Effect Of Soaking Time Research Articles

Effect of Soaking Time on Proximate and Mineral Compositions and Anti-Nutritional Factors of Yellow Maize (zea mays)

Effect of soaking time on some composition of yellow maize was investigated. Yellow maize seeds (Zea mays) were soaked in deionized water for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours respectively followed by draining, drying and milling. The unsoaked seeds were milled and served as the control. Proximate and mineral compositions as well as antinutritional factors such as phytates, tannins, oxalates and trypsin inhibitors were determined using standard procedures. Results were compared in the raw and soaked maize respectively. The moisture levels in maize increased with soaking time (11.27% to 16.73%) and were significantly different (P.0.05) in all samples. Variation in protein contents of samples was not significantly different (P.0.05). Ash content generally reduced with soaking time and fat content also varied. Crude fibre content of all the samples were significantly different (P.0.05) and reduced as soaking time increased (1.53 to 0.85%). There was no significant difference in the carbohydrate content of all the samples. All the anti nutritional factors investigated reduced significantly (P.0.05) with soaking time. Consequently, all the mineral contents increased significantly (P.0.05) with increase in soaking time.

Effect of Soaking Time on the Pasting Properties of Two Cultivars of Trifoliate Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) Flours

This study was carried out to determine the effect of soaking time on the pasting properties of two cultivars of trifoliate yam flour. The tubers were peeled, washed, sliced and kept under running tap water for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. They were dried at 50°C for 48 h. The dried samples were milled, sieved (600 µm) and packaged. Pasting properties were determined using Rapid Visco Analyzer and statistical analysis was carried out to test for significant difference (p < 0.05) using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Among the white cultivar samples, the sample WH60 had the highest peak viscosity, holding strength and final viscosity of 87.93, 68.34 and 128.34 RVU, respectively. Breakdown value of the untreated white sample (WHR) was significantly different (p < 0.05) from other white samples. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in setback values for samples soaked for 60, 90 and 120 min. Also, the yellow cultivar follow the same trend with the sample YL60 having the highest peak viscosity, holding strength, breakdown value and final viscosity of 80.32, 73.39, 6.93 and 138.15 RVU, respectively. Setback value for sample YL90 was significantly different (p < 0.05) from other samples. Pasting temperature and pasting time ranged from 74.25-76.60°C and 4.62-5.35 min, respectively. Among the two cultivars, WH60 had the highest peak viscosity while YL60 had the highest holding strength and final viscosity. The yellow samples had lower breakdown values than the white samples. The flour samples from the two cultivars can be used in the food industries for baking and as thickeners.

Scaffold for tissue engineering fabricated by non-isothermal supercritical carbon dioxide foaming of a highly crystalline polyester

Porous scaffolds of a random co-polymer of ω-pentadecalactone (PDL) and ε-caprolactone (CL) (poly(PDL–CL)), synthesized by biocatalysis, were fabricated by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming. The co-polymer, containing 31mol.% CL units, is highly crystalline (Tm=82°C, ΔHm=105Jg−1) thanks to the ability of the two monomer units to co-crystallize. The co-polymer can be successfully foamed upon homogeneous absorption of scCO2 at T>Tm. The effect of soaking time, depressurization rate and cooling rate on scaffold porosity, pore size distribution and pore interconnectivity was investigated by micro X-ray computed tomography. Scaffolds with a porosity in the range 42–76% and an average pore size of 100–375μm were successfully obtained by adjusting the main foaming parameters. Process conditions in the range investigated did not affect the degree of crystallinity of poly(PDL–CL) scaffolds. A preliminary study of the mechanical properties of the scaffolds revealed that poly(PDL–CL) foams may find application in the regeneration of cartilage tissue.

Physically based material model for evolution of stress–strain behavior of heat treatable aluminum alloys during solution heat treatment

A mathematical model based on Kocks–Mecking–Bergstrom model, has been proposed to predict the flow behavior of age hardenable aluminum alloys, under different conditions of solution heat treatment and hot deformation. Considering the published literature, most researchers have taken into account the precipitation and solution strengthening contribution to the flow stress by a constant and some others have ignored these effects. So these available descriptions cannot be applicable directly to different conditions of solution heat treatment. In order to enable these constitutive descriptions to take into account the effects of soaking time and temperature, we introduce in this research a relative volume fraction of precipitation into the flow stress by using the appropriate relationships. The GA-based optimization technique is used to evaluate the material constants within the equations from the uniaxial tensile test data of AA6082 reported by previous researchers.

