Self-consistent Effects Research Articles

중국 소비자의 와인 재 구매의도와 자아일치성에 대한 연구 -구매목적(자가 vs 선물, 국산 vs 수입)을 중심으로-

The scale of Chinese wine market grew rapidly since the 1990s. Many overseas wine brands planned to enter the Chinese wine market. Recently, many researches about customer satisfaction and selective characteristics toward wine are operated. However, there is limited research about Chinese customers self-consistency on domestic red wine and imported red wine. as well as, their specific selective characteristics influencing customers repurchase. Under this situation, this research investigates the psychological factors when Chinese customers choose between the wine. In the meantime, focusing on selective characteristics, this research draws a clear picture of the chacteristics such as self-consistency, the Purpose of Purchasing, Repurchase Intention, etc. To get this result, this research compared the distinction between the wine as gifts vs. self-use, domestic vs. import on Chinese customers. First, the results of the differential identification of demographic characteristics. (1) Regarding health choices, unmarried people are higher than married ones. (2) Considering the image of original product country, unmarried people also higher than married ones, especially for the age around 30th. In this case, the factor of age is side proved the level of preference of the original product country’s image among the unmarried 30th. (3) About the repurchase aspect, unmarried people show higher tendency than married ones. Most of them has graduate degree. Meanwhile, in terms of the number of purchases, 1 time / 1 week, 1 time / 1 month or more is the highest. (4) Self-consistency is the highest for one time/one week. Second, the difference in identification of different factors. (1) compared to self-use, in the use of gifts, health, design, self-consistency is higher. (2) In domestic and import choices, domestic prices and origin images are higher than imports. Third, in the elective characteristic of wine, design and brand personality have an impact on self-consistency. Considering of repurchase intentions, except of price, health, design, brand personality, image of origin, and self-consistency have an impact. The design has the greatest impact. For buyers, the design of red wine is an important selection attribute. Fourth, in the media effect of self-consistency, price, health, design, brand personality, and image of origin have some media effects. Self-consistency plays an important role in red wine repurchase intentions. Fifth, (1) wine selection attribute has an influence on the repurchase intention. Self-use, gift use has two factors of price and brand personality. (2) In the relationship between the red wine selection attribute and the repurchase intention, domestic and import only have a regulating effect on the price. Finally, the results of this study provide knowledge to Chinese local red wine company about Chinese consumers’ awareness to Chinese domestic and imports red wine. This providing a theoretical basis for improving current domestic wine. It is important to provide basic information for expanding the strategic marketing of the Chinese domestic wine market.

Entropy and Enthalpy Mediated Segregation of Bottlebrush Copolymers to Interfaces

The composition of polymer blends near interfaces can differ from the average blend composition because the attraction of each polymer toward surfaces is controlled by its chemistry, size, and architecture. In this work, we studied thin film blends of bottlebrush copolymers and linear homopolymers to understand the enthalpic and entropic effects that drive preferential segregation of one constituent to film interfaces. Bottlebrush copolymers containing polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) side chains were blended with either linear PS or linear PMMA, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to quantify the distribution of bottlebrushes through the film thickness as a function of homopolymer type, homopolymer molecular weight, and processing conditions. We found that the bottlebrush copolymers segregated to air and substrate interfaces above a critical molecular weight of the linear homopolymer, consistent with an entropic preference for chain ends and shorter chains toward the interfaces. This segregation was used to tailor the surface wettability of blend films using bottlebrush additives as a minority component. Modeling using self-consistent field theory highlighted effects of conformational entropy and enthalpic interactions in driving almost complete segregation from the interior of the films toward interfaces. Furthermore, enthalpic interactions were predicted to cause lateral phase segregation in cases where the homopolymer is preferred over the bottlebrush copolymer at the substrate, an effect that was also observed in experiments. This study demonstrates that bottlebrush copolymer additives can be designed to spontaneously segregate to surfaces in thermal blends, providing a possible route to decouple surface properties from bulk properties.

