Effect Of Soaking Time Research Articles

Effect of soaking time at 1100 °C on the morphology and thermo-physical properties of CaO-Fe2O3 (26:74 by wt%) simulant material for nuclear reactor

In present study, the effect of soaking time on morphology, phases, and thermo-physical properties of CaO-Fe2O3 (26:74 by wt%) powder mixture at constant heat treatment temperature (HTT) 1100 °C was discussed. This study was carried out to know thermal stability of the material at higher heat treatment temperature for different soaking time 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. In the nuclear field, melt-coolability experiments perform with using simulant material. The material CaO-Fe2O3 (26:74 by wt%) may also be use as simulant material in the melt-coolability experiments to know the quenching behaviour of the material to stabilize and terminate the severe accident. In this study, the material CaO-Fe2O3 was characterized by using different characterization techniques. The pellets of CaO-Fe2O3 powder mixture were prepared by using hydraulic pressure machine with a load of 2.5 ton. These pellets were heat treated at constant heat treatment temperature (1100 °C) for different soaking time 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. After heat treatment, the pellets were characterized through Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) to study the morphology and element of the material. X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) was carried to find the phases of the material, crystallite size, dislocation density and micro strain in the material. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis was done to know the thermal behaviour of the material. The morphology, phases, thermal properties and dimensions of CaO-Fe2O3 were changed with changing the soaking time.

Effect of soaking time on properties of non-prototype material (CaO-Fe2O3; 21:79 by wt. %)

The various simulant materials (non-porotype material) have been used to study the severe accident phenomena in a nuclear reactor by melt coolability technique. The present material can be used as a simulant material to study the thermal phenomena and heat transfer of a nuclear reactor accident scenario. The study of thermophysical properties plays a crucial role in the prediction of actual phenomena that occurred in a nuclear severe accident. This work devoted to analysing the effect of soaking time on thermophysical properties of non-prototype material CaO-Fe2O3 (21C79F; C = CaO, F = Fe2O3; 21:79 by wt. %). In continuation, an effort has been made to validate the simulation properties of the material in the context of other existing materials that are used for predictive analysis during a nuclear severe accident. A binary mixture powder of non-eutectic material CaO-Fe2O3 (21:79 by wt. % confirmed by phase diagram) in the form of cylindrical pellets is heat-treated at 1100 °C for one, two, and three hours of soaking time and further ground to powder form and finally, the heat-treated powder were analysed through characterization techniques to evaluate the changes in thermal properties, crystalline structure, and morphology. The results were also compared with the initial powder sample accordingly. The properties of material revealed that the material is thermally stable and it can be used in molten form to investigate the severe accident phenomena. The properties of CaO-Fe2O3 (21C79F) is possibly near to the properties of corium (a liquid mixture of UO2 and steel) and also environment-friendly as well as for human beings.

Effects of soaking, acidity and temperature on cadmium and lead removal from rice

In this research, effect of soaking time, acidity and temperature on the removal of lead and cadmium from rice was investigated. Different rice treatments were involved i.e. three soaking times (0, 15, and 30 min), three temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) and four concentrations of glacial acetic acid (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%). Results showed that few samples have shown lead concentrations above the maximum limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of 0.2 mg/kg, whereas, all cadmium concentrations were below the limit of 0.4 mg/kg. A decrease in lead and cadmium concentrations were observed with increasing time of soaking. Lead had the lowest concentration at 20 °C, while cadmium had the lowest concentration at 30 °C. Cadmium concentration decreased with increasing water acidity, while the lead concentration reached the lowest concentration with 1% acidity.

