Spectator Effects Research Articles

The Piano Keyboard as Task Constraint: Timing Patterns of Pianists’ Scales Persist Across Instruments

Variation in one form or another is an inevitable aspect of human motor performance as the body negotiates the degrees of freedom problem while also adapting to ever-changing task constraints. The constraints to action model suggests that movement patterns arise from within a framework of environmental, task, and personal constraints. Like athletes, musicians adapt to a wide variety of constraints such as the presence and effect of spectators; acoustics in different performing spaces; humidity affecting tuning; and interpersonal interactions characterizing chamber and ensemble music. A crucial constraint particular to piano performance is adapting to the unique attributes of a wide variety of keyboard instruments. Pianists often refer to the distinct “feel” of a particular instrument: its responsiveness and sensitivity; key resistance; and the evenness and predictability of the instrument. Movement control both within and across pianos is essential for optimal performance, and in that sense, each instrument presents a type of task constraint. In this study, seven pianists performed 10 bimanual, two-octave, C major scales on 3 different piano keyboards to facilitate comparison of performance characteristics across instruments. Pianists performed 4 keystrokes per second, paced by a metronome set at 60 BPM. No timing differences were observed among keyboards as consistent patterns emerged, specifically anticipatory adjustments prior to thumb strokes. These results suggest that pianists are able to produce performances of similar musical structure across different instruments.

Lifetimes of doubly charmed baryons

The lifetimes of doubly charmed hadrons are analyzed within the framework of the heavy quark expansion (HQE). Lifetime differences arise from spectator effects such as $W$-exchange and Pauli interference. The $\Xi_{cc}^{++}$ baryon is longest-lived in the doubly charmed baryon system owing to the destructive Pauli interference absent in the $\Xi_{cc}^+$ and $\Omega_{cc}^+$. In the presence of dimension-7 contributions, its lifetime is reduced from $\sim5.2\times 10^{-13}s$ to $\sim3.0\times 10^{-13}s$. The $\Xi_{cc}^{+}$ baryon has the shortest lifetime of order $0.45\times 10^{-13}s$ due to a large contribution from the $W$-exchange box diagram. It is difficult to make a precise quantitative statement on the lifetime of $\Omega_{cc}^+$. Contrary to $\Xi_{cc}$ baryons, $\tau(\Omega_{cc}^+)$ becomes longer in the presence of dimension-7 effects and the Pauli interference $\Gamma^{\rm int}_+$ even becomes negative. This implies that the subleading corrections are too large to justify the validity of the HQE. Demanding the rate $\Gamma^{\rm int}_+$ to be positive for a sensible HQE, we conjecture that the $\Omega_c^0$ lifetime lies in the range of $(0.75\sim 1.80)\times 10^{-13}s$. The lifetime hierarchy pattern is $\tau(\Xi_{cc}^{++})>\tau(\Omega_{cc}^+)>\tau(\Xi_{cc}^+)$ and the lifetime ratio $\tau(\Xi_{cc}^{++})/\tau(\Xi_{cc}^+)$ is predicted to be of order 6.7.

Phenomenological study of heavy hadron lifetimes

The lifetimes of bottom and charmed hadrons are analyzed within the framework of the heavy quark expansion (HQE). Lifetime differences arise from the spectator effects such as weak W-annihilation and Pauli interference. Spectator effects originating from dimension-7 four-quark operators are derived. Hadronic matrix elements of four-quark operators are parameterized in a model-independent way. Using the dimension-6 bag parameters recently determined from HQET sum rules and the vacuum insertion approximation for meson matrix elements of dimension-7 operators, the calculated B meson lifetime ratios τ(B+)/τ(Bd0) = 1.074− 0.016+ 0.017 and τ(Bs0)/τ(Bd0) = 0.9962 ± 0.0024 are in excellent agreement with experiment. Likewise, based on the quark model evaluation of baryon matrix elements, the resulting baryon lifetime ratios τ(Ξb−)/τ(Λb0), τ(Ξb−)/τ(Ξb0), τ(Ωb−)/τ(Ξb−) and the Λb − B0 lifetime ratio τ(Λb0)/τ(Bd0) = 0.953 also agree well with the data. Contrary to the bottom hadron sector where the HQE in 1/mb works well, the HQE to 1/mc3 fails to give a satisfactory description of the lifetimes of both charmed mesons and charmed baryons. This calls for the subleading 1/mQ corrections to spectator effects. The relevant dimension-7 spectator effects are in the right direction for explaining the large lifetime ratio of τ(Ξc+)/τ(Λc+). However, the destructive 1/mc corrections to Γ(Ωc0) are too large to justify the validity of the HQE, namely, the predicted Pauli interference and semileptonic rates for Ωc0 become negative. Demanding these rates to be positive for a sensible HQE, we find the lifetime pattern τ(Ξc+) > τ(Ωc0) > τ(Λc+) > τ(Ξc0), contrary to the current hierarchy τ(Ξc+) > τ(Λc+) > τ(Ξc0) > τ(Ωc0). We conclude that the Ωc0, which is naively expected to be shortest-lived in the charmed baryon system owing to the large constructive Pauli interference, could live longer than the Λc+ due to the suppression from 1/mc corrections arising from dimension-7 four-quark operators. The new charmed baryon lifetime pattern needs to be tested in forthcoming experiments.

