Effect Of Spread Research Articles

Effect of Credit Performance and Interest Spread on Profitability of Commercial Banks in Nepal

This study examine the effect of credit performance and interest spread on the profitability of commercial banks in Nepal using panel least squares regression model. The balance panel data of sixteen commercial banks for the year 2013–2021, with 128 observations were used for empirical analysis.The study used non-performing loan ratio (NPLR), credit to deposit ratio (CDR), interest rate spread (IRS), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), customer deposit growth rate (CDGR), and bank size as explanatory variables, and return on asset (ROA) as the dependent variable. The data were collected from the annual report of sample banks, banking and financial statistics, and the bank supervision report published by the Central Bank of Nepal. The study employed a descriptive and causal comparative research design, using Eviews-12 data analysis and modeling software for diagnosis of model, model fit, and analysis. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple regression models were also used. The random effect model was chosen as the fitted model after model diagnosis. The regression model showed that NPLR had a negative and statistically significant impact on ROA, whereas IRS had a positive and statistically significant impact on ROA. However, CDR had a positive but statistically insignificant impact on ROA. Result further showed that capital adequacy ratio, customer deposit growth rate, and bank size had a significant impact on ROA. It can be concluded that the strong credit performance and interest rate spread contribute to increase in bank profitability.

Multi-Mode Discourse Comparative Analysis of Multi-Country Flower Mulan Children's Picture Books

Children's picture books are multimodal texts that contain cultural ideology, and children's picture books that tell traditional Chinese stories also play a role in cultural communication. Among the many traditional cultural stories, the image of Hua Mulan, as a representative of my country's outstanding traditional character stories, is widely spread in different cultures in the world. This study takes two Mulan children's picture books from three different cultures in China and the United States as the research object, and compares the performance of the graphic and text modes of the two picture books in the three levels of multimodality, in order to evaluate the background behind the traditional Chinese stories. The spread effect of cultural connotation in other cultures.

Investigation of factors enhancing droplets spreading on leaves with burrs.

Spread effect is one of the aspects on deposition quality evaluation of pesticide droplets. It could be affected by many factors such as the microstructure of the target plant leaf surface, physical features of the droplets, and the concentration of spray additives. In this study, using a high-speed photography system, 2.3% glyphosate ammonium salt solution with different concentration of the additive was applied to investigate the impact process of single droplet deposition on the plant leaf surface with burrs. Effect of droplet sizes and velocities on spreading area and dynamic deposition procedure was analyzed using image processing programs. The diffusion factor in the process of droplet spreading was changed over time. The occurrence of bubbles in the droplets was observed in the results. With the bubble generation, the droplet diameter expands and a better diffusion effect is obtained. As a result, better spreading effect was obtained as the droplet diameter was expanded with the generation of bubbles. The significant effects of each physical property of droplets on droplet spreading and the interaction effects between the influencing factors were analyzed. A significant correlation was found between additive concentration, droplet impact velocity, droplet diameters and droplet spreading area. All interactions of concentration:velocity, concentration:diameter, velocity:diameter, and concentration:velocity:diameter had a significant effect on the spreading area of droplets. The study of the factors influencing the process of pesticide droplet impact on the leaf surface contributes to the efficient use of pesticides. Thus, the consumption of pesticides and the resulting impact on the environment can be reduced.

Construction of pseudo-Hessian for vertical seismic profile full waveform inversion

The pseudo-Hessian matrix has been widely developed and applied to full waveform inversion to reduce the computational cost of obtaining the Hessian and its inverse matrix. Because the conventional pseudo-Hessian matrix assumes a surface seismic profiling geometry, this conventional method is compatible only with horizontally deployed sources and receiver geometries and cannot reflect the geometrical spreading effect of vertically deployed receivers. To enable the pseudo-Hessian to properly consider vertically deployed receiver locations and the geometrical spreading inherent in vertical seismic profiling data, we re-formulate part of the pseudo-Hessian matrix formulation. We verify our new scheme by directly calculating the Hessian matrices for a simple 1D model and conducting inversion tests with synthetic data sets. A comparison to the approximated Hessian matrix confirms that the vertical seismic profiling pseudo-Hessian provides better agreement with the approximated Hessian than the conventional pseudo-Hessian. In addition, we describe two numerical tests using multi-offset synthetic vertical seismic profiling data sets. When we apply the conventional pseudo-Hessian matrix to invert the synthetic data, we find that the inversion process cannot properly invert far offset data. However, we find that the pseudo-Hessian regarding vertical seismic profiling geometry allows the inversion process to invert far offset data and produces fewer artifacts than the conventional method. This study demonstrates that the vertical seismic profiling pseudo-Hessian matrix represents an alternative method that is necessary for the calculation of the pseudo-Hessian matrix for full waveform inversion with vertical seismic profiling using the Gauss–Newton method.