Mitigating the discard mortality of non-target, threatened elasmobranchs in bather-protection gillnets

Globally, many gillnet fisheries have excessive discards which can comprise charismatic megafauna threatened with extinction, including numerous elasmobranchs. Very few discarded elasmobranch species have been assessed for their associated fates. Here we describe the immediate mortality of several threatened species discarded from gillnets deployed off eastern Australia to target key carcharhinids and white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias (within an objective of protecting bathers) and causal factors for abundant elasmobranchs. In total, 420 animals comprising at least 22 species were gillnetted with a total immediate mortality of 49 % and group-specific estimates of 100 % for dolphins (n = 8), 100 % for teleosts (n = 16), 86 % for sharks (n = 75), 45 % for turtles (n = 20) and 36 % for rays (n = 301). Among elasmobranchs, species that were obligate ram-ventilating (e.g. great hammerhead, Sphyrna mokarran and common blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus) had greater mortality (>95 %) than those species with spiracles, and likely capable of some stationary respiration (e.g. whitespotted guitar fish, Rhynchobatus australiae, whitespotted eagle ray, Aetobatus ocellatus, Australian cownose ray, Rhinoptera neglecta and to a lesser extent, pygmy devilray, Mobula kuhlii cf. eregoodootenkee) (16–74 % mortality). Mortalities among Australian cownose rays increased across longer soaks. The effect of soak time was further assessed to determine an optimal to maintain gillnet efficiency for target sharks, but minimise the absolute mortality of abundant rays and was estimated at up to three or four fishing nights (72–96 h). Other potential operational modifications, including using light and better retroactive deterrents to reduce turtle and dolphin bycatches and mortality, warrant investigation.

Time-evolution of microstructure and mechanical behaviour of double annealed medium Mn steel

Cold rolled 0.1C-4.7Mn (wt-%) steel was submitted to double annealing. The holding time of second intercritical annealing at 650°C was varied between 3 min and 30 h. Tensile behavior after each treatment was measured and analysed. Microstructure characterisation was performed using field emission gun scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and saturation magnetisation method. Moreover, interrupted tensile tests were done to obtain the kinetics of austenite destabilisation during straining. An important effect of soaking time on the microstructure and associate mechanical properties was revealed and analysed. Considering thermal and mechanical stability of retained austenite, the optimum combination of phases, providing the best strength-ductility balance, was found after 2 h holding.This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on Medium Manganese Steels.

Microwave sintering of 316L stainless steel: Influence of sintering temperature and time

This study deals about the influence of sintering temperature and holding time on microwave sintered PM stainless steel 316L microstructure, hardness and self-limiting characteristics. The samples exhibited increasing theoretical density upon increase in sintering temperature and superior density of 89.77% theoretical achieved at 1300 °C of 60 min holding time. Grain size distribution of microwave sintered SS316L at three different sintering temperatures (1200 °C, 1250 °C and 1300 °C) was compared, almost 68% to 75% uniformity in grain size was noticed and the largest grain (115 µm) was observed at 1300 °C with 60 min holding time. Self-limiting characteristics of microwave absorption analysed by time-temperature graph at different sintering temperatures. The effect of soaking time influenced the grain size, i.e., higher the soaking time larger the grain size. After maximum microwave absorption in core region, from outer surface region SiC susceptor play a role in contributing heat (20 °C/min) at the temperature beyond 1130 °C to achieve maximum sintering temperature.

Kajian Pembuatan Infused Water dari Buah Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera) dengan Penambahan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantiifolia)

Research has been conducted to analyze the effect of soaking time and addition of lime slices on the characteristics of infused water dates. This research was conducted in a laboratory scale using Completely Randomized Design consisting of 2 factors, namely soaking time (P) and number of lime slices (J). The first factor, soaking time consists of 3 levels, namely P1 = 1 day, P2 = 3 days, P3 = 5 days. The second factor is the number of pieces of lime (J) consisting of 3 levels, namely J1 = 1 piece, J2 = 2 pieces and J3 = 3 pieces. There were 9 treatment combinations with 3 replications, so that as a whole 27 unit experiments were obtained. The parameters analyzed were the ethanol content, Vitamin C content and hedonic test on color, aroma and taste. Ethanol content, hedonic color and aroma of infused water dates are influenced by soaking time, while the levels of Vitamin C and hedonic taste are influenced by the addition of lime. The interaction between soaking time and addition of lime influence the levels of Vitamin C of infused water. The longer soaking and the more dates used, the higher the ethanol content produced. The highest ethanol was obtained at 5 days treatment (0.98% w / v). The more the amount of lime used, the higher the levels of vitamin C in the infused water produced. The level of preference for panelists tends to decrease with increasing immersion time and addition of lime slices. Keywords : etanol, infosed water, lime, date, Vitamin C