Electronic Fabry-Perot Cavity Engineered Nanoscale Thermoelectric Generators

In this work, we aim to design a heterostructure based nanoscale thermoelectric generator that can maximize the waste-heat conversion efficiency at a given output power. The primary objective to be achieved for this is to realize a boxcar-shaped (bandpass) electronic transmission function (R. S. Whitney, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 130601 (2014)). In order to achieve that, we propose the use of an electronic analog of optical Fabry-P\'erot cavity over a central resonant tunneling structure. We further explore the optimum design possibilities by varying the geometry of the cavity wall to ensure a nearly perfect bandpass energy filtering of electrons. Based on our findings, we propose a general design guideline to realize such transmission and demonstrate that such devices can be excellent thermoelectric generators compared to the existing proposals in terms of boosting the output power without a cost in efficiency. It is theoretically demonstrated using the non-equilibrium Green's function technique coupled with self-consistent charging effects that an enhancement in the maximum output power up to $116\%$ can be achieved through this scheme at a $10\%$ higher efficiency as compared to resonant tunneling based devices. Furthermore, an elaborate comparative study of the linear response parameters is also presented and explained in terms of the physical transport properties. This study suggests an optimal device design strategy for an improved thermoelectric generator and sets the stage for a new class of thermoelectric generators facilitated via transmission lineshape engineering.

Vibronic Effects in the Ultrafast Interfacial Electron Transfer of Perylene-Sensitized TiO2 Surfaces

We combine ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and nonadiabatic quantum dynamics simulations to describe the real-time unfold of vibronic effects on the photoabsorption of TiO2 anatase sensitized with the (perylen-9-yl)carboxylate dye (Pe-COOH/TiO2). The excited state is mapped in time and frequency by ultrafast broadband spectroscopy while atomistic quantum dynamics is used to simulate the self-consistent vibronic effects. The TA map shows the lifetime of the electronic population generated in the S1 state of the dye and the rise of the absorption D0–D1 of the cation. The theoretical analysis reveals that the electron transfer from perylene into TiO2 is complete within 20 fs, in agreement with the 12 fs experimental measurement. Because of the structural relaxation produced by the photoinduced electron transfer, the optical gap decreases by 390 meV, in agreement with the D0–D1 transition band. Furthermore, the reorganization energy estimated to be around 220 meV is mostly due to the energy s...

Induced energy gap in finite-sized superconductor/ferromagnet hybrids

We theoretically study self-consistent proximity effects in finite-sized systems consisting of ferromagnet ($\rm F$) layers coupled to an $s$-wave superconductor ($\rm S$). We consider both $\rm SF_1F_2$ and $\rm SH$ nanostructures, where the $\rm F_1 F_2$ bilayers are uniformly magnetized, and the ferromagnetic $\rm H$ layer possesses a helical magnetization profile. We find that when the $\rm F_1 F_2$ layers are weakly ferromagnetic, a hard gap can emerge when the relative magnetization directions are rotated from parallel to antiparallel. Moreover, the gap is most prominent when the thicknesses of $\rm F_1$ and $\rm F_2$ satisfy $\rm d_{F1}\leq d_{F2}$, respectively. For the $\rm SH$ configuration, increasing the spatial rotation period of the exchange field can enhance the induced hard gap. Our investigations reveal that the origin of these findings can be correlated with the propagation of quasiparticles with wavevectors directed along the interface. To further clarify the source of the induced energy gap, we also examine the spatial and energy resolved density of states, as well as the spin-singlet, and spin-triplet superconducting correlations, using experimentally accessible parameter values. Our findings can be beneficial for designing magnetic hybrid structures where a tunable superconducting hard gap is needed.