Effects of Bias Current Non-Uniformity on the SQUID Array (SQA) Response

The amount of current being received by each junction affects the performance of a parallel coupled Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Array (SQA). Previous modeling utilized a uniform bias current input for each Josephson junction (JJ) in a parallel SQA. In this work we explore the effects of the bias current spreading out non-uniformly in the superconductor as a function of the number of JJ's in parallel. We use a lumped model approach combined with pre-calculated cross-sectional current distribution as a function of controllable film properties.

Bioaugmentation of a novel bacterial consortium in cotton-planted soil for degradation of lambda-cyhalothrin

Extensive use of lambda-cyhalothrin (LC) for agricultural and domestic pest control leads to the accumulation of its residues in soil and water, which poses a serious threat to the environment. Remediation of LC at the point source is the most effective way to avoid its spread and harmful effects. Therefore, this study was planned to investigate the potential of indigenously isolated bacteria for the remediation of LC in cotton-vegetated soil. Three potent LC-degrading bacteria, Brucella intermedia Halo1, Alcaligenes faecalis CH1S, and Aquamicrobium terrae CH1T, were isolated from pyrethroid-contaminated soil. A consortium CHST comprising these strains was found to exhibit a higher potential for LC degradation as compared to the individual strains. The degradation of LC by CHST was optimized for four varying factors, i.e., pH, inoculum density (ID), carbon source (CS), and initial LC concentrations (PC), by applying the Taguchi design of experiments (DOE). The contribution of each factor to the biodegradation of LC was found in the order: pH > CS > PC > ID. The enhanced degradation of LC (84%) was attained at pH 7.0 in minimum salt medium (MSM) containing 10 mg/L LC and 3% inoculum. The consortium CHST was also augmented in sterilized and un-sterilized soil microcosms at three initial LC concentrations, i.e., 2, 5, and 10 mg/Kg. After 21 days of incubation, complete LC degradation was achieved at 2 mg/Kg initial concentration in sterilized as well as un-sterilized soil, whereas at higher concentrations, the extent of degradation was comparatively less. At 5 mg/Kg, 88 and 96% LC-degradation was observed in sterilized and un-sterilized soil respectively, compared to 79 and 90% degradation at 10 mg/Kg. During biodegradation, the major metabolite of LC, i.e., 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), was formed and further degraded. In the cotton-planted soil spiked with 10 mg/Kg LC, the consortium degraded 91.8% LC as well as improved the agronomic parameters of the cotton plant. In a nutshell, the consortium CHST was found to be a promising candidate for the remediation of LC contaminants at the point source.

Investigations of the initiation, lifetime, and effects of Equatorial Spread F

Investigations of the initiation, lifetime, and effects of Equatorial Spread F

Glove Detection System on Laboratory Members Using Yolov4

The use of gloves by laboratory workers has become mandatory in laboratory work intending to maintain the safety of workers from the spread or side effects carried out in the laboratory, but there are still workers who violate the rules by not using gloves when workers are in the laboratory room. This study aims to detect the use of gloves by laboratory workers. The method used in this research is You Only Look Once (YOLO) version 4. YOLOv4 has a system that can complete computer visual tasks in detecting and detecting objects quickly in real time. Based on the results of experiments and testing conducted, the model obtain an Average IoU of 55.56%.

The effects of subsalt relief on gravity-driven salt tectonics: Results from analogue modelling

