Effect Of Ultrasonic Cavitation Research Articles

Совместное воздействие УФ излучения и ультразвуковой кавитации на сапрофитную и условно-патогенную микрофлору холодноводных УЗВ

The paper considers the combined effect of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and ultrasonic cavitation (ultrasonic) as part of ultrasonic filtration systems on representatives of saprophytic and conditionally pathogenic microflora of water. Ultrasound examination (25 kHz) is a promising method of purification in aquaculture due to the possibility of inactivation of microorganisms in agglomerates that are not exposed to UV. As a result of the study of the cultivated microflora, it was found that ultraviolet radiation and the combined effect of UV and ULTRASOUND have a significant effect on the quantity and quality of saprophytic microflora of water. It is shown that the studied modes of operation led to a significant decrease (at p <0.05) in the occurrence of the genus Escherchia relative to the control (without exposure to ultrasound and UV). The total contamination of UV water decreased to 1.2×102 CFU/ml with UV operation and to 1.1×102 CFU/ml with the combined action of UV and ultrasound. The UV sterilizer showed low efficiency in relation to Enterobacter cloacae, while the combined effect of UV and ultrasound led to a significant decrease in CFU to 0.94 ± 0.05 Log10.

Enhanced ultrasound-assisted pore-adjustable spherical imma-Fe3O4 catalytic-activated piezoelectric Fenton reaction for PDE-5i degradation

The focus of this study was the ultrasound-assisted degradation of sildenafil by three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous Fe3O4 with large surface undulations. The influence of various factors, such as pH, H2O2 dosage, and ultrasonic (US) power, on sildenafil decomposition was examined. The maximum difference in the undulations of Fe3O4 was observed with a synthesis time of 8 h (40 nm). The optimal experimental conditions were 10 mmol H2O2, pH 3, and US intensity of 300 W, and the maximum kinetic constant (0.23903 min−1) was achieved under these experimental conditions. The 3D spherical Fe3O4 (8 h) catalyst almost completely removed 50 mg L−1 of sildenafil within 120 min, and AFM characterizations revealed that the Fe3O4 catalyst had a piezoelectric response of 33 pm/V. These data demonstrate that a piezoelectric catalyst with large surface undulations can substantially enhance the US cavitation effect. Free-radical experiments indicated that •OH radicals were the main active species during the process. Based on the quantitative structure–activity relationship results obtained under neutral conditions, the US–Fenton–piezoelectric process reduced the ecotoxicity and improved the biodegradability of sildenafil.

High-efficiency degradation catalytic performance of a novel Angelica sinensis polysaccharide-silver nanomaterial for dyes by ultrasonic cavitation.

Currently, the polluted wastewater discharged by industry accounts for the major part of polluted bodies of water. As one of the industrial wastewaters, dye wastewater is characterized by high toxicity, wide pollution, and difficulty in decolorization degradation. In this paper, a novel composite nanomaterial catalyst of silver was prepared by using Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. And the optimum reaction conditions explored are VAgNO3=5mL (300mM) and vASP=7% (w/v) for 6h at 90°C. In addition, the ASP-Ag nanocatalyst was characterized by several techniques. The results demonstrated that ASP-Ag nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. Degradation rate, which provides a numerical visualization of the percentage reduction in pollutant concentration. With the wrapping of ASP, the ultrasonic catalytic degradation rates of different organic dyes including rhodamine B (RB), methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO) were from 88.2%, 88.7%, and 85.2% to 96.1%, 95.2% and 93.5% at room temperature, respectively. After the experiments, when cdyes=10mg/L, the highest degradation rate can be observed under cAPS-AgNPs=10mg/L with the most powerful cavitation frequency f=59kHz. The effect of ultrasonic frequency on the acoustic pressure distribution in the reactor was investigated by using COMSOL Multiphysis@ software to propose the mechanism of ultrasonic degradation and the mechanism was confirmed by OH radical trapping experiments. It indicates that OH produced by the ultrasonic cavitation effect plays a determinant role in the degradation. And then, the intermediate products of the dye degradation process were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the possible degradation processes of dyes were proposed. The resulting products of degradation are SO42-, NH4+, NO3-, N2, CO2 and H2O. Finally, the recycling degradation experiments showed that catalyst maintains a high degradation rate within reusing 5 cycles. Thus, this catalyst is highly efficient and recyclable.