A Natural Experiment to Determine the Crowd Effect Upon Home Court Advantage

Spectator effects represent a central concept in (behavioral) sports economics. A thorough understanding of the phenomenon promises to further our understanding as to the nature of performance production under pressure. In traditional home advantage studies, it is difficult to isolate the net crowd effect upon relative team performance. In a typical sports setting, multiple factors change at once for a visiting team. Experimental evidence suggests that supportive crowds may hinder task performance. In that it serves as home stadium to two National Basketball Association teams, the Staples Center in Los Angeles offers a rare natural experiment through which to isolate the crowd effect upon competitive output. Each team possesses equivalent familiarity with built environment, and teams face similarly sparse travel demands prior to games between one another. However, the team designated as “home team” in a contest enjoys a largely sympathetic crowd due primarily to season ticket sales. Moreover, crowd effects are sizable in motivating a home team win, raising the likelihood of such an event by between an estimated 21 and 22.8 percentage points. The point estimate implies that essentially the entire home advantage between the two teams is attributable to the crowd effect.

The Effects of Teams, Individual Players and Spectators on Basketball Officials’ Decision-making Processes

The goal of this paper is to elucidate the effects that teams, individual players, and spectators have on the bias of basketball officials. The data used in the paper was collected in surveys given to 76 basketball officials ranging from 18 to 40 years of age. The officials stated that they were affected by the players in their decisions regarding foul plays. It was also found that the degree of being affected by factors such as the players, teams and spectators varied according to the sporting experience of the basketball officials. Those who did not have a sporting background as players were found to be much more prone to being affected by spectators.

Accounting for highly excited states in detailed opacity calculations

In multiply-charged ion plasmas, a significant number of electrons may occupy high-energy orbitals. These “Rydberg” electrons, when they act as spectators, are responsible for a number of satellites of X-ray absorption or emission lines, yielding a broadening of the red wing of the resonance lines. The contribution of such satellite lines may be important, because of the high degeneracy of the relevant excited configurations which give these large Boltzmann weights. However, it is in general difficult to take these configurations into account since they are likely to give rise to a large number of lines. We propose to model the perturbation induced by the spectators in a way similar to the Partially-Resolved-Transition-Array approach recently published by C. Iglesias. It consists in a partial detailed-line-accounting calculation in which the effect of the Rydberg spectators is included through a shift and width, expressed in terms of the canonical partition functions, which are key-ingredients of the Super-Transition-Arrays model. The resulting method can a priori be used in any detailed-configuration/line-accounting opacity code.

Azimuthal correlation and collective behavior in nucleus-nucleus collisions

Various flow effects of nuclear and hadronic origin are investigated in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Nuclear emulsion data collected from 84Kr + Ag/Br interaction at an incident energy of 1.52 GeV per nucleon and from 28Si + Ag/Br interaction at an incident energy of 14.5 GeV per nucleon are used in the investigation. The transverse momentum distribution and the flow angle analysis show that collective behavior, like a bounce-off effect of the projectile spectators and a sidesplash effect of the target spectators, are present in our event samples. From an azimuthal angle analysis of the data we also see a direct flow of the projectile fragments and of the produced charged particles. On the other hand, for both data samples the target fragments exhibit a reverse flow, while the projectile fragments exhibit an elliptic flow. Relevant flow parameters are measured.

Angular analysis of the decay Λ b → Λ(→ Nπ)ℓ + ℓ −

We study the differential decay rate for the rare Λ b → Λ(→ Nπ)ℓ + ℓ − transition, including a determination of the complete angular distribution, assuming unpolarized Λ b baryons. On the basis of a properly chosen parametrization of the various helicity amplitudes, we provide expressions for the angular observables within the Standard Model and a subset of new physics models with chirality-flipped operators. Hadronic effects at low recoil are estimated by combining information from lattice QCD with (improved) form-factor relations in Heavy Quark Effective Theory. Our estimates for large hadronic recoil — at this stage — are still rather uncertain because the baryonic input functions are not so well known, and non-factorizable spectator effects have not been worked out systematically so far. Still, our phenomenological analysis of decay asymmetries and angular observables for Λ b → Λ(→ Nπ)ℓ + ℓ − reveals that this decay mode can provide new and complementary constraints on the Wilson coefficients in radiative and semileptonic b → s transitions compared to the corresponding mesonic modes.

