable. Evaluation for other causes of acute liver injury, including viral hepatitis (A, B, C, E), EBV, CMV, HIV, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, and autoimmune hepatitis was unremarkable. A liver biopsy was performed, with pathology showing diffuse ballooning degeneration of hepatic parenchyma, numerous acidophil bodies, and dominant pericentral hepatocyte drop-out. A diagnosis of DILI (with predominant hepatocellular injury) was made. Following discontinuation of whey protein supplementation, the patient’s labs and clinical symptoms improved, and she was discharged home on hospital day 8. Discussion: This case highlights a rare occurrence of DILI secondary to whey protein consumption and emphasizes the importance of taking a thorough history when working up liver injury. Furthermore, in the treatment of DILI, we recommend cessation of all possible offending agents that were recently started, including supplements that are reputably marketed to be safe for consumption.

Effect of whey protein supplementation on weight and body composition indicators: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Whey protein (WP) is one of the well-known dairy driven products to help people to change their weight and body composition (BC). This study aimed to investigate the effect of WP on weight and BC on every published RCT on all populations. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to identify RCTs that examined the effect of WP on weight, body fat, lean body mass, fat-free mass, and waist circumference. To create weighted-group-mean differences for within- and between-group comparisons, random effects models were used. Subgroup analyses were also done to determine the effect of potential sources of heterogeneity. Thirty-five RCTs, with a total of 1902 adult participants were included in pooled analysis. The effect of WP supplementation on BMI (-0.156, 95% CI:-0.31, 0.00, P<0.05), body fat mass (-0.144, 95% CI:-0.28, 0.00, P<0.05), and waist circumference (-0.448, 95% CI:-0.86,-0.03, P<0.05) in within group analysis, and BMI (-0.769, 95% CI:-1.54, 0.00, P<0.05) and lean body mass (0.741, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.41, P<0.05) in the between group analysis was indicated. Resistance training, WP dosage, sex, age group, the type of control group (placebo, different proteins, etc.), the control group dosage, and energy intake before and during the trial, as well as between the WP and control groups, were recognized as the main sources of heterogeneity. The data from trials currently available supports the use of WP to improve BC indicators. The benefits of WP on BC are expected to be greatest when combined with resistance training and a reduction in overall calorie consumption.

Effects of whey protein supplementation on exercise capacity and fatigue resistance

Effects of whey protein supplementation on exercise capacity and fatigue resistance

Effect of Whey protein supplementation on GH-1 and IGF-1 in taekwondo Men athletes

Effect of Whey protein supplementation on GH-1 and IGF-1 in taekwondo Men athletes

A study on whey protein supplementation to improve emulsion sausage quality

Emulsion sausages are one of the most popular meat product groups in the world because of their delicious taste, nutritional value, and firm and elastic texture, which is very favourable. In Vietnam, the emulsion sausage product line currently occupies the most popular market share in the meat product group and is mainly produced by big companies such as Duc Viet, CP, Dabaco, Mavin, etc. The quality of this product is determined by many factors. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation on the quality of sausage emulsion to improve the structure, color, and stability, and provided suitable technology parameters (heating mode and store condition).

Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This review evaluated the effects of milk-based protein supplementation on resistance training (RT)-induced gains in lean body mass or fat free mass (LBM/FFM) and muscle strength for older adults. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost/SPORTDiscus was conducted. Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing all types of milk-based protein supplements with control supplements for the training older adults at mean age ≥ 60 y. Twenty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, whilst seventeen studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. A dose of 10–15 g of milk protein supplementation was sufficient to augment RT-induced LBM/FFM. Intriguingly, four out of five studies show negative effect of whey protein supplementation at the same dose range (or even higher) compared with control supplementation (−0.49 kg, 95% CI: −0.69, −0.29, I2 = 14%, Z = 4.82, p < 0.001). For milk-based protein supplementation, RT-induced improvements in muscle strength were observed only when the protein doses ≥22 g (+0.66 kg, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.25, I2 = 0%, Z = 2.18, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Milk protein is superior to whey protein in enhancing RT-induced LBM/FFM gains for older adults. Optimal daily protein intake can dilute the protein supplementation effect.

Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the treatment of sarcopenia and quality of life among older women with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial

Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the treatment of sarcopenia and quality of life among older women with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial

Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.

Essential amino acids (EAA) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soya and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published randomised clinical trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soya protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all randomised clinical trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soya protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations were calculated using random effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. After excluding non-relevant articles, ten studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation (weighted mean difference (WMD: 0·91; 95 % CI 0·15, 1·67; P = 0·019). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soya protein supplementation and body composition parameters. Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage.

Reply to "Discussion of 'Whey protein supplementation and its potentially adverse effects on health: a systematic review' - Unsubstantiated claims of adverse effects of whey protein supplementation on human kidney and liver function".

Reply to "Discussion of 'Whey protein supplementation and its potentially adverse effects on health: a systematic review' - Unsubstantiated claims of adverse effects of whey protein supplementation on human kidney and liver function".