Effect Of Spread Research Articles

Underage marriage in Islamic law and Yemeni law

This research aims to explain the marriage of minors and to know the point of view of Islamic law and Yemeni law on this marriage, as well as to know its causes and effects. This objective was achieved through an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction included the importance of the research, the reasons for its selection, its problem, objectives, methodology, questions, hypotheses, previous studies and research, and its divisions. The first topic included: the nature of marriage, its legitimacy and its pillars in Islamic law.. The second topic contained: the concept of marriage of minors and the reasons for its emergence in contemporary societies. The third topic came: it included the legitimate and legal vision of the marriage of minors. The fourth topic included: the effects of marriage of minors. The conclusion included: the most important findings and recommendations. The researcher followed the descriptive approach based on induction, analysis and deduction. The research came out with the most important results and recommendations as follows: 1- Studying and analyzing the causes, motives and risks of underage marriage will limit the growth of the phenomenon by spreading awareness among the members of society. 2- Educating society about the dangers, negatives, and problems of underage marriage and its effects, and activating dialogue on this matter helps limit its increasing growth and contributes to combating the ignorance that surrounds some groups of society, which pushes them to hasten to marry off their daughters. 3- Early marriage is considered one of the social problems that the Yemeni society suffers from, and the Yemeni girl suffers from it, especially in the countryside. 4- The phenomenon of early marriage in Yemen was combined with many factors, including economic, social and cultural factors. 5- There are many effects that result from early marriage, including psychological, health, social and economic effects. 6- The presence of shortcomings in the Yemeni law regarding the marriage of minors, in Article No. (15) of its recent amendments in the Personal Status Law, which did not explicitly specify the age of marriage, and there is no explicit text specifying the penalty for those who violate the text of the law. 7- The prevalence of early divorce among young girls, due to several reasons, including, but not limited to, her lack of knowledge of marital rights, the lack of complementarity between the two marriages, or the lack of compatibility between them. 8- The high mortality rate of young mothers, due to their exposure to many risks of pregnancy and childbirth at an early age, including severe bleeding, acute anemia, etc. The researcher recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: 1- Determining the age of marriage at (18) years, and urging the Yemeni legislator to amend Article (15) of the Personal Status Law No. (20) of 1992 AD and its amendments in Law No. (27) of 1998 AD so that it explicitly stipulates that the age of marriage be set at no less than (18) years. A solar system, specifying a penalty for those who violate it, and harmonizing other laws related to the personal status law with regard to the age of marriage for young girls. 2- Developing a media policy aimed at creating awareness among members of society, through visual, print and audio media, and social media, in order to clarify the harms of early marriage, and the risks, disadvantages, and problems of underage marriage and its future effects, and to provide an educational role through various relevant official and unofficial agencies and institutions such as the Ministry Education, media, human rights, the National Committee for Women, the Supreme Council for Motherhood and Childhood, civil society organizations and others. 3- Spreading legal awareness in society of the dangers and effects of child marriage. 4- Combined joint efforts (official and popular) to seek to achieve a safe age of marriage of eighteen years, in order to achieve the complete elimination of child marriage. 5- Urging researchers and those interested in the field of the family to prepare qualitative studies and in-depth specialized research on child marriage as a social phenomenon that includes all its different aspects in terms of its size, causes of its spread, damages and multiple effects.

Content-Based Fake News Detection With Machine and Deep Learning: a Systematic Review

Fake news, which can be defined as intentionally and verifiably false news, has a strong influence on critical aspects of our society. Manual fact-checking is a widely adopted approach used to counteract the negative effects of fake news spreading. However, manual fact-checking is not sufficient when analysing the huge volume of newly created information. Moreover, the number of labeled datasets is limited, humans are not particularly reliable labelers and databases are mostly in English and focused on political news. To solve these issues state-of-the-art machine learning models have been used to automatically identify fake news. However, the high amount of models and the heterogeneity of features used in literature often represents a boundary for researchers trying to improve model performances. For this reason, in this systematic review, a taxonomy of machine learning and deep learning models and features adopted in Content-Based Fake News Detection is proposed and their performance is compared over the analysed works. To our knowledge, our contribution is the first attempt at identifying, on average, the best-performing models and features over multiple datasets/topics tested in all the reviewed works. Finally, challenges and opportunities in this research field are described with the aim of indicating areas where further research is needed.