Effect of soaking time on phase composition and topography and surface microstructure in vitrocrystalline whiteware glazes

The effect of soaking period on the phase composition and topography of raw glazes was discussed. The work had two goals: (i) to establish the potential of manufacturing glazes with a desired surface structure from un-fritted formulations in a fast single cycle for tiles and (ii) to clarify the effects of shortening the firing time on the phase composition and surface roughness of traditionally fired products such as sanitaryware. The results can be applied to adjust the glaze composition for given firing cycles in order to improve the chemical resistance and to achieve the desired microstructure through controlled surface composition.

수침에 따른 찹쌀, 찹쌀 가루 및 찹쌀 전분의 물리화학적 특성 변화

유과 품질에 큰 영향을 주는 수침 처리가 찹쌀, 찹쌀 가루 및 찹쌀 전분의 물리화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 수침처리는 세 가지 시료 모두의 등온흡습곡선에 큰 영향을 주었으나 특정한 경향을 나타내지는 않았다. 용해도는 세 가지 시료 모두 호화개시온도 이후 급격히 증가하였고 수침기간이 증가함에 따라 점차 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 팽윤력은 찹쌀 및 찹쌀가루의 경우 수침기간이 증가함에 따라 감소하였으나 찹쌀 전분의 경우 감소하였다가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. X-선 회절 분석 결과, 수침처리를 한 시료 모두 A형 결정형 형태를 유지하였고, 상대적 결정화도는 수침이 진행될수록 감소하였다. 이로 보아 수침 과정 동안 전분의 일부 결정형 영역이 분해된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. RVA 점도 특성을 분석한 결과, 찹쌀과 찹쌀 가루의 경우 유사한 경향을 나타내었고, 찹쌀 전분의 경우 이들과 다른 RVA 점도 특성을 나타내었다. 이처럼 Native 상태의 찹쌀, 찹쌀 가루와 찹쌀 전분의 RVA 점도 특성 차이는 수침 초기에 단백질과 지질 등이 용출되어 제거되는 것에 기인한 것으로 보이며, 점도가 감소하는 이유는 수침동안 일어나는 미생물의 생육작용에 의한 것으로 생각된다. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soaking time on physicochemical properties of waxy rice, waxy rice flour and waxy rice starch. Waxy rice (WR), waxy rice flour (WRF), waxy rice starch (WRS) were soaked at <TEX>$18^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 14 days and dried at <TEX>$40^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Dried samples were grounded and sieved using 180 mesh. Physicochemical properties of the three samples, such as swelling power, solubility, moisture sorption isotherms and pasting properties using rapid visco analyzer (RVA) and crystal pattern using X-ray diffractometer were determined. In all samples, soaking time greatly influenced moisture sorption isotherms but no typical pattern was shown. Swelling power was not greatly changed by soaking time in the three samples. Solubility increased with increasing soaking time in all three samples, indicating that some soluble particles were exuded during soaking. In RVA pasting properties, WR and WRF showed a similar pattern, while WRS showed different pasting properties, suggesting that rice protein plays a significant role in pasting properties. X-ray diffraction patterns of all three samples showed typical A-type crystal pattern suggesting that soaking did not affect crystalline region of samples.

Short Communication: Evaluation of the Overall Accuracy of the DeLaval Cell Counter for Somatic Cell Count in Ovine Milk: Effect of Soak Time in Diluted and Undiluted Milk Samples