Gravity-driven salt-related deformation on passive margins is commonly interpreted as kinematically-linked domains of updip extension and downdip contraction with an intermediate, undeformed zone of translation. Our study uses analogue models to show how salt flow is affected by the subsalt geometry resulting in complex deformation and the alternation of extensional and contractional domains in space and time in translational salt provinces. In our work, the analogue models incorporate subsalt relief associated with half-graben and graben that are realistic geometries along passive margins and combine the effects of gravity spreading in which deformation is driven by differential sedimentary loading, and an early-stage of gravity gliding induced by basin tilt. This approach allows for analysis of how salt flow and overburden deformation are affected by: (1) smoothly dipping subsalt relief; (2) subsalt relief characterized by half-graben with a gently landward dipping extensional fault; (3) subsalt half-graben connected laterally with a distal symmetric graben. For each of these models, we evaluate: 1) the interplay between slipping deformation corresponding to gravity gliding, gravity spreading mechanisms, and subsalt geometry; 2) the spatial and temporal distribution of salt-related structural domains; and 3) the contrasting styles of salt tectonics for different subsalt geometries. In addition, some of the experiments have been repeated considering thicker salt and pre-kinematic overburden and different sedimentation rates. We show that the structures of the subsalt relief variably resist salt flow producing flow mismatch. This variable resistance controls the orientation of the extension and contraction supra-salt structures. Salt surplus and contraction occur over landward dipping base-salt ramps, and a zone of salt depletion and subsidence limited by extensional and contractional hinges occurs over the basinward dipping base-salt ramp. Variations in width and the dip of these base-salt ramps result in stronger flow mismatches and deformation complexity. We also discuss variations in salt flow profile in response to the gravitational forces that drive deformation, allowing a good first-order approximation of viscous salt flow at a regional scale that can be directly compared to examples from various salt-bearing continental margins, particularly the relatively less understood but extremely economically important distal domains of Brazil's Campos and Santos basins.

Artificial neural network-based optimization of baffle geometries for maximized heat transfer efficiency in microchannel heat sinks

Microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) are widely utilized in various industries, including electronics, power systems, and aerospace, to dissipate heat generated by high-power components effectively. The efficient cooling of these devices is crucial for maintaining their optimal performance, reliability, and longevity. This research aimed to augment the overall efficiency of the MCHS by utilizing 25 baffles with varying geometric parameters. The aim was to identify the optimum geometry for these baffles using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The ANN model was applied to propose two optimal designs for the baffles, specifically targeting the maximum Nusselt number and overall performance of the MCHS. It was noticed that the vertical pitch of the baffles "d" had the most substantial influence on the device's behavior among the investigated geometric parameters. The higher value of "d" allowed the fluid to spread over the entire space of the heat sink rather than being confined to a specific area. This spreading effect enabled the fluid to contact all the baffles and channel walls, facilitating efficient heat transfer. The applied ANN model with R2 values of about 0.98 and lower values of MAE and RMSE successfully fitted the data. The findings of this study demonstrated that applying the specified input variables (horizontal pitch of 8.496 mm, vertical pitch of 5 mm, and attack angle of 210. 560°), as defined in the optimal overall design, in manufacturing of the baffles resulted in a remarkable enhancement of about 46% in the overall performance of the MCHS in comparison with the design proposed in the reference paper. The heat transfer improvement of the MCHS with baffles were due to the vortices in the baffles bring about chaotic advection and could greatly enhance the convective fluid mixing.

Spatiotemporal Acoustic Vortex Beams with Transverse Orbital Angular Momentum.

Recently, the discovery of optical spatiotemporal (ST) vortex beams with transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) has attracted increasing attention and is expected to extend the research scope and open new opportunities for practical applications of OAM states. The ST vortex beams are also applicable to other physical fields that involve wave phenomena, and here we develop the ST vortex concept in the field of acoustics and report the generation of Bessel-type ST acoustic vortex beams. The ST vortex beams are fully characterized using the scalar approach for the pressure field and the vector approach for the velocity field. We further investigate the transverse spreading effect and construct ST vortex beams with an ellipse-shaped spectrum to reduce the spreading effect. We also experimentally demonstrated the orthogonality relations between ST vortex beams with different charges. Our study successfully demonstrates the versatility of the acoustic system for exploring and discovering spatiotemporally structured waves, inspiring further investigation of exotic wave physics.

Effects of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading on piles, an overview of physical modeling

Destructive damages to deep foundations due to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading during or after major earthquakes in gently sloping or level grounds with a free end have been observed in many earthquakes. The pile foundations supporting structures located in or near the ports and harbors, and also bridge piers, are the most vulnerable structures in this respect, as have been observed in various events in earthquake-prone areas all around the world for decades. Many physical and numerical modeling studies have been carried out to study and understand the insight into different aspects of this phenomenon. In this regard, 1g shake table and Ng centrifuge tests using both rigid and laminar shear boxes have been utilized to physically model the problem and measure the crucial parameters that may play an important role in the effects of lateral spreading on deep foundations. A number of countermeasures have also been examined for tackling this problem. In this paper, the authors describe shortly the physical modeling studies conducted by the first author and his coworkers including the second author on this subject during the last decade. In addition, the various parameters that are involved in physical modeling for studying the behavior of deep foundations subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading are discussed herein. The limitations involved in such physical modeling are also mentioned and some solutions to the involved challenges are discussed as well.

