Effect Of Substrate Type Research Articles

Effect of substrate type on structure of TiO2 thin film deposited by atomic layer deposition technique

This paper discusses about the effect of substrate type on structure of titanium dioxide thin film deposited by atomic layer deposition technique using titanium tetrachloride and deionized water as precursors. The substrates investigated are silicon (100), cover glass and titanium, and the depositions were performed at temperatures ranging from 300ºC to 450 ºC. We observed through Rutherford backscattering spectrometry that the TiO2 thin films grown on both substrates are stoichiometric. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction showed that rutile phase could be obtained in almost pure phase at temperature of 450 ºC, however only for glass and titanium substrates. For the case of silicon (100) substrate, the anatase phase was preponderant for process temperatures investigated.

Effect of substrate type on RF magnetron sputtered CuInS2 thin films properties based on nanoparticles synthesized by solvothermal route

Stereometric and fractal analyses have been performed on the three-dimensional surface microtexture of the sputtered copper indium disulfide films on various substrates. The target used in the sputtering was made from nanoparticles synthesized by the solvothermal route. The effects of substrate on structural and morphological properties of the films were investigated. The obtained CuInS2 films were polycrystalline textured, preferentially oriented in (112) crystallographic direction. Also, the (112) peak intensity changes with the substrate type. From atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis, it can be concluded that the growth of the film on molybdenum substrate is promising for photovoltaic applications particularly as absorber layer in solar cells. The surface microtexture characterization in terms of surface dimensions, volume, curvature, shape was analyzed according to ISO 25,178–2: 2012 standard.

Improvement of the mechanical and oxidation resistance of pyrolytic carbon coatings by co-deposition synthesis of pyrolytic carbon-silicon carbide nanocomposite

In this work, pyrolytic carbon- silicon carbide (PyC-SiC) nanocomposites were prepared via pyrolysis of Trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) as precursor using chemical vapor deposition method at high temperature (1100 ºC). The nanocomposite of PyC-SiC was synthesized by the deposition of SiC and PyC components from the stream of nitrogen as carrier gas by the co-deposition method. The effect of substrate type and TMSCl concentration on microstructure, composition, thermal properties, and mechanical behavior were investigated. The formation of PyC-SiC nanocomposites was followed by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study of nanocomposite morphology. Additionally, the amount and distribution of Si element in the PyC-SiC nanocomposites was determined by energy dispersive X-ray mapping. The results showed that the nanocomposite containing higher SiC content was synthesized by TMSCl at 2.5 vol% on graphite. Furthermore, the results of thermogravimetric analysis and wear resistance (via tribometer) showed that the oxidation and wear resistance of nanocomposites increased with an increase in the amount of embedded silicon in the nanocomposites. Oxidation temperature and wear resistance of prepared nanocomposites in comparison with PyC increased to about 100 ºC and 300%, respectively. The tribology results showed that the friction coefficient of nanocomposites increases about 25–300% with increasing TMSCl concentration. Finally, the results of the nanoindentation test showed that increasing the amount of SiC embedded in nanocomposites improved the elastic modulus and hardness of nanocomposites about 180% and 100%, respectively.

Thickness- and substrate-dependent magnetotransport properties of lanthanum–strontium manganite films with overstoichiometric manganese content

Electrical and magnetoresistive properties of the La0.6Sr0.2Mn1.2O3±δ (LSMO) films deposited on SrTiO3 single-crystalline and Al2O3 polycrystalline substrates by magnetron sputtering have been studied. The aim of the study is to understand the effect of substrate type on the thickness-dependent evolution of magnetotransport properties of the films of lanthanum–strontium manganites with overstoichiometric manganese content. It is shown that the decrease in the LSMO film thickness below 1000 nm causes the reduction of Curie temperature (TC) and magnetoresistance value at 300 K concomitant with the increase in electrical resistivity. At the same time, the dependence of electrical and magnetoresistance parameters on the substrate structure and type becomes stronger. It is found that TC of LSMOSTO films exceeds and resistivity is smaller than the respective parameters of LSMOAO films, and the difference grows with the decrease in the film thickness. All the results show that the behavior of the doped manganite films with overstoichiometric manganese content differs from that characteristic of stoichiometric in manganese films. These observations can be attributed to the effect of manganese excess on the film growth mechanism, making it different from the manganite films of other compositions.

HARDNESS OF HYBRID PVD-PECVD W-C:H COATINGS VS. SUBSTRATE TYPE

The effects of substrate on the measurement of hardness (and indentation modulus) - penetration depth profiles were investigated on hybrid PVD-PECVD W-C:H coatings made with the additions of C2H2 or CH4 using High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) method. The substrates involved 100Cr6 bearing steel, Al2024 aluminum alloy and (111) Si wafer. Although no clear influence of the substrate type on hardness and indentation modulus of the coatings at different acetylene and hydrogen additions was observed, when both measured properties were combined in HITEIT ratio, significant shift of HIT/EIT ratio dependencies obtained on Al alloy vs. steel and Si wafer substrates occurred. Thus, the effect of substrate type on the measurementlevaluation was confirmed.