Characterization of alkaline treated Areva Javanica fiber and its tribological performance in phenolic friction composites

Areva Javanica (AJ) fiber, extracted from its seed is treated with 3 % alkaline solution with 60 and 75 min soaking time. The alkaline treated Areva Javanica Fibers (AJF) are then characterized for its physicochemical properties. The effect of soaking time on the physicochemical properties of the fiber is studied using chemical composition analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) techniques. Also, the tribological performance of phenolic composite with alkaline treated AJF is studied using Pin-on-Disc tribometer following ASTM G99 standard. It is observed from the study that the cellulose content of the 60 min alkaline treated AJF is found to be higher than 75 min treated AJF. Similarly, the friction and wear performance of the AJF treated for 60 min showed a better performance than 75 min treated one.

Experimental investigations into mechanical and thermal properties of rapid manufactured copper parts

In the present paper, mechanical and thermal properties of rapidly manufactured copper parts were studied. The combination of three-dimensional printing and ultrasonic assisted pressureless sintering was used to fabricate copper parts. First, the ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity were compared between ultrasonic assisted and conventional pressureless sintered samples. The homogenously mixing of particles and local heat generation by ultrasonic vibrations promoted the sintering driving process and resulted in better mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, response surface methodology was adopted for the comprehensive study of the ultrasonic sintering parameters (sintering temperature, heating rate, and soaking time with ultrasonic vibrations) on ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity of the fabricated sample. Analysis of variance was performed to identify the significant factors and interactions. The image processing method was used to identify the surface porosity at different parameter levels to analyse the experimental results. High ultimate tensile strength was obtained at high sintering temperature, long soaking time, and slow heating rate with low surface porosity. After 60 min of soaking time, no significant effect was observed on the thermal conductivity of the fabricated sample. The significant interactions revealed less effect of soaking time at low sintering temperatures for ultimate tensile strength and less effect of heating rate at low sintering temperatures for thermal conductivity. Multi-objective optimization was carried out to identify parameters for maximum ultimate tensile strength and maximum thermal conductivity.

Effect of Soaking Time on Evolution of Microstructure and Hardness during Annealing of EN-47 Spring Steel

The study presents the results of the examination on the effect of soaking time on the Microstructure, Grain shape and hardness properties of annealed EN-47 Spring Steel. The EN-47 Spring Steel samples were heated at 860 °C for soaking times of 60, 120, 240, 480 minutes. Optical Microscopy and Rockwell Hardness were carried out to determine the morphology, grain shape and hardness of the material with increasing soaking time. EN-47 Spring Steel samples showed up a decreased value in hardness with the extent of soaking time. Pearlite colonies expand with the increase in soaking time. The linear relationship between the soaking time and other factors were also observed. Keywords: EN-47, Annealing, Microstructure, Rockwell Hardness.

X-Ray Diffraction and Microstructure Analysis of EN47 Spring Steel at Various Soaking Period of Time

The study presents the results of the investigation on the effect of soaking time on the, Crystalline structure and morphological properties of annealed EN-47 Spring Steel. The EN-47 Spring Steel samples were heated at 860 °C for soaking times of 60, 120, 240, 480 minutes. SEM analysis and XRD analysis were carried out to determine the morphology and crystalline phase of the material with increasing soaking time. Interatomic Distances also decreased with increased in soaking time. The sample with the Soaking time of 480 minutes exhibits a higher Interatomic Distance because of Formation of bigger grains. Through X-ray Diffraction transformation of the crystalline structure were analyzed, in that it is observed that Iron did not undergo any crystalline structure transformation with respect to soaking time whereas other elements changed their structure. Keywords: EN-47, Annealing, XRD, Crystalline Structure, SEM.

