Effects Of Recession Research Articles

고용-자영승수를 활용한 농업과 타 산업 간 노동 연관관계 분석

The agricultural sector has a very high proportion of unpaid workers (selfemployed) compared to other industries. Therefore, when analyzing the labor linkage structure of agriculture and other industries, it is necessary to analyze not only agricultural employment but also unpaid workers. This is because the effects of employment changes in other industries on agricultural unpaid workers and agricultural employment are different. This study proposed the Employment Self-employed Multiplier, a methodology that can evaluate the effect of employment changes in other industries on changes in unpaid workers in agriculture. As a result of the Employment Self-employed Multiplier analysis, it was found that workers employed in agriculture were more likely to lose their job due to the effects of recessions or unemployment in other industries than unpaid agricultural workers, and the Agriculture-forestry-fishery service industry was found to have the greatest influence on the change of unpaid workers in crops, livestock, and forestry.

Genotypic effects of APOE-ε4 on resting-state connectivity in cognitively intact individuals support functional brain compensation.

The investigation of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in asymptomatic individuals at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) enables discovering the earliest brain alterations in preclinical stages of the disease. The APOE-ε4 variant is the major genetic risk factor for AD, and previous studies have reported rsFC abnormalities in carriers of the ε4 allele. Yet, no study has assessed APOE-ε4 gene-dose effects on rsFC measures, and only a few studies included measures of cognitive performance to aid a clinical interpretation. We assessed the impact of APOE-ε4 on rsFC in a sample of 429 cognitively unimpaired individuals hosting a high number of ε4 homozygotes (n = 58), which enabled testing different models of genetic penetrance. We used independent component analysis and found a reduced rsFC as a function of the APOE-ε4 allelic load in the temporal default-mode and the medial temporal networks, while recessive effects were found in the extrastriate and limbic networks. Some of these results were replicated in a subsample with negative amyloid markers. Interaction with cognitive data suggests that such a network reorganization may support cognitive performance in the ε4-homozygotes. Our data indicate that APOE-ε4 shapes the functional architecture of the resting brain and favor the idea of a network-based functional compensation.

Is the Millennial Generation Left Behind? Inter-Cohort Labour Income Inequality in a Context of Economic Shock

This paper provides new evidence on how intergenerational income inequality evolves during the period 2005–2019. Using the Continuous Sample of Working Histories (CSWH), which includes administrative data about working lives and personal characteristics of Spanish workers, we shed light on the effect of the Great Recession on income inequality between cohorts in Spain. As a proxy of income, we employ monthly earnings data, provided by the CSWH. From a life course approach, we use two age-period-cohort (APC) models which allow us to separately identify three components: cohort, age and period effects. First, we examine relative earnings which will reveal whether there are income differences between generations. Second, we measure how absolute earnings have developed over time. Our results suggest that some generations are more disadvantaged in terms of income by their year of birth than others. Likewise, the evidence points out that the economic context experienced by a generation in their transition to the labour market is a key factor in the development of their income.

Arginine-based cationic liposomes accelerate T cell activation and differentiation in vitro

Cationic liposomes are versatile lipid nanocarriers to improve the pharmacological properties of drug payloads. Recent advantages include the application of their intrinsic immunostimulatory effects to enhance immune activation. Herein, we report for the first time the structural effect of cationic lipids in promoting T cell activation and differentiation in vitro. Two types of cationic liposomes R3C14 and R5C14 were prepared from single type of lipids Arg-C3-Clu2C14 or Arg-C5-Clu2C14, which bear arginine head group and ditetradecyl tails but vary in the carbon number of the spacer in between. Murine CD8 or CD4 T cells were pretreated with 50 μM of each type of liposomes for 2 h, followed by stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies for 24 h. In comparison to liposome-untreated T cells, R5C14-pretreatment induced a robust T cell activation (IL-2, CD25+) and differentiation into effector cells (CD44high, CD62Llow), whereas R3C14 did not show comparable effect. Furthermore, a weak activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) was detected in Jurkat-Lucia NFAT cells (InvivoGen), suggesting a potential signaling pathway for the liposomal effect. Although R5C14 liposomes did not activate T cells without subsequent CD3/CD28 stimulation, this study implied a recessive effect of some cationic adjuvant in priming T cells to enhance their responsiveness to antigens.