Nonlinear evolutions of large amplitude oblique whistler waves

This paper investigates nonlinear evolutions of large amplitude oblique whistler waves (LOWWs) and the interaction with electrons using one-dimensional electromagnetic kinetic simulations. The present research is motivated by recent studies about the nonlinear phenomena of LOWWs. When the propagation angle is not close to the resonance cone angle, the trapping of electrons in the electric potential of LOWWs leads to a moderate damping and a mild acceleration of the electrons via the O'Neil-type damping. In contrast, when the propagation angle of LOWWs is close to the resonance cone angle, the LOWWs undergo a heavy damping accompanied by the stochastic thermalization of the electrons, especially in the perpendicular direction. It is found that the stochastic parameter S, defined by S=16k∥2(eme)Φ0 |J0(k⊥ρ)|ωce2, is a crucial factor determining the damping process. This result demonstrates the importance of self-consistent electron kinetic effects, which are not included in the previous single-particle or fluid approach. The implications of the present findings are discussed.

Behavioural homogenization with spillovers in a normative domain.

The importance of culture for human social evolution hinges largely on the extent to which culture supports outcomes that would not otherwise occur. An especially controversial claim is that social learning leads groups to coalesce around group-typical behaviours and associated social norms that spill over to shape choices in asocial settings. To test this, we conducted an experiment with 878 groups of participants in 116 communities in Sudan. Participants watched a short film and evaluated the appropriate way to behave in the situation dramatized in the film. Each session consisted of an asocial condition in which participants provided private evaluations and a social condition in which they provided public evaluations. Public evaluations allowed for social learning. Across sessions, we randomized the order of the two conditions. Public choices dramatically increased the homogeneity of normative evaluations. When the social condition was first, this homogenizing effect spilled over to subsequent asocial conditions. The asocial condition when first was thus alone in producing distinctly heterogeneous groups. Altogether, information about the choices of others led participants to converge rapidly on similar normative evaluations that continued to hold sway in subsequent asocial settings. These spillovers were at least partly owing to the combined effects of conformity and self-consistency. Conformity dominated self-consistency when the two mechanisms were in conflict, but self-consistency otherwise produced choices that persisted through time. Additionally, the tendency to conform was heterogeneous. Females conformed more than males, and conformity increased with the number of other people a decision-maker observed before making her own choice.

Tensor force effect on the evolution of single-particle energies in some isotopic chains in the relativistic Hartree–Fock approximation

Within a nonlinear relativistic Hartree–Fock approximation combined with the BCS method, we study the effect of the nucleon–nucleon tensor force of the π-exchange potential on the spin- and pseudospin–orbit doublets along the Ca and Sn isotopic chains.We show how the self-consistent tensor force effect modifies the splitting of both kinds of doublets in an interdependent form, leading, quite generally, to opposite effects in the accomplishment of the spin and pseudospin symmetries (the one is restored, the other one deteriorates and vice versa). The ordering of the single-particle energy levels is crucial to this respect.Also, we observe a mutual dependence on the evolution of the shell closure gap Z = 50 and the energy band outside the core, along the Sn chain, as due to the tensor force. In fact, when the shell gap is quenched the outside energy band is enlarged, and vice versa. A reduction of the strength of the pion tensor force with respect to its experimental value from the nucleon–nucleon scattering is needed to get results closer to the experiment. Pairing correlations act to some extent in the opposite direction of the tensor term of the one-pion-exchange force.

Impact of hot particles on resistive wall mode stability in rotating high-beta plasmas

We investigate kinetic effects of hot particles and rotating bulk plasmas on resistive wall mode (RWM) stability. To this end, we invoke the hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, extended to include self-consistent rotation effects. The extended model needs macroscopic ‘rotation’ due to collective motion of hot and bulk particles. In this paper, we point out that the rotation of hot particles is arbitrary in the hybrid kinetic-MHD formalism, due to the assumption of small hot particle density. To remove this arbitrariness, by considering an equilibrium distribution function of hot particles interacting with rotating bulk particles, we compute the ‘rotation’ of hot particles. By applying the extended hybrid kinetic-MHD model to bulk and hot particles, we have carried out numerical analysis of RWM stability. By varying parameters for neutral beam injection (injection energy and injection pitch angle), we find that new stable regions arise due to additional energy exchange between RWMs and hot particles, induced by the hot particles’ rotation.