Effect of substrate type on diatom-based water quality assessments in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia

Diatoms have been widely used in stream health assessments as they are highly sensitive to water quality. There is no standardised method for diatom-based stream health assessments causing many substrates, both natural and artificial, to be used. Few studies have investigated the impact of substrate type on diatom assemblages in streams with highly variable water levels. To determine if the substrate type affects these assessments, diatoms were analysed from an artificial substrate (rope), rock and mud, from 17 sites in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Rope has been advocated as a substrate as it mimics aquatic plants, while having advantages of artificial substrates (e.g. standardised habitat). We found that substrate type did not affect the stream health assessment based on the Diatom Species Index for Australian Rivers and hence the additional cost of deploying ropes in such studies is unlikely to be warranted. However, substrate type influenced diatom–nutrient relationships, with no relationship between nutrients in the stream water and diatoms in the mud substrate—possibly due to the nutrient subsidy provided by mud. Therefore, by contrast, the absence of nutrients provided by the rope substrate indicates it is suited to studies of nutrient status and sensitivity in streams.

Factors affecting byssus attachment in juvenile scallops, Pecten maximus (L.)

Environmental and husbandry factors play key roles in the control of byssus attachment and detachment in many bivalve species. Identifying and understanding the impact of influential factors is essential for the management of post-settlement hatchery reared juveniles in species, such as the scallop Pecten maximus. We assessed the impact of substrate type and condition, and attachment period on attachment of juvenile scallops between 1.9 and 5.9 mm in shell height. Comparison of a variety of substrates showed that scallop juveniles have a preference for textured hard surfaces, with mean attachment up to 75.6 ± 14.4% after 24 h on riven slate in static conditions. Attachment could be significantly increased by preconditioning substrates in flow-through tanks of unfiltered seawater and by having undisturbed attachment periods longer than 1 h. The effect of substrate type and substrate condition on retention of seed was assessed in a flume. For all substrates, retention decreased with increasing water velocity. However, of the substrates examined (wool, nylon and slate), retention was greatest on the riven slate, with attachment up to 100% at water flow of 12.6 ± 0.2 cm s−1, although this was not statistically greater than on wool or nylon. Across all substrates preconditioning by immersion in seawater for two weeks significantly compromised juvenile retention at higher water velocities. Based on these findings, recommended parameters for maximising juvenile P. maximus attachment and retention in water velocities up to 12.6 ± 0.2 cm s−1 include utilising a riven slate type hard substrate, preconditioned for 1 week, with juveniles allowed to attach for 24 h.

The characteristic evolution of TiO2/Al2O3 bilayer films produced by ALD: Effect of substrate type and wide range annealing temperature

Abstract Single bilayer (1BL) of TiO2/Al2O3 nanolaminate films were grown on n-Si (100) and glass substrates via Atomic Layer Deposition technique. Films were deposited using tetrakis (dimethylamino)titanium(IV), trimethylaluminum and water vapor as precursors at a reactor temperature of 200 °C. Post deposition annealing was performed on the grown nanolaminate films in a wide variable temperature range (300–1100 °C) to investigate evolution of crystal properties in detail. The films were studied with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Crystal structures of the films revealed different combinations of three phases that belong to TiO2. Phase transformations of TiO2 and Al2O3 were determined as a result of annealing. Atomic force microscopy images together with roughness values of TiO2/Al2O3 nanolaminate films showed a trend associated with crystal structure changes. Optical measurements revealed that the indirect band gap of films which produced on glass substrate decreased with respect to bulk TiO2 and prior reports.

Effects of Substrate Type on the Morphology and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanorods Grown via Chemical Bath Deposition

In this study, zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) were prepared through chemical bath deposition using glass and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, and their crystalline structure was investigated through X-ray diffraction. Results showed that the prepared ZnO NRs had wurtzite structure and grew along the [002] orientation, and ZnO NRs grown on the FTO substrate was more crystalline than those grown on the glass substrate. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy images showed that the glass sample had rod-like morphology and uniform distribution with 95 nm diameter and average length of approximately 980 nm, whereas the FTO-coated glass had 110 nm diameter and average length of approximately 1000 nm. The direct transition optica1 band gaps of the glass and FTO-coated glass samples were 3.28 and 3.97 eV, respectively.