Development of a 3D scanning method to discriminate blocks of Octopus minor with surplus water gain

A 3D scanning method was developed to differentiate Octopus minor blocks which had surplus water to increase weight of O. minor. Effects of soaking time (0.5, 1 and 3 h) and apparent density of O. minor were determined using the number of O. minor in a block (4, 5, 6, and 7). A 0.5, 1, and 3 h soaking time increased O. minor weight by 11.85, 16.02, and 24.53%, respectively. Apparent density of non-weight gained O. minor blocks was significantly higher than those of 3 h soaked samples (p < 0.05). A 3D scanning method had limited ability to differentiate 1 h soaked and non-soaked samples, whereas it had high potential to discriminate 3 h soaked samples. Blind test using 25 blocks of O. minor showed that 3D scanning method evaluated 88% of prediction percentage. The total time of 3D scanning took <30 min for one block with a relatively high precision.

The effect of soaking time after ultrafast heating on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of a low carbon steel

The main objective of this study is to understand the effect of the soaking time during the ultrafast heat treatment of a low carbon steel on its complex multi-phase microstructure, tensile mechanical behavior and properties of individual microconstituents. Tensile tests were performed to determine the macro-mechanical properties. Nanoindentation testing was carried out on individual microconstituents (martensite, recrystallized ferrite and non-recrystallized ferrite) identified a priori via EBSD analysis to measure their properties. It is shown that ultrafast heating combined with short soaking times results in improved macro-mechanical properties due to finer grain size and higher fraction of non-recrystallized ferrite, that has a higher nanohardness than recrystallized ferrite. Prolonged soaking times eliminate the advantages of the ultrafast heat treatment. This occurs because, even though a long soaking time promotes a higher volume fraction of martensite than a short one, it also induces substantial grain growth and complete recrystallization of the ferritic matrix. On the micro-scale, the ferritic grains show two different types of mechanical response. The recrystallized ferritic grains are prone to show pop-in events on the nanoindentation curves that are associated to dislocation nucleation events as a consequence of their low dislocation density, while non-recrystallized ferritic grains demonstrate a continuous response. The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties on the macro- and micro-scales is discussed with respect to the microstructure, which in turn strongly depends on the applied heating rate and soaking time. A general recipe for microstructural design to improve the tensile mechanical behavior of low carbon steels implementing controlled heating and soaking conditions is outlined.

Cleaning of toothpaste from vessel walls by impinging liquid jets and their falling films: Quantitative modelling of soaking effects

The cleaning of thin toothpaste soiling layers from vertical glass surfaces by horizontal impinging water jets and the falling films created by the draining liquid were studied. The effect of soaking time on the rheological properties of the soil material, the force required to remove it, and the cleaning behaviour were determined. The adhesive removal model reported by Wilson et al. (2014, Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 109, 183–195) and Bhagat et al. (2017, Food Bioprod. Proc., Vol. 102, 31–54) gave a good description of the cleaning behaviour, including the shape of the cleaning front generated by jets from static and moving nozzles. This model was also applied to removal by the falling liquid film: when soaking kinetics are taken into consideration, it gives a good description of this process as well. This is the first study considering the effect of soil soaking on cleaning by water jets and falling films.