This study evaluated the performance of the DeLaval cell counter (DCC) when analyzing ovine milk with different soak times (defined as the permanence time of samples within the DCC cassette before starting the DCC counting procedure) in diluted and undiluted milk samples in 2 dairy sheep breeds. A total of 101 composite ovine milk samples (50 from Assaf ewes and 51 from Churra ewes), ranging between 50×103 and 2,200×103 cells/mL, were divided into 10 aliquots/milk to be analyzed by DCC. Four undiluted aliquots and 4 aliquots diluted 1:1 in PBS were analyzed by using soak times of 0, 1, 2, and 3 min/aliquot, and the other 2 aliquots were diluted 1:1 in propidium iodide or ethidium bromide staining solutions and analyzed by DCC. Milk samples were also analyzed by the Fossomatic method, as a reference. All analyses were carried out in duplicate. Undiluted milk samples with soak times ≥1min showed large coefficients of regression (b=0.96 to 0.98) and correlation (r>0.99) when compared with the Fossomatic method. In these samples, DCC gave repeatability standard deviations (sr=35 to 51×103 cells/mL) lower than other DCC analytical conditions (sr=49 to 74×103 cells/mL), and their log SCC means (5.51 to 5.52) were close to the reference value (5.56). The log SCC means corresponding to samples diluted 1:1 in staining solutions (5.55) did not differ from the reference value; however, these aliquots had lower regression coefficients (b: 0.92 to 0.93). Samples diluted 1:1 in PBS and undiluted samples with a 0-min soak time showed a global accuracy similar to or lower than undiluted samples with soak times ≥1min. Breed did not seem to affect the results. We concluded that undiluted raw milk with a soak time ≥1min and analyzed by DCC shows suitable overall accuracy in ovine milk compared with the reference method and can be considered as the best option for on-farm use from an operational point of view.

Effects of time of the day on catch composition in monofilament and multifilament gillnets fishing

Gillnets and trammel nets are the fishing gears, which used frequently in the Aegean Sea shores. These fishing gears, which design to catch for their target species have different using methods. Red mullet (Mullus sp.) gillnets are one of them and their set duration generally 2 hours. In this study, effects of soaking time in the day on monofilament and multifilament red mullet gillnets which used by commercial fishermen were presented. 51.2 % of the total catch was caught at dusk and 48.8 % were caught at dawn (p≤0.05 z=0.04). 41.5 % of the catch at dusk were caught by monofilament gillnets and the remaining 9.7 % were caught by multifilament gillnets (p≤0.05 z=0.006). At dawn catch values of monofilament and multifilament gillnets, these percentages were showed changing as 39.4 % and 9.4 % respectively (p≤0.05 z=0.005).

Development of a simple method for the preparation of novel egg-shell type Pt catalysts using hollow silica nanostructures as supporting precursors

A simple method for the preparation of novel egg-shell type platinum catalysts was developed and achieved by utilizing unique hollow silica nanostructures, i.e., hollow silica nanospheres and nanotubes, as supports. The observation by transmission electron microscopy indicated that the well-dispersed hollow silica supported Pt catalysts with a Pt particle diameter of 8–14 nm can be successfully prepared by wet impregnation process and heat treatment. The Pt-loaded hollow silica nanostructures were also characterized by inductively coupled plasma, X-ray diffraction, specific surface area, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. It was thus demonstrated that a higher Pt loading amount (0.392%) could be obtained under the same conditions except the addition of ammonia, which was found to be more effective than that (0.061%) with the addition of HCl in the immobilization of Pt. In addition, the effect of soaking time, Pt precursor concentration and calcination temperature on the loading of Pt in hollow silica nanostructures were investigated as well.

Sintering behavior of Y2O3 doped Bi2O3 ceramics

Influence of sintering temperature and soaking time on densification of Bi2O3 samples doped with 25%mol Y2O3 was investigated by shrinkage and relative density measurements. Samples were sintered in air at different temperatures in the range of 800 to 1000?C for 24 hr. The results showed that samples sintered at 950?C have the maximum relative density. Several samples were sintered at 950?C for duration of 0 to 36 hr in order to evaluate the effect of soaking time on densification of samples. It was found that the samples were sintered at 950?C for 36hr had higher relative density than others did for smaller time duration X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses detected ? -Bi2O3 as the sole stable phase in all samples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) investigation of fractured surface of the samples showed that porosities decrease by increasing of sintering temperature and grow by further increasing of temperature.