Self-Consistent Electrothermal Modeling of Passive and Microchannel Cooling in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

AlGaN/GaN high electronic mobility transistors (HEMTs) are highly promising for power and RF electronics due to large bandgap and high breakdown voltage. However, the thermal bottlenecks associated with the elevated temperatures in the device at high power density presents significant barriers in achieving the full potential of these HEMTs. Embedded cooling solutions have been explored for these devices for the efficient thermal management of extreme heat fluxes and hotspots. This involves conductive, convective, and evaporative cooling methods located closer to the electrically active regions of the device. Developing simulation tools that can guide thermal-mechanical-electrical co-design are necessary for implementation of the embedded cooling solutions. We present self-consistent electrothermal models for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs to study the passive and embedded microchannel cooling. In the case of passive cooling, we develop a fully compact electrothermal model that is computationally very efficient and provides high-fidelity results. The model can capture the spatial variation of temperature profile in the device and can predict the temperature-dependent drain current variation among the various fingers in a multifinger HEMT. We then explore the potential of liquid cooling of a multifinger AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using microchannels embedded in the substrate. A 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the device is coupled with the compact dc current model. Our analysis shows that the self-consistency effects on power and temperature remain significant even for the high flow rates in microchannels. Predictive capability of the “standalone” CFD models of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs can be limited unless they are self-consistently coupled with the electrical models.

Tuning the work function of stepped metal surfaces by adsorption of organic molecules

Understanding the binding mechanisms for aromatic molecules on transition-metal surfaces, especially with defects such as vacancies, steps and kinks, is a major challenge in designing functional interfaces for organic devices. One important parameter in the performance of organic/inorganic devices is the barrier of charge carrier injection. In the case of a metallic electrode, tuning the electronic interface potential or the work function for electronic level alignment is crucial. Here, we use density-functional theory (DFT) calculations with van der Waals (vdW) interactions treated with both screened pairwise (vdWsurf) and many-body dispersion (MBD) methods, to systematically study the interactions of benzene with a variety of stepped surfaces. Our calculations confirm the physisorptive character of Ag(2 1 1), Ag(5 3 3), Ag(3 2 2), Ag(7 5 5) and Ag(5 4 4) surfaces upon the adsorption of benzene. The MBD effects reduce the adsorption energies by about 0.15 eV per molecule compared to the results from the DFT + vdWsurf method. In addition, we find that the higher the step density, the larger the reduction of the work function upon the adsorption of benzene. We also study the effect of vdW interactions on the electronic structure using a fully self-consistent implementation of the vdWsurf method in the Kohn–Sham DFT framework. We find that the self-consistent vdWsurf effects increase the work function due to the lowered Fermi level and the increased vacuum level. As a result, the benzene/Ag(2 1 1) system has the lowest work function (3.67 eV) among the five adsorption systems, significantly smaller than the work function of the clean Ag(1 1 1) surface (4.74 eV). Our results provide important insights into the stability and electronic properties of molecules adsorbed on stepped metal surfaces, which could help in designing more appropriate interfaces with low work functions for electron transfer.

Charge self-consistency in density functional theory combined with dynamical mean field theory: k -space reoccupation and orbital order

We study effects of charge self-consistency within the combination of density functional theory (DFT; Wien2k) with dynamical mean field theory (DMFT; w2dynamics) in a basis of maximally localized Wannier orbitals. Using the example of two cuprates, we demonstrate that even if there is only a single Wannier orbital with fixed filling, a noteworthy charge redistribution can occur. This effect stems from a reoccupation of the Wannier orbital in k-space when going from the single, metallic DFT band to the split, insulating Hubbard bands of DMFT. We analyze another charge self-consistency effect beyond moving charge from one site to another: the correlation-enhanced orbital polarization in a freestanding layer of SrVO3.