The Effect of Ultrasonic Cavitation on Surficial Properties of Metals and Industrial Processes

The Effect of Ultrasonic Cavitation on Surficial Properties of Metals and Industrial Processes

Leaching mechanism of strategic metals from superalloy scrap under ultrasonic cavitation

To improve the recovery efficiency of strategic metals from superalloy scrap, an ultrasonic-assisted leaching method was proposed. During the ultrasonic-assisted leaching process, at 60 min, the leaching rates of Re, Ni, Co, Al, Cr, and W are 92.3%, 95.2%, 98.5%, 98.7%, 97.5%, and 27.2%, respectively, which are far superior to those in the normal leaching process at 120 min. The improvement in leaching efficiency can be attributed to the physical and chemical coupling effects of ultrasonic cavitation. The physical effect can prevent the formation of the impeded dissolution layer and encourage contact between solution and superalloy scrap, which improves the leaching rates of strategic metals. The chemical effect can promote the production of hydroxyl radicals in the HCl−H2O2 system, which can enhance the potential of the leaching system, resulting in stimulation of the chemical oxidation process of Re to ReO4−.

Transition mechanisms of translational motions of bubbles in an ultrasonic field.

The translation behaviors of oscillating bubbles are closely related to the polymerizations and dispersions between them, which are crucial for the ultrasonic cavitation effect. In this study, six types of translational motion of bubbles with a wide range of sizes (2-100μm) in the R01-R02 plane are investigated. Our results demonstrate that in addition (to the 2nd order harmonic), the 1/2 order subharmonic can change the bubble pairs from the three states of the attraction, stable after attraction, and repulsion to that of the repulsion, coalescence, and attraction, respectively. Furthermore, within the range of the main resonance radius and the 1/2 order subharmonic resonance radius, the chaotic bubble pairs with alternating attractive and repulsive forces appear in the region between the coalescence pairs and stable pairs after attraction. Finally, the corresponding physical mechanisms of the chaotic translational motions are also revealed.

Enhanced extraction assisted by pressure and ultrasound for targeting RG-I enriched pectin from citrus peel wastes: A mechanistic study

The rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) region of pectin shows health benefits and novel gel applications. Commercial pectin is extracted from citrus peel in most instances, whereas they are homogalacturonan (HG)-dominated productions and the methods to extract pectin targeting RG-I are limited. To take full advantage of citrus wastes and upgrading this pectin resources, a new extraction method based on a diluted NaOH assisted by a combination of ultrasound (US) and pressure, namely manosonication (MS), was established for RG-I enriched pectin extraction. MS significantly enhanced the pectin yield (21.47 ± 0.11%) while reducing the use of NaOH reagents (50 mmol/L) and processing time (50 min). Structurally, the MS (300 kPa) resulting products achieved nearly a 2-fold greater RG-I content (58.61 mol%) than that of commercial pectin (30.12 mol%). Moreover, for the investigation of the extraction mechanism, external pressure enhanced the cavitation effect, as the calorimetric intensity increased from 1.28 W/mL (100 kPa) to 3.3 W/mL (350 kPa). A sufficient ultrasonic mechanical action allowed for obtaining RG-I enriched products with large molecular weight (9.506×10 4 –2.813 × 10 5 ) and low degree of methoxylation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopies (SEM) verified the increased disintegration of the cell wall tissue by MS. Raman imaging and immunofluorescence labeling suggested the synergistic effect of pressure and ultrasound on enhancing the yields and RG-I content. This new method provided alternations in functional polysaccharides extraction, and the yield and structure of citrus RG-I enriched pectin strongly indicates the potentials of MS in other RG-I rich vegetables applications. • Chemical compositions of extracted pectin between different methods were compared. • Manosonication extraction improved pectin yield and RG-I region content. • External pressure enhanced the ultrasonic cavitation effect. • Mechanical action was the dominating factor in cellulose network destruction. • Immunolabeling suggested the synergistic extraction mechanism on RG-I dissolution.