Gear Bias in Fyke Netting: Evaluating Soak Time, Fish Density, and Predators

AbstractKnowledge of gear bias is critical for conducting valid population and community assessments. We studied the biases in fyke netting by investigating the individual effects of soak time (fyke nets were fished for 6, 24, or 48 h), fish density (fyke nets were stocked with 0, 30, or 60 fish/net), and predators (fyke nets were stocked with one or zero bowfin Amia calva) on the escape probability and number of individuals captured (i.e., catch) for three fish species. Overall, escape probabilities were consistently lower for round gobies Neogobius melanostomus than for bluntnose minnows Pimephales notatus and banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus. Both escape probability and catch increased with soak time. Escape probabilities were lower at high fish densities and in the presence of a predator, whereas catch appeared to be unaffected by both factors. We documented predation on fish stocked in fyke nets by free‐ranging bowfins and yellow bullheads Ameiurus natalis, which is a potential source of bias that will probably vary among systems. Of the factors we investigated, variation in soak time had the strongest effect on catch. Our results were consistent with catch being proportional to soak times of at least 24 to 48 h, although this relationship was highly variable. Thus, standardizing catch by soak time (e.g., net nights) can be appropriate when confronted with low variation in soak time (e.g., 1 d). Finally, our study highlights potential differences in escape probabilities among fish species, a factor that is probably important in determining which species are overrepresented and which are underrepresented in entrapment gear.

Effect of Soaking Time and Polymerization Temperature on Polymer Concrete

Effect of Soaking Time and Polymerization Temperature on Polymer Concrete

Influence of soaking and polymerization conditions on the properties of polymer concrete

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of soaking time and polymerization temperature on the mechanical and physical properties of polymer-impregnated concrete. Soaking time was controlled in 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h, polymerization temperature was set at 70, 80 and 90 °C for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h in impregnation process, respectively. Cylindrical concrete specimens with water/cement ratios of 0.45 and 0.65 were impregnated with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) mixtures. The polymer loading increases as immersion time increases until 12 h. Based on compressive strength and surface absorption, optimum polymerization temperature is 70 °C for Mix A (high cement content) and 80 °C for Mix B (low cement content). Polymer impregnation not only increases concrete strength and resistivity but also greatly decreases surface absorption comparing with normal concrete. SEM and MIP observations indicate that the micro-pores and meso-pores of PIC specimens are filled with PMMA and the total pore volume and maximum pore size are reduced significantly.

Parboiling of rice. Part I: Effect of hot soaking time on quality of milled rice

This study investigated the effect of soaking time on the quality of parboiled rice. The paddy was soaked in water at 25 and 80 °C for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 min. The soaked paddy was steamed, dried, stored and milled. With increasing soaking time a significant increase in water absorption and milling and head rice yield (hence reduction in broken rice) was observed. A significant difference in milling yield, at the 1% level, was obtained between the raw rice control and the hot soaked parboiled samples. A large reduction in fissured grain was observed after soaking. It is suggested that parboiling fills the void spaces and cements the cracks inside the endosperm, making the grain harder and minimizing internal fissuring and thereby breakage during milling.

Effect of soaking time on the positive active material and performance of the valve regulated lead/acid battery

During valve regulated lead/acid (VRLA) battery production bottlenecks occurring on the production line can result in varying delays between the different stages of production thus acting as a source of inconsistencies between batches. This paper describes a study conducted to determine the effects of different soaking times between the ‘acid fill’ and ‘formation’ stages of production. X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical testing have been used to study the compositional and morphological aspects of the positive active material just prior and after formation. Results indicate that paste compositions are effected by the time period between acid fill and formation. However, electrical test results and SEM examination of formed pastes suggest that soaking time is unlikely to affect the resulting battery performance.

Spectral studies of Co 0.6Zn 0.4Fe 2O 4 at different soaking times

The ESR spectra at room temperature for Co 0.6Zn 0.4Fe 2O 4 sintered at 1200°C for different soaking times are reported. The effect of soaking time on the magnetic moment, resonance field, linewidth, separation energy between two adjacent spin levels, g factor and spin relaxation time were studied. The cation distribution of the different samples was estimated from the magnetic moment of each sample. Far infrared spectra of the ferrite samples in the range 200–700 cm −1 are reported. Two absorption bands were observed, in the range reported in the literature. X-ray analysis showed that the samples were cubic spinels (single phase). The lattice parameter, theoretical density and the distance between magnetic ions at tetrahedral and octahedral sites were obtained as a function of soaking time.