Effects of Substrate Type on Some Optical and Dispersion Properties of Sprayed CdO Thin Films

Effects of Substrate Type on Some Optical and Dispersion Properties of Sprayed CdO Thin Films

Effect of substrate type and pellet age on the resuspension of Atlantic salmon faecal material

The influence of substrate type and particle age on the remobilization of settled Atlantic salmon Salmo salar faecal material was studied through a set of controlled experiments in horizontal flow flumes, simulating different bottom conditions present in fish-farming locations along the coast of Norway. There was no significant effect of pellet age on remobilization for up to 1 week old faecal material, but critical shear stresses (τc) and velocities required for resuspending faecal pellets were strongly dependent on substrate type. Smooth substrates such as mud and rock slate required lower stresses for the onset of faeces resuspension (τc %%CONV_ERR%% 0.06 Pa) than rougher surfaces such as sand (τc %%CONV_ERR%% 0.12 Pa) or fragmented rock (τc %%CONV_ERR%% 0.32 Pa), where bedforms and large fractures shield the particles from the direct influence of the drag forces. These newly determined substrate-dependent τc resuspension thresholds will contribute to the construction of more accurate numerical models that include bottom type as a parameter regulating the extent of particle spreading, in contrast to the constant-value approach that has been used to date.

Effects of substrate type on denitrification efficiency and microbial community structure in constructed wetlands

Three constructed wetland systems were established to treat saline sewage via high-porosity ceramsite, activated carbon, and low-porosity sand: A (ceramsite + activated carbon + sand), B (sand + activated carbon + ceramsite), and C (sand). The distribution of dissolved oxygen in these systems varied with different filling methods with the best removal efficiency of ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen observed in system B (97.4 and 96.2%, respectively). The 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing results showed that all the systems had a high abundance of salt-tolerant denitrifiers, and the filling method significantly impacted denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Vibrio and Planctomyces) in the substrate. System B had more diverse dissolved oxygen conditions than system A and showcased aerobic nitrification–denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation pathways. Therefore, the use of substrates with different porosities can improve the dissolved oxygen supply and enhance nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetlands.

Effect of substrate type on langur positional repertoire

Positional behavior and its relationship with substrate are crucial to understand animal morphological and behavioral adaptation, and can contribute to habitat conservation of endangered species. Colobine monkeys show diverse inter- and intra-species variations in positional behavior. Although the effects of substrate type on positional behavior are well acknowledged, this relationship has rarely been investigated in the genus Trachypithecus. We studied positional behavior of Indo-Chinese gray langurs (Trachypithecus crepusculus) in a primary subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest for 12 continuous months, and tested the effect of substrate type on their positional behavior. The study group mainly adopted sitting during resting and feeding, and primarily used quadrupedalism (including quadrupedal walking and running) and leaping for traveling, which is different from other species of Trachypithecus living in degraded limestone habitats. Substrate type affected the langurs’ locomotor mode. The langurs tended to leap more on twigs, climb more on lianas and quadrupedal move more on wide and solid substrates. Gap-crossing and security during traveling could explain this flexible locomotion pattern observed on different substrate types. Our results provide important insights into in-situ habitat conservation and ex-situ cage enrichment of langurs.

Synthesis and Characterization of GaN Nanocrystalline Thin Films on Various Substrates by RF Magnetron Sputtering

Gallium nitride (GaN) nanocrystalline (NC) thin films (TH) were deposited on different surfaces of material as substrates; quartz, glass as well as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) using radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering method. The effects of substrate type on structural and morphological properties of GaN-NCTH were studied. X-ray diffraction analyses and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that the GaN particles have covered all surfaces of the substrates with a smooth arrangement. The root mean square (RMS) surface roughness was 30.8, 1.45 and 1.46 nm for the GaN-NCTH deposited on FTO, glass and quartz substrates, respectively. Based on the GaN-NCTH prepared onto glass substrate, the optical bandgap was calculated to be 3.38 eV.

Bandwidth Improvement in Bow-Tie Microstrip Antennas: The Effect of Substrate Type and Design Dimensions

In this work, the impact of substrate type and design dimensions on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement is presented both numerically and experimentally at 4–8 GHz. The finite integration technique (FIT)-based high-frequency electromagnetic solver, CST Microwave Studio, was used for the simulation analysis. For this purpose, four bow-tie microstrip antennas were designed, fabricated, and measured upon using different materials and substrate thicknesses. Precise results were achieved and the simulated and experimental results showed a good agreement. The performance of each antenna was analyzed and the impact of changing material permittivity, antenna dimensions and substrate thicknesses on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The measured results indicated that the slot bow-tie antenna, which is one of the novel aspects of this study, is well matched and a 2-GHz bandwidth [5–7 GHz] is obtained, which is about 50% bandwidth in comparison with the wideband applications [4–8 GHz]. The proposed structure is useful in ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. This study provides guidance in selecting material types and thicknesses for microstrip antennas based on desired applications.