The effects of ultrasonic cavitation on the dissolution of lithium disilicate glass

There has been little research conducted on how ultrasonic cavitation may affect glass dissolution. The focus of this study was to examine how the mechanisms and kinetics of glass dissolution may change in a system that included ultrasonication. Experiments were conducted on lithium disilicate glass in deionized water at 50 °C between 1 and 7.5 h. Results showed that the erosion from ultrasonication affected the kinetics of glass dissolution. Samples with erosion had 2–3 × more dissolution compared to samples without erosion. The change in dissolution was thought to be partly caused by an increase in the surface area of the sample to volume of solution (SA/V) ratio due to the roughening of the surface and release of particulates and a reduction in the size of the depleted layer due to erosion. Stereoscopic 3D reconstruction of eroded samples was used to calculate the increase in surface area due to erosion. Type 2 surface areas (exfoliation mixed with normal leaching) were roughly 3–6% greater while Type 3 surface areas (heavy roughening of surface) were roughly 29–35% greater than the surfaces areas from Type 1 surfaces (normal leaching).

Treatment of mariculture wastewater by an integrated ultrasonic stripping-membrane distillation (US-MD) system: Effect of operating parameters on effluent quality and membrane fouling mitigation

The actual application of membrane distillation (MD) in the mariculture industry is faced with two challenges of substandard ammonia removal and membrane fouling. Therefore, an integrated ultrasonic stripping (US)-MD system is built to efficiently purify mariculture wastewater in this study. US-MD technique exhibited outstanding purification for NH4+-N (86.8 %) compared to sole MD (76.2 %). US pretreatment coupled with a phase of setting ahead of MD could notably remove organics and salts from sewage, finally mitigating membrane fouling in subsequent MD (normalized flux (NF), 96.0 h, 0.77) compared sole MD (0.19). Ultrasonic cavitation effect in US unit largely promoted the protein denaturation and salt crystallization, causing a considerable removal efficiency for proteins (54.0 %∼68.8 %) and phosphate (7.1 %∼8.7 %) before MD unit. The operating parameters of US-MD system posed remarkable impacts on its purification efficiency, and proper increment of pH, operation time, and ultrasonic power in US unit partly facilitated the US-MD operation. US-MD operation was also enhanced by slightly raising the US temperature to around 35 °C. Furthermore, the higher temperature (80–90 °C) and flow velocity (10.48–15.72 mm/s) of feed in MD unit also contributed to the efficient purification of mariculture wastewater.

An automated system for nucleic acid extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples using high intensity focused ultrasound technology.

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples are routinely used in prospective and retrospective studies. It is crucial to obtain high-quality nucleic acid (NA) from FFPE samples for downstream molecular analysis, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing, and microarray, in both clinical diagnosis and basic research. The current NA extraction methods from FFPE samples using chemical solvent are tedious, environmentally unfriendly, and unamenable to automation or field deployment. We present a tool for NA extraction from FFPE samples using a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology. A cartridge strip containing reagents for FFPE sample deparaffinization and NA extraction and purification is operated by an automation tool consisting of a HIFU module, a liquid handling robot unit, and accessories including a thermal block and magnets. The HIFU module is a single concaved piezoelectric ceramic plate driven by a current-mode class-D power amplifier. Based on the ultrasonic cavitation effects, the HIFU module provides highly concentrated energy introducing paraffin emulsification and disintegration. The high quantity and quality of NA extracted using the reported system are evaluated by PCR and compared with the quantity and quality of NA extracted using the current standard methods.