Effect of Rice Bran Oil Spread (RBOS) as a fat substitute on the sensory properties of baked products

Studies were carried out to replace Hydrogenated Fat (HF) with Rice Bran Oil (RBO) and two varieties of Rice Bran Oil Spread - RBOS1 and RBOS2 in the preparation of cake, cookies, piecrusts, muffins and doughnuts. Sensory evaluation of all the baked products prepared with HF, RBO, RBOS1 and RBOS2 was carried out using a 9 point hedonic score card and results indicated that cakes were most liked followed by piecrust and muffinsprepared with RBOS2. There was no significant difference in overall acceptability of baked products made with HF and RBOS2 indicating that RBOS2 can be used for development of baked products without any compromise on the sensory attributes. All baked products made with RBOS2 were well accepted by the respondents compared to HF indicating that RBOS2 can be popularized as a baking fat.

POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY OF DUAL RANDOMIZED DISCONTINUOUS PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

This paper addresses the spectral characteristics of a carrier-based dual randomized discontinuous pulse width modulation (DRDPWM) technique for reducing conducted EMI and switching losses in three-phase voltage source inverters. It combines two simple random schemes, random carrier frequency modulation (RCF-DPWM) and random pulse position modulation (RPP-DPWM). First, the modulating principle of the DRDPWM is presented. Then, the analytical expressions of power spectral density (PSD) that characterize the output voltage of the three-phase inverter are derived. Analytical and simulation results show the effectiveness of PSD spreading of the DRDPWM. Finally, experimental results verify the analytical and simulation results and prove the effectiveness of the DRDPWM scheme in spreading the spectrum compared to simple schemes (RPP-DPWM and RCF-DPWM) and conventional scheme DPWM.

Potential Use of Olive Mill Wastewater Spreading in Olive Orchards for Improving Soil Fertility and Olive Oil Quality Under Semi-Arid Environment

ABSTRACT In Tunisia, olive growing and olive oil production represent a key element of the agricultural and economic sectors. Furthermore, olive producing areas are mostly located in semi-arid and arid regions with low water availability. On the other hand, olive oil industry generates high liquid effluent volumes (olive mill wastewater (OMW)) that represent a major environmental concern, and therefore must be appropriately managed. Accordingly, spreading OMW on agricultural lands in water scare areas may help to sustain dry lands productivity. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of OMW spreading to an olive orchard in a semi-arid region. Physicochemical and biological properties of soil as well as olive oil quality were monitored. OMW was applied, after the end of the olive milling season, at annual dose of 50 m3 ha−1 y−1 every 2 years. The findings revealed that the OMW application increased soil water content. Moreover, OMW positively affected soil fertility, and increased, soil organic matter and biological activity. The overall results of this study indicate that OMW spreading at doses of 50 m3 ha−1 y−1 in a semi-arid region improves soil physicochemical properties and does not have a negative impact on olive oil quality. Additionally, direct spreading of OMW, if applied every 2 years, could be a sustainable practice in olive orchards under semi-arid environments.

On the Stability of Rubble Mound Structures under Oblique Wave Attack

Slope stability formulae for rubble mound structures are usually developed for head-on conditions. Often, the effects of oblique waves are neglected, mainly because it is assumed that for oblique wave attack, the reduction in damage compared to perpendicular wave attack is insignificant. When the incident waves are oblique, the required armour size can be reduced compared to the perpendicular wave attack case. Therefore, it is important to consider the wave obliquity influence on slope stability formulae as a reduction factor. One of the most recent formulae for estimating the stability of rock-armoured slopes, referred to as Etemad-Shahidi et al. (2020), was proposed for perpendicular wave attack. The aim of this study is to develop a suitable wave obliquity reduction factor for the above-mentioned stability formula. To achieve this, first, laboratory experiment datasets from existing reliable studies were selected and analysed. Then, previously suggested reduction factors were evaluated and a suitable reduction factor for the mentioned stability formula were suggested. The suggested reduction factor includes the effect of wave obliquity and directional spreading explicitly. It is shown that the stability prediction is improved by using the wave obliquity reduction factor.