Efficient many-body calculations for two-dimensional materials using exact limits for the screened potential: Band gaps ofMoS2, h-BN, and phosphorene

Calculating the quasiparticle (QP) band structure of two-dimensional (2D) materials within the GW self-energy approximation has proven to be a rather demanding computational task. The main reason is the strong $\mathbf{q}$-dependence of the 2D dielectric function around $\mathbf{q} = \mathbf{0}$ that calls for a much denser sampling of the Brillouin zone than is necessary for similar 3D solids. Here we use an analytical expression for the small $\mathbf{q}$-limit of the 2D response function to perform the BZ integral over the critical region around $\mathbf{q} = \mathbf{0}$. This drastically reduces the requirements on the $\mathbf{q}$-point mesh and implies a significant computational speed-up. For example, in the case of monolayer MoS$_2$, convergence of the $G_0W_0$ band gap to within $\sim 0.1\,\mathrm{eV}$ is achieved with $12\times 12$ $\mathbf{q}$-points rather than the $36\times 36$ mesh required with discrete BZ sampling techniques. We perform a critical assessment of the band gap of the three prototypical 2D semiconductors MoS$_2$, hBN, and phosphorene including the effect of self-consistency at the GW$_0$ and GW level. The method is implemented in the open source GPAW code.

Macroscopic kinematics of the Hall electric field under influence of carrier magnetic moments

The relativistic effect on electromagnetic forces yields two types of forces which depend on the velocity of the relevant particles: (i) the usual Lorentz force exerted on a moving charged particle and (ii) the apparent Lorentz force exerted on a moving magnetic moment. In sharp contrast with type (i), the type (ii) force originates due to the transverse field induced by the Hall effect (HE). This study incorporates both forces into a Drude-type equation with a fully spin-polarized condition to investigate the effects of self-consistency of the source and the resultant fields on the HE. We also examine the self-consistency of the carrier kinematics and electromagnetic dynamics by simultaneously considering the Drude type equation and Maxwell equations at low frequencies. Thus, our approach can predict both the dc and ac characteristics of the HE, demonstrating that the dc current condition solely yields the ordinary HE, while the ac current condition yields generation of both fundamental and second harmonic modes of the HE field. When the magnetostatic field is absent, the simultaneous presence of dc and ac longitudinal currents generates the ac HE that has both fundamental frequency and second harmonic.

Atypical gravito-electrostatic fluctuations in the presence of active ion-inertial dynamics

The plasmas in space, cosmic and astrophysical environments are long known to consist of numerous massive ionic components contributing to various wave instability fluctuation phenomena. Indeed, the ion-inertial effects need to be incorporated into realistic analyses, rather than treating the gravitating ionic species traditionally as a Boltzmann distributed fluid. Herein, we present an atypical theoretical model setup to study gravito-electrostatic mode-fluctuations in self-gravitating inhomogeneous interstellar dust molecular clouds (DMCs) on the astrophysical fluid scales of space and time. The main goal is focused on investigating the influence of self-consistent dynamic ion-inertial effects on the stability. Methodological application of standard multiple scaling techniques reduces the basic plasma structure equations into a unique pair of decoupled Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equations for the weak fluctuations. In contrast, the fully nonlinear counterparts are shown to evolve as a new gravito-electrostatically coupled pair of the Sagdeev energy-integral equations. In both the perturbation regimes, excitation of two distinct eigenmode classes – electrostatic compressive solitons and self-gravitational rarefactive solitons with unusual and unique parametric features – is demonstrated and portrayed. The graphical shape analysis reflects new plasma conditions for such eigenspectral patterns to coevolve in realistic interstellar parameter windows hitherto remaining unexplored. It is seen that the inertial ions play a destabilizing influential role leading to enhanced fluctuations toward establishing a reorganized gravito-electrostatic equilibrium structure. Finally, we discuss the consistency of our results in the framework of existing inertialess ion theories, experimental findings and multiple space satellite-based observations, together with new implications.

Impact of Fock terms on the isospin properties of nuclear matter

Several topics on the isospin properties of nuclear matter studied within the density-dependent relativistic Hartree-Fock theory are summarized. In detail, the effects of the Fock terms on the nuclear symmetry energy are listed, including the extra enhancement from the Fock terms of the isoscalar meson-nucleon coupling channels, the extra hyperon-induced suppression effect originating from the Fock channel, self-consistent tensor effects embedded automatically in the Fock diagrams, the enhanced density-dependent isospin-triplet potential part of the symmetry energy at high densities, a reduced kinetic symmetry energy at supranuclear density and so on. The results demonstrate the importance of the Fork diagram, especially from the isoscalar mesonnucleon coupling channels, on the isospin properties of the in-medium nuclear force.