Spectator effects during Leptogenesis in the strong washout regime

By including spectator fields into the Boltzmann equations for Leptogenesis, we show that partially equilibrated spectator interactions can have a significant impact on the freeze-out value of the asymmetry in the strong washout regime. The final asymmetry is typically increased, since partially equilibrated spectators ''hide'' a part of the asymmetry from washout. We study examples with leptonic and non-leptonic spectator processes, assuming thermal initial conditions, and find up to 50% enhanced asymmetries compared to the limit of fully equilibrated spectators. Together with a comprehensive overview of the equilibration temperatures for various Standard Model processes, the numerical results indicate the ranges when the limiting cases of either fully equilibrated or negligible spectator fields are applicable and when they are not. Our findings also indicate an increased sensitivity to initial conditions and finite density corrections even in the strong washout regime.

Nuclear dynamics and spectator effects in resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering of gas-phase water molecules

The electronic structure of gas-phase H(2)O and D(2)O molecules has been investigated using resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS). We observe spectator shifts for all valence orbitals when exciting into the lowest three absorption resonances. Strong changes of the relative valence orbital emission intensities are found when exciting into the different absorption resonances, which can be related to the angular anisotropy of the RIXS process. Furthermore, excitation into the 4a(1) resonance leads to nuclear dynamics on the time scale of the RIXS process; we find evidence for vibrational coupling and molecular dissociation in both, the spectator and the participant emission.

프로야구 관중의 경험적 소비와 소비감정, 고객만족, 신뢰, 팀태도 및 재관람의도와의 관계

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural effect of baseball spectators` experiential consumption on revisit intention by using structural equation model. This research set 300 spectators of Lottecard professional baseball as its study object on convenience sampling, and used 295 final valid samples. In addition, as for data processing, this research verified individual hypotheses after verifying model fit using SPSSWIN Ver. 18.0 and AMOS 18.0, and its results are as follows: First, the entertainment character among the sub-factors in experiential consumption was found to have a significant effect on consumption emotion, but sociality, symbolism, and diversity were found not to have a significant effect. Second, consumption emotion was found to have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. Third, customer satisfaction was found to have a significant effect on trust, attitude toward a team and revisit intention. Fourth, trust was found to have a significant effect on the revisit intention. Fifth, attitude toward a team was found to have a significant effect on revisit intention.

관람객의 관람 동기가 공연만족에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 문화예술 공연에 있어 관람객의 동기가 공연 만족에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보았다. 지금까지 공연예술에 대한 연구는 대부분 공연의 마케팅 요소에 초점을 맞추어 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 본 연구는 공연 관람객을 중심으로 공연 기획 과정에서 관람객의 만족을 높이기 위하여 고려되어야 할 점이 무엇인지 알아보고자 하였다. 그리고 관람객의 만족이 구성원의 심리적 안정에 기여하는가를 탐색하기 위하여 스트레스에 미치는 영향력을 알아보았다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 감성적 동기와 이성적 동기는 정서적 만족을 높이는 것으로 나타났으며, 시설 만족에는 감성적 동기의 영향력만이 확인되었다. 그리고 정서적 만족은 관람객의 스트레스를 낮추는 것으로 분석되어 공연 관람을 통한 만족은 관람객의 심리적 안정에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. This study explored effects of spectators' motivation on their satisfaction from culture-art performance. Most studies of performing arts have focused on effects of marketing elements. However, this study first looked at important elements affecting audiences' satisfaction to identify considerations for effective design processes for performing arts. Second this paper examined how audiences' satisfaction affect their stress in order to understand the relationship between audiences' satisfaction and their psychological stability. This study found that emotional satisfaction and rational satisfaction could improve emotional satisfaction, while only emotional motivation could affect aesthetic satisfaction. According to our analysis, emotional satisfaction led to psychological stability and reduced audiences' stress.

The 'experiential community': early German television and media theory

This essay investigates texts by media theorists of the 1930s-40s who anticipated and responded to the introduction of regular television broadcasting in Germany in 1935. My analysis focuses primarily on theorists writing from within the Third Reich, such as Kurt Wagenfuhr and Leopold Hainisch, but contrasts their responses to those of more well known early television theorists such as Rudolf Arnheim. My discussion of these early texts on television is framed by references to postwar media theory. By tracing how early theorists defined the medium specificity of television in both its formal-technological properties and spectator effects, I show how the Nazis conceived of the ideological and aesthetic possibilities of the new medium, in contradistinction to both pre- and post-war antifascist television criticism. As I demonstrate, Third Reich media theorists attempted to position television as a literate high art rather than as a mass medium, and proposed that television's essential qualities were its intimacy, realism, and ‘spirituality’, all of which supposedly allowed for a more direct appeal to and ideological interpellation of the spectator than in any other art or media form. Nazi theorists attempted to elaborate the concept of an ‘experiential community’ of television spectators that was closely aligned to an ethnically defined national community, even though they advocated private television viewing over collective reception. Nazi theorists’ definitions of the properties of television often corresponded to those of post-war theory, especially to the warnings of media theorists who were concerned with television's effects in the public sphere.