Application and prospect of new media in sports news dissemination

In the process of the rapid development of Internet technology, new media has been maturing with the development of information technology, providing a new way for information dissemination. The media promotes sports and draws people's attention to them. In this research, the same topic was revealed with documentary data, the qualitative method was used to clarify the topic, and all the accurate information that was published in reliable books, scientific magazines, and internet sites was collected. The application of new media in the process of sports news dissemination requires research and analysis of the application and development of new media, which is conducive to mastering the application of new media in sports news, understanding the development trend of new media, and giving full play to sports news. spread effect. Research findings suggest that new media has revolutionized the way sports news is disseminated and consumed. With the rise of social media platforms, sports fans now have access to instant updates and analysis from a variety of sources, including traditional news outlets, blogs, and social media influencers. The application of new media in sports news dissemination has led to increased engagement between sports fans, athletes, teams, and media outlets. Social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook allow for real-time communication and interaction between these groups, creating a more immersive and interactive experience for fans.

Функциональное формирование нейроморфного резервуарного вычислительного элемента на базе мемристивного метаматериала

A neural network structure is designed based on the ability of a certain class of calculators to recombine internal resources in order to produce neuromorphic elements to solve applied problems. This approach is rooted in a composite material with controlled local conductivity to form volumetric inhomogeneities capable of responding to and influencing external electrostatic effects. Such compounds aggregate into stable clusters suitable for modelling the processes that occur during information processing in natural neuronal entities. The use of conductive transitions between substrate-formed neuromorphic clusters as a learning structure makes it possible to increase the reliability of the neural network system. Long-term, non-volatile storage of information about the elements of the training sample in variable structures is possible. The basic approach to information conversion is to manage the electrostatic influence as it passes through the layered structures formed. The response to the input is not formed by propagating the signal through conductive elements with variable conductivity, but by passing the energy impact through a limited volume of metamaterial. Thus, a massively parallel processing of information can be achieved with the implementation of a mechanism for combining the opinions of independent neural network clusters that influence the final decision. Furthermore, this method of spreading effects in such an environment greatly simplifies the process of adding elements to the neural network. The lack of direct electrical interconnection facilitates the easy addition of new computational elements without significant rearrangement of the conductive media. Networks of this type are capable of significant growth without loss of experience. The input conversion process using modified delta coding prevents premature wear and tear on reconfigurable network elements. The manner in which information is presented and the manner in which neural network computing is organised enabled the creation of limited autonomous oscillations within the volume of the calculator to maintain circulating memory and the ability to gradually accumulate network experience for its subsequent recording in configurable elements. The identified features resulted in the application of this kind of calculators in the task of developing radio frequency management plans for the organisation of stable communication in a complex electromagnetic environment.

Wetting kinetics, spreading phenomena and interfacial reaction of Sn-15Bi-xZn solders on Cu substrate at different temperatures

PurposeThis study aims to analyze the wettability of the self-developed Sn–Bi–Zn solder and to conduct a series of analysis on the wetting kinetics, diffusion phenomenon and interfacial reaction of Sn–Bi–Zn solder on Cu substrate.Design/methodology/approachThe wetting kinetics, diffusion phenomenon and interfacial reaction of Sn–Bi–Zn solder on Cu substrate were analyzed by experiments. The interface was observed by scanning electron microscope to study the effect of Zn content on its interface.FindingsWith the increase in brazing temperature, the final spreading equivalent radius of the solder increases significantly, and the final contact angle of the solder decreases significantly. In addition, when the Zn content is 1%, the spreading effect of solder is the best, the equivalent radius is the largest and the contact angle is the smallest. According to the microstructural analysis, the thick intermetallic compounds layer of the Sn–15Bi–xZn solders on the Cu substrate can be effectively decreased by adding appropriate Zn content.Originality/valueThe wetting kinetics, diffusion phenomenon and interfacial reaction of Sn–15Bi–xZn solder on Cu substrate at different temperatures have not been studied yet.

Identifying Growth Pattern as Regional Classification in Central Java and Yogyakarta

This study is the preliminary research of spatial inequality in Central Java. The regional differences are substantively irrepressible. The perception of north-south regions of Java exists and persist. As many of north regions have specialized in non-agriculture, the northern had been assumed as dynamic regions. This assumption has led to the differentiation of regional policy focused on north-south unbalance development. This study aims to evaluate the spatial pattern of Central Java and Yogyakarta based on economic growth from 1990-2010. The pattern indicates the relation of urban and its surrounding and no longer the contest of north and south region. Some current facts define that spread effects from the prime regions is beneficial for its surroundings. In this study, Semarang, Solo, and Yogyakarta, has been identified as the predominant cities toward their surroundings creating a cluster of growth pattern. The nearby surroundings obtain economic growth spill-over from those cities. On the other side, the regions locate away from prime cities have experienced lower growth. Consequently, the spatial inequality may occur across the regions.