Reduced-Order Comparison of Simulated and Measured Coalescing Mach Waves near Supersonic Jets

Prior measurements of the sound field produced by a laboratory-scale, Mach 3 jet flow (Baars and Tinney, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 333, No. 12, 2014, pp. 2539–2553; Fiévet et al., AIAA Journal, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2016, pp. 254–265) suggest that acoustic waveforms steepen early on in their development. This explained the discrepancy between theoretical predictions, based on effective Gol’dberg numbers, that shocks should not form, and observations of steepened Mach waves close to laboratory-scale jets. The present work continues studying this phenomenon by exploring coalescence processes that occur when neighboring waveforms intersect, forming larger-amplitude waveforms with increased cumulative nonlinear distortion. A numerical model based on the Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov (KZK) equation is developed to show that coalescence-induced steepening is sensitive to the intersection angle between adjacent waveforms, waveform duration, and cylindrical spreading effects. High frame-rate schlieren images of sound waves propagating from the post-potential core region of a laboratory-scale Mach 3 jet are then captured along an angle following the ridge of most intense noise to study the development and evolution of coalescence. A shock detection algorithm isolates shock-like events, which are tracked using a translating coordinate system and decomposed using proper orthogonal decomposition. Reduced-order reconstructions of both schlieren images and the KZK model identify common patterns that characterize the shock coalescence process.

600-V p-GaN Gate HEMT With Buried Hole Spreading Channel Demonstrating Immunity Against Buffer Trapping Effects

A 600-V p-GaN gate HEMT with buried hole spreading channel (BHSC) is demonstrated to suppress the buffer trap related dynamic <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\text {ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degradation. The BHSC is located at the interface between u-GaN and buried AlGaN. In the on-state, the holes injected from the p-GaN gate can effectively spread along the BHSC and screen the negative buffer charges. The hole spreading effect is verified by a detection of hole current from the sidewall of BHSC. The screening effect is verified by a positive substrate stress test that intentionally induces severe buffer trapping, which is widely known to cause severe dynamic <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\text {ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degradation in traditional GaN HEMTs. However, the propose device exhibits an immunity against buffer trapping owing to the screening effect of the holes along BHSC. The dynamic performance with as short as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 20~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> delay after a 400-V substrate stress is characterized. Nearly zero buffer trap related dynamic <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}_{\text {ON}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degradation is achieved.

Estonian population and regional development during the last 30 years—back to the small town?

AbstractThis article reviews the socioeconomic factors that have shaped Estonia's regional population development during the last 30 years. In the 1990s, primary and secondary industries declined and massive urbanization started, depopulating rural and old industrial areas while suburban sprawl developed around the capital Tallinn. Urban growth accelerated in the 2000s, and the 2008 global financial crisis prompted migration from the peripheries. Since 2015, Estonia's population has been growing thanks to returning emigrants and new immigrants. Recent years have witnessed the spread effect and spatial oscillation boosted by COVID‐19 and the Ukrainian war. Additionally, a growing number of people live temporarily in multiple places, including remote rural localities.

Spreading Effect of Enhanced Blast in Explosives and Propellants

We performed tests on one of our propellants to determine its TNT equivalence. In such tests we detonate a charge of explosive at one end of a propellant cylindrical sample. We use two types of diagnostics: 1) to determine the propellant energy release rate, we wrap it with a thin aluminum shell, and measure the radial velocity of the shell along the propellant sample with velocity interferometers (PDV); and 2) we use commercial blast gauges at a distance of about 10m from the test sample, to determine the blast effect of the propellant (after deducting the blast effect of the driving explosive). We expected the two types of diagnostics to agree with one another, but this has not been the case. From the velocity gauges we see that only the part of the propellant which is near the explosive has fully reacted, and that the extent of this part depends on the size and configuration of the driving explosive. But from the blast diagnostics it seems, that as if the whole propellant has reacted. We’ve seen some sporadic indications in the literature to such an enhanced blast effect from propellants [1-5]. We refer here to such an enhanced blast effect as a spreading effect. We claim, that when a reacting propellant (or explosive) is spread out in space (without changing its total energy release upon reacting), the blast effect at a given distance is enhanced substantially compared to the same energy yield without spreading. In our tests, the relative amount of reacted propellant decreases substantially with distance from the initiating explosive, but because it does not react in a continuous fashion, there is a spreading effect, that enhances the level of air blast substantially. To demonstrate the action of the spreading effect, we make 1D simulations of outgoing detonations of an HB (H=HMX, B=Binder) explosive in spherical symmetry. For different runs we dilute the explosive with the binder to various extents, from W=1 (pure explosive) to W=0.01 (1% explosive). For each such formulation we compute the detonation parameters using our in-house chemical equilibrium code (not presented here). For each formulation we adjust the explosive radius so that the total detonation energy stays the same. For all runs we monitor the rigid boundary reflected pressure (pr) of the created blast wave in air, at a radial distance of 12m. We get that as W decreases below 0.5, the total amount of HMX decreases below 6% of the amount for pure HMX, but pr increases by about 12% relative to that of pure HMX. We attribute this enhanced blast effect to the spreading of the explosive, while keeping the amount of energy released unchanged (spreading effect).