US Health Care Expenditures, GDP and Health Policy Reforms: Evidence from End-of-Sample Structural Break Tests.

This research investigates the over-time stability of the aggregate US healthcare expenditure (HCE)–GDP relationship, focusing on periods of healthcare reforms. The most consequential reforms—Medicaid/Medicare and the Affordable Care Act (ACA)—are challenging to study because they occur near the ends of the available data. Using annual national- and state-level data and a battery of structural break tests, we find the HCE–GDP relationship to be overwhelmingly stable. An ancillary analysis around the 2006 Massachusetts healthcare reform, which avoids the confounding effects of the Great Recession and the staggered rollout of the ACA, likewise finds no change.

Viable health funding in time of demographic ageing

In the past several decades a new challenge has arisen, and it refers to the rapid demographic ageing of the population in developed and developing countries, quite opposite to the previous understanding of overpopulated planet. Increase in the older population brings its implications to different segments of the society, and the national health system and its funding is one of them. This paper tends to analyze if there is a relationship between the government health expenditure and the increase in the older population in fourteen countries from the European Union that are experiencing most intense process of demographic ageing. Also, other possible determinants of the health expenditures are included, such as government social spending, gross domestic product per capita and dummy variable to estimate the effect of the global recession onto the health expenditure.

Estimation of parameters of genetic variation of spring durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) on the basis of “number of grains from the main spike”

Aim. To assess the combining ability, features and nature of the inheritance of the trait “number of grains from the main spike” in varieties of spring durum wheat for their further involvement in breeding programs. Methods. The investigations were carried out at the V. M. Remeslo Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine. Varieties (‘Zhizel’, ‘MIP Raiduzhna’, ‘Kharkivska 27’, ‘Kharkivska 39’, ‘Spadshchyna’, ‘Kuchumovka’, ‘Tera’) of domestic breeding were involved in crossings according to the full diallel scheme (7 ´ 7). Parental components and F1 were studied in the field in 2016, 2017. Results. The analysis of variance of combining ability showed a significant advantage in general combining abili­ty (GCA) effects. The mean square of the specific combi­ning ability (SCA) was significantly inferior to the GCA, but was significant in both years of the study. Consistently high GCA effects in 2016, 2017 were determined in the variety ‘Tera’ (gi = 1.35; 2.37). Non-alelic gene interaction was not found, which made it possible to analyze the main parame­ters of genetic variation. In two years of investigations, in the phenotypic manifestation of the number of grains from the main spike, dominant effects (H1 and H2) survived over additive ones (D). The average degree of dominance indicated overdominance (H1/D). The indicator of the ave­rage degree of dominance in loci () also indicated overdominance. Dominance was significantly oriented. Dominant effects of genes increased the number of grains, while recessive effects decreased them. At least one group of genes has been identified that has led to dominance. In general, dominant genes (F > 0) or groups of genes dominated quantitatively in cultivar investigated. A high coefficient of heritability in a broad sense (H2 = 0.88; 0.90) indicates a significant phenotypic conditionality to genetic factors. The coefficient of heritability in a narrow sense (h2 = 0.31; 0.38) indicates the average contribution of the additive effects of genes over the dominant ones. Conclusions. The identified breeding and genetic features on the basis of the “number of grains from the main spike” trait make it possible to predict the effectiveness of selections aimed at increasing the trait in the newly hybrid material. However, due to the predominance of dominant effects and overdominance in the genetic control of a trait, selection in later generations will be more effective. Varieties ‘Kharkivska 27’, ‘Kharkivska 39’ and ‘Tera’ should be used as genetic sources to increase the trait “number of grains from the main spike”.