Mechanism and kinetics analysis of valuable metals leaching from copper-cadmium slag assisted by ultrasound cavitation

Copper-cadmium slag, produced during the hydrometallurgical process of zinc, is considered as hazardous solid waste. However, a large number of valuable metals (zinc, cadmium, copper and magnesium) are contained in copper-cadmium slag. It is necessary to treat copper-cadmium slag to make it harmless and recycled with an efficient mean. In response to the problems of low oxidation and multiple inclusions hindering leaching reaction, a more effective and ecologically friendly method based on ultrasonic cavitation and mechanical effect is suggested for recovering valuable metals from copper-cadmium slag. The influencing factors of leaching experiment include reaction time, leaching temperature, liquid-solid ratio, sulfuric acid concentration and ultrasound power. The leaching rates of zinc, cadmium, copper and magnesium reached over 97% at 300 W of ultrasonic power, which are much better than that of conventional condition. In addition, ultrasonic assistance shortened the leaching time to 2 h, improving the leaching rate and reducing the extra energy consumption during conventional leaching in the metal recovery process. The particle size of copper-cadmium slag is reduced from 30 μm to 1 μm by virtue of the ultrasonic microjet and microbubble effects. Moreover, the mineralogy analysis results indicate that microstructures and composition of solid slag changed greatly after ultrasonic treatment. The kinetic analysis results show that the activation energy decreases from 34.68 kJ/mol to 6.21 kJ/mol after ultrasound, demonstrating that ultrasonic field can reduce the activation energy and accelerate the reaction rate. As a result, ultrasound-assisted method is shown to be considerably powerful in improving the leaching and recovery efficiency of solid waste slag.

Ultrasound-Activatable Phase-Shift Nanoparticle as a Targeting Antibacterial Agent for Efficient Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms.

Biofilms are physical barriers composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that enable planktonic bacteria to resist host responses and antibacterial treatments, complicating efforts to clear bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and thereby contributing to persistently chronic infections. As such, it is critical to develop a robust antimicrobial strategy capable of effectively eradicating P. aeruginosa biofilms and to further address aggressive clinical infection. In this study, ultrasound-activatable targeted nanoparticles were designed by using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to encapsulate phase-transformable perfluoropentane (PFP) and the antibiotic meropenem via a double emulsion approach, followed by conjugation with anti-P. aeruginosa antibodies. In this strategy, ultrasound exposure can trigger PFP to produce microbubbles, inducing ultrasonic cavitation effects that can disrupt EPS components and allow nanoparticles to release meropenem to kill P. aeruginosa directly and accelerate the associated wound healing. These nanoparticles eradicated biofilms effectively and cleared bacteria in vitro as well as exhibited potent anti-infective activity in vivo. In summary, this study demonstrates the efficacy of a sonobactericidal strategy as a means of effectively and reliably eliminating biofilms.

Effect of ultrasonic cavitation on the formation of soy protein isolate – rice starch complexes, and the characterization and prediction of interaction sites using molecular techniques

Protein-carbohydrate interactions occur naturally in glycoproteins which are highly stable in nature and are involved in various food complexes and can enhance the quality and functional properties of foods. In the current study, we characterized the protein-carbohydrate complex formed between commercial soy protein isolate and rice starch using different treatments namely heat treatment alone, ultrasound treatment alone, combination of ultrasound and heat treatment and mixing alone. The structural data obtained using circular dichroism indicated that during the complex formation, the α-helix values were reduced by a maximum of 67% compared to soy protein isolate alone. The crystalline nature of the complexes formed by ultrasound treatment preserved the techno-functional properties as compared to complexes formed by heat treatments. The FTIR analysis of the complexes formed indicated the formation of glycosidic bond. Molecular docking analysis revealed the interaction between the complexes occurred due to hydrogen bonds which make the proteins more stable in nature thus enhancing their denaturation temperature. Glutamine, Proline and Arginine present in the D subunit of 7S 3AUP interacts with the starch molecule. The obtained results suggest that sonication combined with heat treatment led to higher interaction between the soy proteins isolate and rice starch.

Construction of ultrasound-responsive urokinase precise controlled-release nanoliposome applied for thrombolysis.