Effects of setting time, setting direction and soak time on longline catch rates

Most studies of factors affecting catch efficiency and selectivity in longlining have focused on various gear parameters (mainline and snood material, hook design and size, rigging) and on the bait (type and size). Few studies have investigated how catch rates are affected by the way the gear is operated during fishing. We carried out fishing experiments to study the effects of setting time, setting direction (relative to the current direction) and soak time on catch rates of cod ( Gadus morhua) and haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Lines set before dawn and lines set across the current gave higher catch rates of haddock than lines set after dawn and in the same direction as the current, respectively. Such effects were not found for cod, and these differences between haddock and cod were explained by differences in behaviour and interspecific competition for the available baits. Soak time was not found to affect the catch rates of either species significantly, indicating that other factors have a more pronounced effect on longline catch rates and may therefore mask the effect of soak time.

Optimization of germination process of cowpea by response surface methodology

The effect of soaking time, germination time and temperature on the nutrient content, oligosaccharides and trypsin inhibitor activity in cowpea was evaluated by response surface methodology. All the three processing variables affected nutrient content, oligosaccharides and trypsin inhibitor activity. Optimization was based on conditions that maximized reduction in oligosaccharides and trypsin inhibitor activity and minimized total solids losses. Optimum conditions for germination of cowpea were: soaking time = 8 h, germination time = 52 h and germination temperature = 25 °C and under these conditions the predicted values using a polynominal equation for total solids loss, protein, fat and ash contents were 7.71, 23.30, 1.48 and 2.29 (% dry basis), respectively. The trypsin inhibitor level was 4.28 mg/g dry solids. The values for raffinose, stachyose and sucrose were 0.90, 1.96 and 3.61 (% dry basis), respectively. Good agreement was found between experimental values obtained at optimum process conditions and predicted values.

Potential of a trap-fishery for deep-water rock lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa

An experiment to investigate the potential of a trap-fishery for deep-water rock lobster Palinurus delagoae was conducted off the east coast of South Africa between 1994 and 1996. The 75–425 m depth interval between 27°S and 32°S was stratified according to depth and latitude, and three regions (North, Central and South) were sampled systematically over the three years. Sampling by commercial vessels operating long-lines and traps included an experimental phase (fixed fishing positions) and a commercial phase (no restriction on fishing location). Generalized linear models were used to investigate the influence of year, region, sampling phase, month and soak time. Sampling phase was significant, with traps set during the commercial phase catching more than those set in the experimental phase. The effect of soak time on catch rates was not significant. The almost-50% decrease in the combined abundance index combined with a marked decrease in mean lobster size over the study period suggests a relatively low fisheries potential for this species in South African waters; this may be attributable to the relative scarcity of suitable habitat in the area.

ゾル―ゲル法によるブタジエンゴムのｉｎ ｓｉｔｕシリカ補強に対する反応条件の検討

In situ silica reinforcement of butadiene rubber (BR) was carried out by the sol-gel process using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). BR was sulfur-cured, and the BR vulcanizates were subjected to soaking in TEOS at 30°C for 48 hours. The swollen samples were soaked in an aq. solution of catalyst under various conditions to conduct the sol-gel reaction of TEOS in the rubber matrix. Further, the vulcanizates were kept at 50°C for 72 hours. The catalyst used in this study was n-butylamine. The resulting vulcanizates were silica stocks by in situ filling technique, and were subjected to tensile tests. The effects of concentration of the catalyst (2, 10, 20wt%) and soaking temperature, i.e., the reaction temperature in the aq. catalyst solution (30, 40, 50°C) on in situ silica filling for reinforcement were discussed in term of tensile properties of the BR vulcanizates. The effect of soaking time (2, 5, 12, 30h) in the catalyst solution was also evaluated for the reinforcement. When the BR vulcanizate was soaked in 2wt% n-butylamine aq. solution at 50°C for 24 hours, the silica content became largest and homogeneous filling was found. Hence, the modulus of the vulcanizates became highest among the samples. The diameter of the in situ filled silica was ca. 30nm. The soaking time did not much influence on the in situ silica reinforcement of the vulcanizates.