FTD-associated mutations in Tau result in a combination of dominant and recessive phenotypes

Although mutations in the microtubules-associated protein Tau have long been connected with several neurodegenerative diseases, the underlying molecular mechanisms causing these tauopathies are still not fully understood. Studies in various models suggested that dominant gain-of-function effects underlie the pathogenicity of these mutants; however, there is also evidence that the loss of normal physiological functions of Tau plays a role in tauopathies. Previous studies on Tau in Drosophila involved expressing the human Tau protein in the background of the endogenous Tau gene in addition to inducing high expression levels. To study Tau pathology in more physiological conditions, we recently created Drosophila knock-in models that express either wildtype human Tau (hTauWT) or disease-associated mutant hTau (hTauV337M and hTauK369I) in place of the endogenous Drosophila Tau (dTau). Analyzing these flies as homozygotes, we could therefore detect recessive effects of the mutations while identifying dominant effects in heterozygotes. Using memory, locomotion and sleep assays, we found that homozygous mutant hTau flies showed deficits already when quite young whereas in heterozygous flies, disease phenotypes developed with aging. Homozygotes also revealed an increase in microtubule diameter, suggesting that changes in the cytoskeleton underlie the axonal degeneration we observed in these flies. In contrast, heterozygous mutant hTau flies showed abnormal axonal targeting and no detectable changes in microtubules. However, we previously showed that heterozygosity for hTauV337M interfered with synaptic homeostasis in central pacemaker neurons and we now show that heterozygous hTauK369I flies have decreased levels of proteins involved in the release of synaptic vesicles. Taken together, our results demonstrate that both mutations induce a combination of dominant and recessive disease-related phenotypes that provide behavioral and molecular insights into the etiology of Tauopathies.

Recession and hysteresis effects of hyporheic zone permeability changes on baseflow in seasonal freeze-thaw mountainous areas

Baseflow is the main groundwater discharge mode from mountainous areas to rivers and is an important component of river runoff. Temperature changes in the hyporheic zone in seasonal freeze–thaw areas cause changes in its permeability, which then affect the recession of baseflow. It is critical to study underground surface water transformation processes in cold regions to explore baseflow recession and hysteresis effects caused by permeability changes in the hyporheic zone under variable temperatures. In this study, we investigated the Hanyangtun Basin in the Changbai Mountain District to determine the functional relationship between permeability and temperature in the hyporheic zone using theoretical analysis combined with laboratory saturated permeability experiments using medium- and fine-grained sand at variable temperatures. We then calculated and analyzed the recession amplitude and hysteresis time of the baseflow caused by permeability changes in the hyporheic zone of this freeze–thaw mountainous area using water temperature and reference baseflow data. The results indicate that owing to large temperature changes in the study area, the permeability of the hyporheic zone changed substantially. Lower permeability leads to the blocking of groundwater discharging to surface water, i.e., the baseflow hysteresis effect. The recession amplitude of the baseflow caused by lower permeability increased with decreasing temperatures, reaching a maximum of 41.67%. The groundwater discharge hysteresis time increased with decreasing temperature. The hysteresis effect was most obvious during the stable melting period, with a maximum hysteresis time of 16 days, while the total annual hysteresis time was 60 days. This study provides a new perspective for qualitative and quantitative studies of the relationship between groundwater and surface water in the mountainous areas that experience seasonal freeze–thaw.

Effects of the Great Recession on suicide mortality in Chile and contributing factors

Between 2008 and 2009 suicide rates in Chile were higher than those observed before and after, increasing more than in other countries in Latin America. The Great Recession has been suggested as an important factor behind this increase. This study assesses the excess of suicide attributable to the crisis in Chile, a “mature” neoliberal society with a precarious social security system, low salaries, and high levels of indebtedness, and identifies the most relevant economic variables that may contribute to this excess. We pooled data since 2000 on monthly suicide rates, unemployment, economic activity and perception of problematic indebtedness for different sex and age groups. We adopted an interrupted time series design with Poisson regressions models adjusted for monthly variations and non-linear pre-crisis trajectories via restricted cubic splines. We then further controlled for economic variables to evaluate their possible contributions to suicide increase attributable to the economic crisis. Suicide mortality during the crisis period was higher than in the previous period in all sex and age groups. Overall, we estimated that 301 suicides (95% CI: 181 to 422) were attributable to the crisis in Chile. This excess was concentrated among men younger than 65 and women 65 and older. Including unemployment and indebtedness perception in the models reduced the excess of suicides. The increase was concentrated in the first half of the crisis and an early pre-crisis effect could be observed when anticipating the crisis beginning by three months. Results suggest that the Great Recession had an impact on suicide mortality in Chile and that increase in unemployment and indebtedness could be related to this increase. Results by sex and age are consistent with the most vulnerable groups in the context of Chilean neoliberalism. For future crises, improving unemployment insurance, and reinforcing suicide prevention attending to the economic context should be a priority.

