Abstract
This review evaluated the effects of milk-based protein supplementation on resistance training (RT)-induced gains in lean body mass or fat free mass (LBM/FFM) and muscle strength for older adults. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost/SPORTDiscus was conducted. Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing all types of milk-based protein supplements with control supplements for the training older adults at mean age ≥ 60 y. Twenty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, whilst seventeen studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. A dose of 10–15 g of milk protein supplementation was sufficient to augment RT-induced LBM/FFM. Intriguingly, four out of five studies show negative effect of whey protein supplementation at the same dose range (or even higher) compared with control supplementation (−0.49 kg, 95% CI: −0.69, −0.29, I2 = 14%, Z = 4.82, p < 0.001). For milk-based protein supplementation, RT-induced improvements in muscle strength were observed only when the protein doses ≥22 g (+0.66 kg, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.25, I2 = 0%, Z = 2.18, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Milk protein is superior to whey protein in enhancing RT-induced LBM/FFM gains for older adults. Optimal daily protein intake can dilute the protein supplementation effect.
Highlights
After 60 y of age, muscle mass decreases by an annual rate of 3% [1]
This review evaluated the effects of milk-based protein supplementation on resistance training (RT)-induced gains in lean body mass or fat free mass (LBM/FFM) and muscle strength for older adults
After the removal of 376 duplicated articles, 1208 articles were screened based on title and abstract
Summary
After 60 y of age, muscle mass decreases by an annual rate of 3% [1]. Previous meta-analyses on whether protein supplementation improves RT-induced LBM/FFM gains and muscle strength for older adults present mixed results [13,14,15,16]. This inconsistency in the anabolic responses may be explained by the insufficient amount of protein supplementation [17] and types of the protein with different branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) profile [18]. To minimize large heterogeneity among the studies, rigorous control of inclusion criteria is required
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