The Effect of Bid-Ask Spread, Market Value, Risk of Return, Dividend Payout Ratio, Return on Asset and Company Age on Holding Period in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of the bid-ask spread, market value, risk of return, dividend payout ratio, return on assets, and firm age on the holding period of the LQ45 stock index. The objects of this research are companies listed on LQ45 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period. The data analysis technique in this study was quantitative analysis expressed in numbers and calculations using statistical methods with the help of E-Views 10 software. This study used a sample of 36 companies taken by the purposive sampling method. The data analysis used is the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results showed that market value and return on assets had a significant positive effect and risk of return had a significant negative effect on the holding period, while the bid-ask spread, dividend payout ratio, and company age had no effect on the holding period. Based on the Adjusted R2 value, there is still 51.26 percent of the holding period variable which is influenced by other variables outside the independent variables of this study.

Challenges involved in the collection of appropriate data for the completion of disease outbreak risk assessments.

Risk assessment is an essential tool used in the control of disease outbreaks. Without it, key risk pathways might not be identified, resulting in potential spread of disease. The devastating effects of disease spread can ripple through society, affecting the economy and trade and having considerable impact on animal health and potentially human health. The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, founded as OIE) has highlighted that risk analysis, which includes risk assessment, is not consistently used across all Members, with some low-income countries making policy decisions without prior risk assessment. The failure of some Members to rely on risk assessment could be caused by a lack of staff and risk assessment-related training, poor funding in the animal health sector, and lack of understanding regarding the use and application of risk analysis. However, to complete effective risk assessment, high-quality data must be collected, and other factors such as geographical conditions, use (or not) of technology, and varying production systems all influence the ability to collect these data. Demographic and population-level data can be collected during peacetime in the form of surveillance schemes and national reports. Having these data before an outbreak occurs better equips a country for controlling or preventing disease outbreaks. In order for all WOAH Members to meet risk analysis requirements, an international effort must be made for cross-working and the development of collaborative schemes. Technology can play an important role in the development of risk analysis, and low-income countries must not be left behind in the efforts to protect animal and human populations from disease.

Analysis of the far-field behavior of waves in magnetogasdynamic

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Herein the research objects, a hyperbolic quasi-linear system of governing equations was solved by an asymptotic method (far-field technique) with explaining a 1-D unsteady planar and cylindrically symmetric flows in magnetogasdynamics. The evolution equation was obtained by generalized Burger's equation. A relatively accurate systematic result of the evolution equation was gotten by us through the analytic homotopy analysis method (HAM). We are allowed by the method to determine the various effects of nonlinearity and geometrical spreading. One of the fundamental problems of conservation laws are represented by the non-linear waves from preliminary data.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

К ВОПРОСУ О МЕРАХ БОРЬБЫ С САРАНЧОВЫМИ НАСЕКОМЫМИ В ТУРКЕСТАНСКОМ КРАЕ В НАЧАЛЕ XX В.

The article studies the role of the Turkestan Society of Agriculture, the Turkestan Department of the Russian Agricultural Society and the Locust Committee under the Turkestan Society of Agriculture in organizing research activities for the study and eradication of locust insects in the Central Asian region at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. The main challenge for agricultural development in Central Asia was insect pests and, above all, locusts. There were more than 70 species of locust insects in the Turkestan region. The author, based on archival sources of the Russian State Military Historical Archive, analyzes measures taken by the Russian government and scientific institutions in the Turkestan Region to remove and eliminate the spread of locust insects in order to prevent an epidemic and restore agriculture in Central Asia. The author comes to the conclusion that the systematic study of locust insects and the implementation of anti-locust measures was of great practical importance for the development of the Central Asian region. Zoogeographic and etymological studies were carried out in the scientific context, which contained important information on the insect population, as well as the causes of their spread and harmful effects on plant crops in Central Asia.