College or Bust… or Both: The Effects of the Great Recession on College Enrollment for Black and Latinx Young Adults

This article looks at whether the Great Recession led to changes in two-year and four-year college enrollment patterns for students aged 18–24. In particular, I examine how the probability of enrollment changed for Black and Latinx students. It is not initially clear whether the Great Recession would increase or decrease college enrollment for these populations. On the one hand, higher unemployment rates could prompt people to enroll in college, but on the other, reduced credit availability could decrease an individual’s ability to cover costs. I use the severity of the recession in different states to compare how enrollment changed in states that had relatively larger increases in the unemployment rates during the recession using the Current Population Survey (CPS) October Education supplements from 2002 to 2012 as the data source. I find that the probability of college enrollment increased after the onset of the Great Recession for Black students. There is some weak evidence that enrollment might have increased for Latinx students. Enrollment was not more likely in states with higher than average unemployment rates.

Productivity growth over the business cycle: cleansing effects of recessions

Productivity growth over the business cycle: cleansing effects of recessions

Economic change and population health: lessons learnt from an umbrella review on the Great Recession

ObjectivesWorldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic triggered the sharpest economic downturn since the Great Recession. To prepare for future crises and to preserve public health, we conduct an overview of systematic reviews...

Effects of Trade Facilitation on Trade Costs in Developed and Developing Countries: PPML Analysis

Trade facilitation reduces trade costs and eases the movement of goods and services. Studies have shown that trade flows increased by improving the trade facilitation process and reducing trade costs. The study aims to estimate the effects of trade facilitation enhancement on trade costs in 111 developed and developing countries over the 2008 to 2014 period using the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator. The findings show that trade facilitation components such as border administration, business environment and transport and communication infrastructure reduce trade costs. This trade facilitation should have helped alleviate the effects of the financial recession and eased world trade recovery. On the other hand, the study finds that additional market access increases trade costs. The most important finding is that the effectiveness of trade facilitation is higher when more countries engage in trade and when those countries are together participating in trade facilitation.

Understanding the Scarring Effect of Recessions

This paper documents that the earnings cost of job loss is concentrated among workers who find reemployment in lower-skill occupations, and that the cost and incidence of such occupation displacement is higher for workers who lose their job during a recession. I propose a model where hiring is endogenously more selective during recessions, leading some unemployed workers to optimally search for reemployment in lower-skill jobs. The model accounts for existing estimates of the size and cyclicality of the present value cost of job loss, and the cost of entering the labor market during a recession. (JEL E24, E32, J23, J24, J31, J63, J64)

Societal Progress Indicators and Co-Responsibility for All a Possible Answer to Sustainable Social and Economic Development during the Global Pandemic

The aim of this paper is to introduce a pertinent management model for municipalities and relevant groups to support the local communities in dealing with social and economic issues, or as in our case, with the effects of the global pandemic, while promoting sustainable development, through corporate social co-responsibility and efficient allocation and reallocation of resources. SPIRAL Methodology was used to implement exploratory research using the focus group as main research method and ESPOIR software for the statistical analysis. 2275 answers were collected from 198 citizens in Brasov Municipality. The citizens’ answers positively correlate with the social and economic situation, dominated by the effects of the Great Recession. Mostly, well-being through their eyes is related to the working place, purchasing power, education and mental and physical health. Secondly citizens focus on improving their lives and contributing to the society. Lastly, they pay attention to the personal equilibrium. SPIRAL represents a useful tool in supporting governments and local stake holders to identify the pain points, find solutions and locally available resources while, sharing responsibility and successfully overcoming the negative impact of the global pandemic over the economy and society. When comparing the effects SPRIAL methodology had in the communities where it was applied, with the current situation around the world and with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, we contribute to enriching the management knowledge by providing a comprehensive tool that promotes sustainable development, measures wellbeing and nurtures cooperation and social innovation.