Urokinase is widely used in the dissolution of an acute pulmonary embolism due to its high biocatalytic effect. However, how to precisely regulate its dose, avoid the side effects of hemolysis or ineffective thrombolysis caused by too high or too low a dose, and seize the golden time of acute pulmonary embolism are the key factors for its clinical promotion. Therefore, based on the precise design of a molecular structure, an ultrasonic-responsive nanoliposome capsule was prepared in this paper. Singlet oxygen is continuously generated under the interaction of the ultrasonic cavitation effect and the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin, and the generated singlet oxygen will break the thiol acetone bond between the hydrophilic head and the hydrophobic tail of the liposome, and the lipid The body structure disintegrates rapidly, and the urokinase encapsulated inside is rapidly released, down-regulating the expression of fibrinogen in the body, and exerting a thrombolytic function. The in vitro and in vivo results show that the smart urokinase nanoliposomes prepared by us have sensitive and responsive cytocompatibility to ultrasound and good in vivo thrombolytic properties for acute pulmonary embolism, which provides a new strategy for clinical acute pulmonary embolism thrombolysis.

Ultrasonic Activated Biochar and Its Removal of Harmful Substances in Environment.

Biochar has been widely used in the fields of environment and energy, and green preparation can make biochar-based materials more environmentally friendly. Particularly, in the low-temperature pyrolysis of biochar, labile C with low biological toxicity is the main influencing factor of bacteria in soil. Therefore, it is worth studying to develop the fabrication technology of low-temperature pyrolysis biochar with rich pore structure. The mechanical effect of ultrasonic cavitation is considered to be an effective strategy for the preparation of biochar. However, the sonochemical effects on biochar remain to be studied. In this review, ultrasonic modification and ultrasonic-chemical modification on biochar has been reviewed. Metal oxide/biochar composites can also be obtained by an ultrasonic-chemical method. It is worth mentioning that there have been some reports on the regeneration of biochar by ultrasound. In addition to ultrasonic preparation of biochar, ultrasound can also trigger the sonocatalytic performance and promote the adsorption ability of biochar for the removal of harmful substances. The catalytic mechanism of ultrasound/biochar needs to be further investigated. For application, biochar prepared by ultrasound has been used for the removal of heavy metals in water, the adsorption of carbon dioxide, and soil remediation.

Ultrasonic Microbubble Cavitation Enhanced Tissue Permeability and Drug Diffusion in Solid Tumor Therapy.

Chemotherapy has an essential role not only in advanced solid tumor therapy intervention but also in society’s health at large. Chemoresistance, however, seriously restricts the efficiency and sensitivity of chemotherapeutic agents, representing a significant threat to patients’ quality of life and life expectancy. How to reverse chemoresistance, improve efficacy sensitization response, and reduce adverse side effects need to be tackled urgently. Recently, studies on the effect of ultrasonic microbubble cavitation on enhanced tissue permeability and retention (EPR) have attracted the attention of researchers. Compared with the traditional targeted drug delivery regimen, the microbubble cavitation effect, which can be used to enhance the EPR effect, has the advantages of less trauma, low cost, and good sensitization effect, and has significant application prospects. This article reviews the research progress of ultrasound-mediated microbubble cavitation in the treatment of solid tumors and discusses its mechanism of action to provide new ideas for better treatment strategies.

Influence of ultrasonic-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide foaming process on microcellular thermosetting epoxy foams: Morphology and thermal-mechanical properties

The preparation of microcellular thermosetting epoxy foam with good cell morphology and uniform cell distribution is still a big challenge because of its highly cross-linking chemical networks, Herein, introducing ultrasound into the traditional supercritical carbon dioxide foaming process was reported to improve the foamability and thermal-mechanical properties of thermosetting epoxy resin. The influence of ultrasonic conditions on the cell morphology was investigated firstly, which indicated that higher ultrasonic power and controllable duty cycle resulted in outstanding foamability, with the average cell size decreasing to about 200 nm and cell density increasing to the level of 1014. The foaming mechanism with outstanding foamability of thermosetting epoxy is strongly related to the ultrasonic cavitation effect, which is positive to more uniform cell nucleating sites and then more small cells. Furthermore, the thermos-mechanical properties of foamed epoxy were investigated. The glass transition temperature and the storage modulus of the fabricated epoxy foams determined presents increasing tendency with the introduced higher ultrasonic power and duty cycle, which partially related to the high absorption of carbon dioxide by the mechanical effect of ultrasound and the enhanced thermal effect of ultrasonic field. Smaller cell size and higher cell density are also positive to the higher dynamic mechanical properties. This work provides a new strategy with the introduced ultrasound into the supercritical microcellular foaming for optimum the related cell morphology and also thermo-mechanical properties of polymeric foams.