Analysis of HBV and COVID-19 Coinfection Model with Intervention Strategies.

Coinfection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and COVID-19 is a common public health problem throughout some nations in the world. In this study, a mathematical model for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and COVID-19 coinfection is constructed to investigate the effect of protection and treatment mechanisms on its spread in the community. Necessary conditions of the proposed model nonnegativity and boundedness of solutions are analyzed. We calculated the model reproduction numbers and carried out the local stabilities of disease-free equilibrium points whenever the associated reproduction number is less than unity. Using the well-known Castillo-Chavez criteria, the disease-free equilibrium points are shown to be globally asymptotically stable whenever the associated reproduction number is less than unity. Sensitivity analysis proved that the most influential parameters are transmission rates. Moreover, we carried out numerical simulation and shown results: some parameters have high spreading effect on the disease transmission, single infections have great impact on the coinfection transmission, and using protections and treatments simultaneously is the most effective strategy to minimize and also to eradicate the HBV and COVID-19 coinfection spreading in the community. It is concluded that to control the transmission of both diseases in a population, efforts must be geared towards preventing incident infection with either or both diseases.

The Effect of Interest Rate Spread on the Profitability of Nepalese Commercial Bank

This study examines the impact of the interest rate spread on the profitability of Nepalese commercial banks by using the data from mid-July 2011/12 to 2020/21.This study employs a quantitative approach to examine the effect on twenty-six commercial banks. The results show that interest rate spread positively affects firm performance. One percentage increase in interest rate spread increases return on assets by 0.137%, return on equity by 1.37%, and earnings per share by 8.11%.

Effect of Interest Rate Spread and Bank Specific Factors on Survival of Tier-One and Tier-Two Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

In today’s economic setting, there must be a healthy banking sector for banks to survive. Banks survival determine sound financial mediator in achieving economic performance. However, bank spread and unstable policies towards bank specific factors have become threat to bank survival in Nigeria. Secondary data and ex-post facto research design were used within the period of 2011-2020 for both Tier-1 and Tier-2 deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study found that interest rate spread, asset quality, management efficiency, bank size and board size affect bank survival in Nigeria. The study suggests that bank managers should give maximum attention to interest rate spread, and bank specific factor like asset quality, management efficiency, bank size and board size so as to ensure their survival.

Combined Effects of Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading and Superstructure Inertial Loads on Pile Foundations

Pile foundations in sloping or gently sloped liquefiable soils are often subjected to a combination of inertial and lateral spreading loads. Current design codes vary significantly in terms of the methods used to analyze and design piles that are subjected to combined loading. The results from a full-scale shake table test on a 0.25-m-diameter reinforced concrete pile in gently sloping ground are used in this study to back-calculate the inertial loads, the kinematic loads, and the interaction between inertial and kinematic loads during seismic loading. It was found that large pile strains developed after liquefaction was triggered. The maximum pile strains (and curvatures) at shallow depths within the nonliquefiable crust were correlated with maximum inertial loads in the upslope direction that were resisted by a crust load applied in the downslope direction, indicating an out-of-phase interaction. The maximum pile strains (and curvatures) at deeper locations below the loose liquefiable sand were correlated with the maximum inertial loads in the downslope direction but without any resistance or driving load from the crust (i.e., no lateral spreading load during peak downslope inertial cycles). The lack of crust load during the downslope inertial cycles was attributed to the pile head outrunning the crust displacement, causing the pile to be pushed into a gap that had formed on the downslope front of the pile. The findings of this study contribute a data point to a wide range of inertial and kinematic interaction factors proposed by other studies and highlight the site- and project-dependency of interactions between inertial and kinematic loads.