Do Lawmakers Respond to Crisis Ideologically or Pragmatically?

How do members of Congress respond to economic shocks in their districts? This study uses constituency-level unemployment data from 2006–2011 and data on the policy instruments included in individual bills to estimate the district-level effects of the Great Recession on the kinds of policies individual lawmakers introduce. Few previous studies have examined lawmaker responsiveness to rapid changes in district conditions and fewer still examine policy instruments instead of issue priorities. Measuring instruments matters because they capture what the policy actually does (as opposed to what it is about) which is both consequential and ideologically loaded. The results show that Democrats and Republicans respond differently. Republicans are more responsive, particularly with policy instruments that conform to their ideology, while Democrats are as likely (in the case of tax cuts), or more likely (in the case of spending) to support economic stimulus without an economic crisis. Differences in the macropolitical situation cannot be ruled out as an explanation of the differences between parties.

On the cleansing effect of recessions and government policy: Evidence from Covid-19

Recessions can have a cleansing effect by encouraging the reallocation of resources from low-productivity firms towards higher-productivity ones. Whether this effect actually occurs is still debated. We contribute to answering this question by providing new evidence. Using a survey of firms matched with administrative data, we trace out the Covid-19 recession’s effects across the productivity distribution. Higher-productivity firms are found to have been more successful at maintaining employment, but there was not a rise in exit amongst lower-productivity firms. In line with the theory that support policies offset the cleansing effect of recessions, high-productivity firms are also found to have been less likely to take up government support.

The heterogeneous effects of the great recession on informal care to the elderly

This paper studies the role of unobserved factors to measure the impact of the economic downturn on informal care availability to the elderly in Europe. We use the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), which allows controlling for socio-demographic variables. Our results show that the impact of the Great Recession on care receipt depends not only on observed, but also on unobserved characteristics. For 21% of the sample, the effect is three to four times larger than the average effect for the entire sample. For 57% of the sample, there is no effect of the economic crisis, and this is related to unobservable factors. In our estimation process, we are able to characterize how this unobserved heterogeneity correlates with the observable variables. Moreover, we show that if the unobserved heterogeneity in the effect of the crisis is ignored, then we are not able to capture that there is no effect for more than half of the individuals, even if we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in the intercept of the model and for the heterogeneous effect of the crisis based on observables.

Trade Openness and Economic Growth in China and India in Comparative Perspective: An Exploratory Study

China's economic success has been attributed to export-led growth, while India has used export-led growth and domestic demand-led growth simultaneously. Therefore, both economies can learn from each success in trade performance vis-a-vis economic growth. The paper intends to analyze trade openness and economic growth performance in comparative perspective of China and India and draws policy implications using data triangulation methods. The study reveals that Trade openness ratio stood at 35.4% and 31.9% respectively in China and India in 2018, which reflects narrowing down in trade-GDP ratio in two economies. China recorded simple exports-GDP ratio at 20.5% and 42.34% respectively in 2000 and 2010 compared to India's corresponding figures at 9.6% and 15.1% respectively, reflecting much more integration of China into global trade compared to India. Export-GDP ratios have steadily increased in both countries since 1991, but declined in 2008 due to effects of the global recession and stood at 18.3% and 12.5% respectively in China and India in 2018. Over the period, China has emerged as India's largest trading partner, but bilateral trade gap of India is also increasing with its overall trade gap with rest of the world, which contributes to overall trade imbalance of India and poses a policy challenge to sustain trade between two countries along with narrowing the existing bilateral trade gap, which can be addressed effectively by India's technology-intensive exports to China. Both countries are required to remove existing trade barriers and constraints to reap full trade potential focusing on customs rules and procedures, standards, certification and regulatory practices, non-tariff barriers, and rules of origin. Mutual consensus on customs valuation and guidelines to facilitate uniform documentation across ports are needed to increase China-India trade. Despite high degree of openness, both countries experienced a small deceleration in growth in recent years. Therefore, free trade and sustained reforms are the best options for China and India to return to sustainable growth rates.