The Effect of Enzymatic Pre-Treatment in Agarwood Oil Extraction

Agarwood oil was extracted from a pre-treated agarwood chip soaked in a specific enzyme concentration of 1 %, 3 % and 5 % respectively. The effect of soaking time was also investigated by applying soaking period in the range of 3 to 14 days. Hydrodistillation was carried out using the Clevenger-type apparatus to obtain the essential oil of agarwood chips. Subsequently the quality of the oil and the identification of its oil compounds were analyzed using GC-MS. The morphology of agarwood chips prior to hydrodistillation was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM results of enzymatic pre-treated sample showed an obvious change in the cell morphology as compared to the sample with standard soaking of 6 days. The highest yield of oil with the amount of 0.125 % is produced from the sample pre-treated with 3 % enzyme concentration as compared to 0.065 % of oil yield from the non-pre-treated sample employing similar soaking days. The GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 335 compounds from all samples of agarwood oil and similar compounds were found in the standard soaking and enzymatic pre-treated samples. Caryophyllene, Gurjunene, and Alloaromadendrene that contributes to the unique odour of agarwood oil are found mostly in all samples. Thus, the enzymatic pre-treatment indicates a comparable yield and oil quality and it is achievable even with a reduced soaking time of 6 days as compared to standard 14 days.

Effect of processing parameters on the proximate and antinutritive properties of mango kernel flour processed for food applications

The effect of soaking time (0–72 hr) and drying temperature (65–85°C) on proximate (protein, fat, ash, and crude fiber, and carbohydrate) and antinutrient components (tannins, phytates, oxalates, alkaloids, saponins, and trypsin inhibitors) of the mango kernel flour from two varieties (Ogbomosho and Saigon) were studied using AOAC for proximate components and different methods for antinutrients. The biochemical constituents namely protein, carbohydrate, fat, crude fiber, and ash contents were analyzed for the mango kernel flour obtained from the two varieties of mangoes and found to be 5.27%–6.70%, 69.60%–74.60%, 6.60%–8.30%, 2.20%–3.70%, and 3.10%–3.80%, respectively. It was found that the drying temperature had a significant effect on the proximate components except for ash and fiber contents. There was a significant difference in protein and ash contents during soaking. All the antinutrients were significantly reduced with soaking time (p < .05) for Ogbomosho samples but tannins of Saigon was unaffected after 24 hr soaking. The mango kernel flour could be processed for food applications. Practical applications The study showed the influence of variety, soaking time, and drying temperature on the nutrient and antinutrient compositions of the mango kernel flour processed for food applications; and incidentally provided information about the importance of considering variety, appropriate soaking time, and drying temperature as indispensable processing parameters in processing the mango kernel flour. Right applications of these parameters will guarantee the minimization of the antinutrients by not only retaining the nutrients but also by enhancing their bioavailability. The information could be a guide to prospective investors who may wish to invest in the commercial processing of the mango kernel flour and its associated products.

The effect of heating rate and soaking time on microstructure of an advanced high strength steel

This work focuses on the effect of soaking time on the microstructure during ultrafast heat treatment of a 50% cold rolled low carbon steel with initial ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. Dilatometry analysis was used to estimate the effect of heating rate on the phase transformation temperatures and to select an appropriate inter-critical temperature for final heat treatments. A thorough qualitative and quantitative microstructural characterization of the heat treated samples is performed using a wide range of characterization techniques. A complex multiphase, hierarchical microstructure consisting of ferritic matrix with embedded martensite and retained austenite is formed after all applied heat treatments. In turn, the ferritic matrix contains recrystallized and non-recrystallized grains. It is demonstrated that the ultrafast heating generally results in finer microstructure compared to the conventional heating independently on the soaking time. There is a significant effect of the soaking time on the volume fraction of martensite of the ultrafast heated material, while in the samples heated with conventional heating rate it remains relatively unchanged during soaking. Recrystallization, recovery and phase transformations occurring during soaking are discussed with respect to the applied heating rate.