Efficiency analysis and evaluation of centrifugal variable-rate fertilizer spreading based on real-time spectral information on rice

Investigations regarding the use of centrifugal variable-rate fertilizer spreaders and their impact on agriculture production has become increasingly important for determining the effects and economic benefits of precision agriculture variable-rate fertilizer technology applied in the rice-and-wheat rotation areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. This study examines a self-developed centrifugal variable-rate fertilizer spreader based on real-time growth information of rice and wheat focusing on rice variety Nanjing 9108 as its research object. Field tests of variable-rate fertilizer application (compound fertilizer) were conducted in the Dongtai rice planting base, Jiangsu Province. Different areas were set up for artificial fertilizer spreading, traditional empirical balanced spreading, and real-time variable-rate spreading. The fertilizer application rates, rice growths, and yields of these fertilizer spreading methods for three consecutive years were compared and analyzed. Furthermore, the operational effectiveness of centrifugal variable-rate spreading was evaluated via partial budget analysis. The experimental results showed that the spreading application rate for the real-time variable-rate fertilization area decreased year by year by approximately 47.64 kg/hm2, whereas the application rate per unit area was reduced by approximately 15.88 %, compared with those for the traditional empirical balanced fertilization area. After the application of topdressing tillering fertilizer, rice growth in the real-time variable-rate fertilization area was better than in the others, whereas the spatial difference in its population structure was the lowest. There were differences in rice yield among the experimental areas: the average yield of the variable-rate fertilization area was 8996.70 kg/hm2, which was 5.93 % higher than that of the traditional empirical balanced fertilization area. According to the operational effectiveness analysis of real-time variable-rate fertilizer application in rice production, its fertilizer cost was only 504.72 RMB/hm2, whereas its yield profit was 17993.40 RMB/hm2. Thus, the fertilizer cost was reduced by 95.28 RMB/hm2, whereas the yield profit was increased by 1007.62 RMB/hm2, compared with those of the traditional empirical balanced fertilizer application. To sum up, this investigation verified that the newly developed centrifugal variable-rate fertilizer spreader, using real-time variable-rate fertilizer, can save on fertilizer and reduce its application, improve the population structure and spatial difference in crop growth, help increase crop yield and degree of balance, and produce economic, ecological, and social benefits. This study can provide a theoretical reference for promoting the pilot application of variable-rate fertilization technology in the rice-and-wheat rotation areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Investigation of the cooling enhancement of a single crystal diamond heat sink with embedded microfluidic channels

Single crystal diamond (SCD) owns superior mechanical strength, chemical stability, and the highest thermal conductivity among the well-known materials. In this work, we investigated the cooling enhancement of a cold plate made of SCD with embedded microfluidic channels. In particular, we studied the enhanced heat spreading due to conduction followed by convective dissipation of a locally heated resistor mimicking a linear hot spot within electronic chips. Experiments were carried out with various heat fluxes (9–75 W/cm 2 ) and volumetric flow rates (0.02–0.18 ml/min) under transient state. The results showed that cold plate made of a SCD layer with embedded microfluidic channels exhibited the highest cooling effect obtained for maximum applied power density and flow rate. This indicated that combined effect of conductive spreading and convective heat transfer exhibited a significant cooling enhancement. Simulation results further support the improvement of the cooling capability due to the addition of microfluidic channels and the use of SCD as the substrate of the heat sink. • Single crystal diamond embedded with microchannels (SCD-MC) was fabricated and tested. • A maximum temperature was decreased by 42.1 % when using SCD-MC instead of Silicon. • The cooling enhancement of SCD-MC increased with heat flux and volumetric flow rate.

Anterior Quadratus Lumborum block area comparison in the three different volumes of Ropivacaine: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in healthy volunteers

BackgroundIn abdominal surgery, ultrasound-guided anterior quadratus lumborum blocks (QLB) are performed to induce analgesia. However, no study reported suitable volumes of the anterior QLB for the different postoperative analgesia regions. Therefore, this prospective randomized controlled study assessed the dermatomal spread and analgesic effects of the three different volumes of a local anesthetic for anterior QLB.MethodsUltrasound-guided anterior QLB was performed at the L2 level on 30 healthy volunteers. The volunteers were randomized to receive 20 ml (n = 10), 30 ml (n = 10), and 40 mL (n = 10) of 0.375% ropivacaine. The cutaneous sensory blocked area (CSBA), the number of block dermatomes, and the block duration time were measured by determining the extent of the cold sensation.ResultsThe CSBA was significantly larger in the 40 ml group than in the 30 (P = 0.001; 1350.6 ± 234.4 vs. 1009.5 ± 151.6 cm2) and 20 ml groups (P < 0.001; 1350.6 ± 234.4 vs. 808.1 ± 120.5 cm2). Similarly, the number of blocked dermatomes was significantly higher in the 40 ml group than in the 30- and 20-ml groups. However, no significant difference was observed in block duration among the groups.ConclusionsNo difference was observed in block duration with the various volumes of 0.375% ropivacaine. However, the larger volume for anterior QLB contributed to a larger area of cutaneous sensory blockade. Appropriate volumes in anterior QLB can create suitable postoperative analgesia levels for the different operative sites.Trial registrationThe study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registration Center on www.chictr.org.cn on 27th April 2018 (registration number: ChiCTR-IOR-17010853).