Study on the Motion Characteristics of Solid Particles in Fine Flow Channels by Ultrasonic Cavitation.

Microjets caused by the cavitation effect in microchannels can affect the motion trajectory of solid particles in microchannels under ultrasonic conditions. The optimal parameters for an observation experiment were obtained through simulations, and an experiment was designed to verify these parameters. When the cavitation bubbles collapse in the near-wall area, the solid particles in the microchannel can be displaced along the expected motion trajectory. Using fluent software to simulate the bubble collapse process, it can be seen that, when an ultrasonic sound pressure acts on a bubble near the wall, the pressure causes the top of the bubble wall to sink inward and eventually penetrate the bottom of the bubble wall, forming a high-speed microjet. The maximum speed of the jet can reach nearly 28 m/s, and the liquid near the top of the bubble also moves at a high speed, driving the particles in the liquid towards the wall. A high-speed camera was used to observe the ultrasonic cavitation process of bubbles in the water to verify the simulation results. A comparison of particle motion with and without ultrasonic waves proved the feasibility of using the ultrasonic cavitation effect to guide small particles towards the wall. This method provides a novel experimental basis for changing the fluid layer state in the microchannel and improving precision machining.

Lightweight and mechanically robust carbon aerogel/SnO2 nanorods composites with heterogeneous structure for electromagnetic interference shielding

Fabricating lightweight and mechanically robust carbon aerogel (CA) for high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is vital yet challenging. In this work, the heterostructure CA/SnO2 nanorods (NRs) composites are proposed by the fabrication of phenolic-derived CA and followed in-situ growth of nano rod-like SnO2 via ultrasonic cavitation effect. This strategy introduces countless heterogeneous interfaces in the skeleton while maintaining the original porous conductive skeleton of CA, which can synergistically dissipate and absorb electromagnetic waves. The CA/SnO2 NRs composites exhibit the EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 36.6 dB with a density of 0.33 g cm−3, of which the absorbed SE reaches 32.1 dB. Besides, CA/SnO2 NRs composites also exhibit prominent mechanical properties, flame retardant properties, and outstanding thermal insulation. Such an especial combination of several exceptional properties capacitates the EMI shielding CA/SnO2 NRs composites to have broad application prospects in fields of aerospace, military, and intelligent electronics.

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of TiCp/Ti6Al4V Composite Coatings by Follow-Up Ultrasonic-Assisted Laser Additive Manufacturing

With the increasing demand for the high agility and fast response of high-level equipment in the aerospace and energy power fields, it is increasingly urgent to improve the performance of the high-temperature and wear resistance of the corresponding high-level components. Ceramic-reinforced titanium matrix composites have excellent high-temperature and wear resistance, but, in laser additive manufacturing, the primary ceramic phase is coarse, and the morphology of the ceramic phase is difficult to control, which limits their further development. In this investigation, a follow-up ultrasonic-assisted laser-additive-manufacturing method was proposed to prepare a 30 wt.% TiC/Ti6Al4V composite coating on a Ti6Al4V surface. Under the effects of ultrasonic cavitation and acoustic streaming, the content of the unmelted TiC was reduced, the dendritic primary TiC in the solidification process was broken and the distribution uniformity of the primary TiC was improved. The content of the unmelted TiC in the composite coating decreased significantly under ultrasonic action, and it was only 50.23% of that without ultrasonic action. At the same time, the average size of the dendritic primary TiC in the composite coating decreased from 61.59 μm to 27.04 μm, which was 56.10% smaller than that without ultrasonic action. The average microhardness of the composite coating reached the maximum of 656.70 HV0.2 under ultrasonic power, and it was 83.21% higher than that of the Ti6Al4V substrate, and 26.44% higher than that of the composite coating without ultrasonic power. Due to the ultrasonic-cavitation and acoustic-streaming effects, the content of the unmelted TiC obviously decreased, so that the average friction coefficient of the composite coating increased, and the wear mechanism changed from abrasive wear to adhesive wear.