Gas Injection Evaluated for EOR in Organic-Rich Shale

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 190323, “Gas Injection for EOR in Organic-Rich Shale: Part I—Operational Philosophy,” and paper URTeC 2903026, “Gas Injection for EOR in Organic-Rich Shale: Part II—Mechanisms of Recovery,” by Francisco D. Tovar, SPE, Maria A. Barrufet, SPE, and David S. Schechter, SPE, Texas A&amp;M University. Paper SPE 190323 was prepared for the 2018 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, Tulsa, 14–18 April; paper URTeC 2903026 was prepared for the 2018 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Houston, 23–25 July. The papers have not been peer reviewed. This synopsis contains elements of two papers. In the first, the authors describe their comprehensive experimental evaluation of gas injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in organic-rich shale. Experiments in preserved core demonstrated the potential of CO2 to extract the naturally occurring oil in organic-rich shale reservoirs, whereas tests in resaturated core plugs were used to compute accurate recovery factors, and evaluate the effect of soak time, operating pressure, and the relevance of slimtube minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) on recovery. In the second paper, the authors focus on the effect of fluid transport in organic-rich shale on recovery mechanisms under gas injection, and provide the rationale behind the proposed operational philosophy. Part I—Operational Philosophy Background. The notion that industry experience in the implementation of gas-injection methods in conventional reservoirs can be applied to unconventional reservoirs is a problematic one. A lack of understanding exists regarding the effect of contrast in mechanisms at the pore scale on the implementation of a gas-injection process. Experimental research so far, though encouraging, suffers from serious limitations. Also, there still is a significant lack of understanding of the mechanisms of recovery under gas injection for enhanced recovery in organic-rich shales. In this paper, the authors base their investigation on experimental observations made in core plugs extracted from the reservoir interval, and show the development of a coreholder configuration that enables the physical simulation of the injection of gas through a hydraulic fracture in the laboratory. Then, this configuration is used to perform coreflooding experiments at the pressure and temperature conditions seen in the reservoir. Detailed descriptions and results of the experimental work are provided in the complete paper. Summary. The authors begin by demonstrating that direct gas injection through an organic-rich shale matrix is not possible in a reasonable time frame. That discovery triggered the construction of specialized equipment and the development of a novel injection technique that resembles that of injection through hydraulic fractures. Using that technique, nine experiments injecting CO2 in preserved organic-rich shale cores were performed. Only three of those experiments recovered a significant volume of oil, and the recovery factor was estimated to be between 18 and 62% of the initial crude-oil volume in the cores. This demonstrated CO2 can be used to extract the naturally occurring oil in core plugs with extremely low permeability, where gas cannot be injected directly. Also, by coupling the coreflooding equipment developed in-house to a computed-tomography (CT)-scanner, this technology proved able to track the changes in density resulting from the mass exchange between CO2 and crude oil.

English

English

Tingkat Kekeruhan Kadar Vitamin C dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Infused Water Lemon Dengan Variasi Suhu Dan Lama Perendaman

Lemon is a fruit that is rich in vitamin C. The processing of lemon as an infused water is one way to get optimal benefits from lemon. Lemon infused water is treated by soaking it in water for several hours. The temperature and soaking time are thought to influence the physical and chemical characteristics of lemon infused water. This study aims to determine the level of turbidity, vitamin C and antioxidant activity of lemon infused water. This study used a completely randomized design of two factors, with two differences in temperature (refrigerator temperature and room temperature) and five differences in soaking time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours) and then analyzed turbidity levels, vitamin C levels and antioxidant activity. Observation data were analyzed using Two Way Anova. The results showed turbidity, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity at room temperature were higher than the refrigerator temperature and the longer soaking the turbidity level, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity were also as high as possible. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there were effects of temperature and soaking time on the level of turbidity and vitamin C of lemon infused water but there was no effect of soaking time on antioxidant activity. Soaking time at room temperature for 1 hour or at refrigerator temperature for 4 hours is the best time to get optimum vitamin C and antioxidant activity.