Symmetry energy of nuclear matter in relativistic Hartree-Fock theory

Several topics on the symmetry energy of nuclear matter in relativistic Hartree-Fock theory are reviewed. General formulism of the newly developed density-dependent relativistic Hartree-Fock theory for hadronic matter is presented briefly. The effects of Fock terms on the nuclear symmetry energy are reviewed in detail from three aspects: the extra enhancement from the Fock terms of the isoscalar meson-nucleon coupling channels, the extra hyperon-induced suppression effect originating from the Fock channel, self-consistent tensor effects embedded automatically in the Fock diagrams. The naturally involved tensor force components in the Fock diagrams soften the density-dependent behavior of the symmetry energy and consequently lead neutron stars to be more compact. Finally, the error estimates of theoretical models are performed by doing a variation procedure, and possible ways to improve the relativistic Hartree-Fock models are discussed.

Vertical coupling between troposphere and lower ionosphere by electric currents and fields at equatorial latitudes

Thunderstorms play significant role in the upward electrical coupling between the troposphere and lower ionosphere by quasi-static (QS) electric fields generated by quiet conditions (by slow variations of electric charges), as well as during lightning discharges when they can be strong enough to produce in the nighttime lower ionosphere sprites. Changes are caused in lower ionosphere by the QS electric fields before a sprite-producing lightning discharge which can play role in formation of the stronger sprite-driving transient QS electric fields due to lightning. These changes include electron heating, modifications of conductivity and electron density, etc. We demonstrate that such changes depend on the geomagnetic latitude determining the magnetic field lines inclination, and thus, the anisotropic conductivity. Our previous results show that the QS electric fields in the lower ionosphere above equatorial thunderstorms are much bigger and have larger horizontal extension than those generated at high and middle altitudes by otherwise same conditions. Now we estimate by modeling the electric currents and fields generated in lower ionosphere above equatorial thunderstorms of different horizontal dimensions during quiet periods and of their self-consistent effects to conductivity whose modifications can play role in formation of post-lightning sprite-producing electric fields. Specific electric currents configurations and distributions of related electric fields are estimated first by ambient conductivity. Then, these are evaluated self-consistently with conductivity modification. The electric currents are re-oriented above ~85km and flow in a narrow horizontal layer where they dense. Respectively, the electric fields and their effect on conductivity have much larger horizontal scale than at middle latitudes (few hundred of kilometers). Horizontally large sources, such as mesoscale convective structures, cause enhancements of electric fields and their effects. These modified features may affect production of sprites.

Kajian Peran Konsistensi Diri Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika

<p>The aim of this research is to know the influence of self-consistency of the <br />student toward the learning result (achievement) in junior high school 179 Jakarta. The research method which was used in the research is survey method. The population of research is all students in class VIII. Samples are taken by simple random sampling, consisted of 70 students. The research instrument is a self-consistency and mathematics learning achievement. Data analyzed by simple regression techniques. The hypothesis testing resulted in conclusion; there positive and significant effect of self-consistency toward mathematics learning achievement. <br /><br /></p>

Quantum Transport in AlGaSb/InAs TFETs With Gate Field In-Line With Tunneling Direction

Quantum transport simulations are performed in tunneling FETs (TFETs) with the gate electric field in-line with the tunneling junction direction (in-line TFETs). Charge self-consistency and thermalization effects are included in a semiclassical Poisson solution to compute the electrostatic potential. The obtained potential is then used for current calculation with the ballistic nonequilibrium Green’s function method (NEGF) in the tight binding basis. It is shown that the NEGF method predicts a higher subthreshold swing than the often-used dynamic nonlocal (DNL) path band-to-band method. The NEGF method accounts for the direct source–drain tunneling, which is underestimated in the DNL path approach in the studied geometries. Undercut is shown to be essential to obtain switching slope below 60 mV/decade in the in-line TFETs.