Spread and Harmfulness of Infectious Diseases of the Main Forest-Forming Species in Zhytomyr Polissia of Ukraine

Given the multifunctional role of forests, there is an urgent need in forming biologically stable and productive tree stands to obtain the maximum ecological and economic effect for Ukraine in present-day conditions. Therefore, studies of the species composition, spread, pathogenic action, and harmful effects of pathogens of infectious diseases of the main forestforming species in Zhytomyr Polissia of Ukraine allow designing a real phytosanitary situation that will take place in the forests in the coming years and developing timely measures to limit the spread of pathological phenomena, which is the relevant research vector. The purpose of this study is to assess the current phytosanitary state of the forests of the surveyed region and identify abiotic and biotic factors that most contribute to weakening and degradation of forest tree species. This paper uses classical forest inventory and phytopathological methods to establish the general phytosanitary condition of the surveyed forests. Special mycological and microbiological methods were also involved to investigate the aetiology and pathogenesis of infectious diseases pathogens. Currently, the comprehensive sanitary condition of the forests of Zhytomyr Oblast can be described as satisfactory. However, every year there is a slow but steady increase in the dieback of forest areas, specifically the main forest-forming species – pine, oak, ash, and birch. During the examinations, the authors noted typical symptoms of bacteriosis (bacterial dropsy), necrosis (dieback), vascular (graphiosis, tracheomycosis) and other diseases of contradictory aetiology (transverse cancer, dieback), as well as fruit bodies of aphilophoroid macromycetes, which are the causes of stem (pine polypore, birch polypore, false oak polypore, etc.) and root (heterobasidion perennial, honey mushroom) rot were noted. Monitoring of the phytosanitary condition with the allocation of predictors of degradation of forest stands will further allow forming a “global map of plant resilience and sensitivity” for analysis of phytosanitary risk and rapid and rational decision-making on forest protection measures

Inhomogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in compression-type bulk formed specimens

The effect of elongation and spreading in a material on strain and microstructure inhomogeneity during compression-type bulk forming processes was investigated to improve the strain homogeneity of the materials. For systematic investigation, four different compression-type forming processes, namely wire flat rolling, plate flat rolling, wire caliber rolling, and uniaxial compression, were compared. Strain inhomogeneity and macroscopic shear bands (MSBs) were clearly observed during the compression-type bulk forming processes based on a comparative study on the shape change, effective strain and hardness distributions, and microstructural evolution in twinning-induced plasticity steel. The flat-rolled wire had the largest strain inhomogeneity, followed by the caliber-rolled wire, compressed specimen, and flat-rolled plate in the listed order. The inhomogeneity of the strain distribution along the horizontal direction tended to increase with the pure spreading during the forming process. Meanwhile, the inhomogeneity of the strain distribution along the vertical direction increased with decreasing elongation during the process. Therefore, a small pure spreading and large elongation of the specimen result in more homogeneous and higher quality products in the compression-type bulk forming process. For instance, the flat-rolled plate exhibited weak MSBs and low strain inhomogeneity because of the small pure spreading and large elongation during the forming process.

Directivity of Quantum Walk via Its Random Walk Replica

Quantum walks (QWs) exhibit different properties compared with classical random walks (RWs), most notably by linear spreading and localization. In the meantime, random walks that replicate quantum walks, which we refer to as quantum-walk-replicating random walks (QWRWs), have been studied in the literature where the eventual properties of QWRW coincide with those of QWs. However, we consider that the unique attributes of QWRWs have not been fully utilized in the former studies to obtain deeper or new insights into QWs. In this paper, we highlight the directivity of one-dimensional discrete quantum walks via QWRWs. By exploiting the fact that QWRW allows trajectories of individual walkers to be considered, we first discuss the determination of future directions of QWRWs, through which the effect of linear spreading and localization is manifested in another way. Furthermore, the transition probabilities of QWRWs can also be visualized and show a highly complex shape, representing QWs in a novel way. Moreover, we discuss the first return time to the origin between RWs and QWs, which is made possible via the notion of QWRWs. We observe that the first return time statistics of QWs are quite different from RWs, caused by both the linear spreading and localization properties of QWs.