Effect of substrate type on burrowing behaviors of yellow-phase Japanese eels in water tank experiments

Effect of substrate type on burrowing behaviors of yellow-phase Japanese eels in water tank experiments

Effect of substrate type and concentration on the performance of a double chamber microbial fuel cell.

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) provides new opportunities for energy generation and wastewater treatment through conversion of organic matter into electricity by electrogenic bacteria. This study investigates the effect of different types and concentrations of substrates on the performance of a double chamber microbial fuel cell (DCMFC). Three mediator-less laboratory-scale DCMFCs were used in this study, which were equipped with graphite electrode and cation exchange membrane. The MFCs were fed with three different types of substrates (glucose, acetate and sucrose) at a chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 1,000 mg/L. The selected substrate (acetate) was studied for three different concentrations of 500, 2,000 and 3,000 mg/L of COD. Results demonstrated that acetate was the best substrate among the three different substrates with maximum power density and COD removal of 91 mW/m2 and 77%, respectively. Concentration of 2,000 mg/L was the best concentration in terms of performance with maximum power density and COD removal of 114 mW/m2 and 79%, respectively. The polarization curve shows that ohmic losses were dominant in DCMFCs established for all three substrates and concentrations.

Effect of Substrate Type on the Fractal Characteristics of AFM Images of Sputtered Aluminium Thin Films

The roughness features of aluminum thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on Ti6Al4V, stainless steel, mild steel and commercially pure titanium substrates are studied via atomic force microscopy. The average roughness, interface width, skewness, kurtosis, roughness exponent, equivalent roughness, lateral correlation length, fractal dimension and Minkowski functionals have been computed for each sample. It is shown that both topology and fractal characteristics of the Al thin films are greatly influenced by the type of metallic substrate on which it is sputtered. The fractal studies reveal that the fractal dimensions range between 2 and 3, indicating that all the surfaces are self-affine. The Minkowski functionals show that the valleys and plateaus for all the surfaces are highly disconnected since very small positive values of Euler-Poincaré are computed. The differences in roughness characteristics are superficial indication that substrate types affect the nucleation and growth of surface features such as grain sizes and particles during sputtering.

Impacts of different environmental factors on tunnelling behaviour of the subterranean termite Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)

The subterranean termite Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) is one of the most serious pests of dikes and dams in China, and can build large subterranean cavities inside earthen dikes and dams through workers’ tunnelling behaviour. For a better understanding of underground tunnelling strategies of O. formosanus, we used the tunnelling device to investigate the effect of substrate type, moisture content and ambient temperature on tunnelling behaviour. We found that the workers displayed significantly higher-tunnelling efficiency and bigger maximum tunnelling distance in sandy soil when compared to soil and sand. Meanwhile, the workers expressed significantly higher-tunnelling efficiency and bigger maximum tunnelling distance under 20% moisture content than those under 10% and 15% moisture contents. Additionally, the workers exhibited significantly higher tunnelling efficiency and bigger maximum tunnelling distance at 28 °C as compared to 22 and 25 °C. These findings suggest that the above three environmental factors had the significant impacts on tunnelling behaviour of the subterranean termite O. formosanus.

Adsorption and degradation of some psychiatric drugs by sol-gel synthesized titania-based photocatalysts: influence of tungsten and sodium content

Mesoporous anatase nanopowders were doped with 0.05−0.5 mol% of W6+, in order to obtain more efficient photocatalyst than TiO2 Degussa P25 in the degradation of amitriptyline (AMI) under simulated solar irradiation (SSI). Dominant XRPD peaks were ascribed to anatase phase, with additional peaks which could correspond to brookite, TiO2 bronze and sodium titanate, Na2Ti9O19. The Raman scattering measurements have confirmed anatase as dominant phase, with broad Raman feature at ~270 cm−1 possibly related to Ti–O–Na stretching vibration. All W-doped nanopowders have shown enhanced adsorption and higher efficiency in photodegradation of AMI in comparison to TiO2 Degussa P25 under the same conditions. The catalyst doped with 0.4 mol% of W6+, which has shown the highest efficiency in degradation of AMI under SSI, has also been tested in degradation of alprazolam (ALP). The effect of substrate type (AMI and ALP), catalyst loading, and initial substrate concentration on photocatalytic degradation using SSI was examined. The identification of the species responsible for the photocatalytic degradation of AMI and ALP by the catalyst doped with 0.4 mol% of W6+ was performed in the presence of various scavengers under SSI. The major role in degradation of AMI may be attributed to hydroxyl radicals, whereas superoxide anion radicals, singlet molecular oxygen and hydroxyl radicals contribute to degradation of ALP.