Effect of two types of spectators on the performance of motor tasks

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of hostile and favourable spectators on the performances of motor tasks. For the purpose of this study a total...

Lepton flavor equilibration and leptogenesis

We study the role played in leptogenesis by the equilibration of lepton flavors, as could be induced in supersymmetric models by off diagonal soft breaking masses for the scalar lepton doublets m̃αβ, or more generically by new sources of lepton flavor violation. We show that if m̃αβ≳1 GeV and leptogenesis occurs below ∼ 100 TeV, dynamical flavor effects are irrelevant and leptogenesis is correctly described by a one-flavor Boltzmann equation. We also discuss spectator effects in low scale leptogenesis by taking into account various chemical equilibrium conditions enforced by the reactions that are in thermal equilibrium. We write down the Boltzmann equation for low scale supersymmetric leptogenesis that includes flavor and spectator effects in the presence of lepton flavor equilibration, and we show how it reduces to a particularly simple form.

Effect of spectators on the performance of a physiotherapy exercise

Objective To investigate the effect of spectators on the performance of a physiotherapy exercise. Design Observational study. Setting Research laboratory, Trinity College Dublin. Participants Forty adult volunteer subjects (36 females, four males). As there were only four males, these were excluded from the analysis. Interventions Subjects were observed and timed while performing single leg stance in two conditions 48 hours apart; once with the investigator present (investigator condition) and once with the investigator and three spectators present (spectator condition). Main outcome measure Duration of single leg stance in seconds. Results The mean duration of single leg stance, for females, under the investigator condition was 173 seconds [95% confidence interval (CI) 131 to 214], while that of the spectator condition was 168 seconds (95%CI 128 to 208). The mean difference between the two conditions was 5 seconds (95%CI −21 to 31). This was not statistically significant using a paired t-test ( P = 0.686). Conclusions Female performance of a straightforward exercise such as single leg stance was not affected by the presence of three spectators.

ψ(3770) and B meson exclusive decay B → ψ(3770)K in QCD factorization

Belle has observed surprisingly copious production of ψ(3770) in the B meson decay B → ψ(3770)K, whose rate is comparable to that of B → ψ(3686)K. We study this puzzling process in the QCD factorization approach with the effect of the S-D mixing considered. We find that the soft scattering effects in the spectator interactions play an essential role. With a proper parametrization for the higher-twist soft end-point singularities associated with kaon, and with the S-D mixing angle θ = - 12°, the calculated decay rates can be close to the data. Implications of these soft spectator effects to other charmonium production in B exclusive decays are also emphasized.

SPECTATOR EFFECTS IN THE DECAY B→Kγγ

We report the results of the first computation related to the study of the spectator effects in the rare decay mode B→Kγγ within the framework of Standard Model. It is found that the account of these effects results in the enhancement factor for the short-distance reducible contribution to the branching ratio.

Spectator effects and lifetimes of heavy hadrons

We present a calculation of subleading 1/m_b corrections to spectator effects in the ratios of beauty hadron lifetimes in heavy-quark expansion. We find that these effects are sizable and should be taken into account in systematic analyses of heavy hadron lifetimes. In particular, the inclusion of 1/m_b corrections brings into agreement the theoretical predictions and experimental observations of the ratio of lifetimes of \Lambda_b-baryon and B_d meson. We obtain \tau(B_u)/\tau(B_d) = 1.06 \pm 0.02, \tau(B_s)/\tau(B_d)= 1.00 \pm 0.01, \tau(\Lambda_b)/\tau(B_d)= 0.86 \pm 0.05.

Lifetime ratios of beauty hadrons at the next-to-leading order in QCD

We compute the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to spectator effects in the lifetime ratios of beauty hadrons. With respect to previous calculations, we take into account the non-vanishing value of the charm quark mass. We obtain the predictions τ( B +)/ τ( B d )=1.06±0.02, τ( B s )/ τ( B d )=1.00±0.01 and τ( Λ b )/ τ( B d )=0.90±0.05, in good agreement with the experimental results. In the case of τ( B s )/ τ( B d ) and τ( Λ b )/ τ( B d ), however, some contributions, which either vanish in the vacuum insertion approximation or represent a pure NLO correction, have not been determined yet.