Effects Of Rapid Weight Loss Research Articles

Physiological Perturbations in Combat Sports: Weight Cycling and Metabolic Function-A Narrative Review.

Combat sports athletes seeking a competitive edge often engage in weight management practices to become larger than their opponents, which ultimately includes periods of gradual weight loss, rapid weight loss, and weight regain. This pattern of weight loss and regain is known as weight cycling and often includes periods of low energy availability, making combat sports athletes susceptible to metabolic dysfunction. This narrative review represents an effort to explore the metabolic perturbations associated with weight cycling and outline the short-, medium-, and long-term effects on metabolic flexibility, function, and health. The short-term effects of rapid weight loss, such as a reduced metabolic rate and alterations to insulin and leptin levels, may prelude the more pronounced metabolic disturbances that occur during weight regain, such as insulin resistance. Although definitive support is not currently available, this cycle of weight loss and regain and associated metabolic changes may contribute to metabolic syndrome or other metabolic dysfunctions over time.

Effect of Rapid Body Weight Loss on Balance and Functional Mobility in Obese Individuals after Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding Operation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rapid weight loss on static balance and functional mobility among excessively obese patients undergoing Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) surgery. Subjects (8 females; BMI >35 kg/m2) underwent baseline measurements before LAGB surgery, followed by subsequent evaluations at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks during the follow-up appointments. During each evaluation, various assessments were conducted, including measurements of anthropometry such as body weight, height, hip and waist circumference, as well as functional tests for static balance, 10-meter walk, and timed get-up-and-go. There were statistically significant changes in weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, abdominal circumference, waist-hip ratio, static sway eyes open, timed up-and-go, 10-meter walk, and steps in 10-meter walk test values (p<0.001) between the baseline and the postoperative measurements. However static sway values under eyes closed condition were not statistically significant. In the 24-week follow-up, the weight loss, reduction in abdominal circumference, increase in walking speed against time and step count, and recovery in functional movements were shown to persist. Also, reduction in static balance surface oscillation confirmed the improvement of balance control.

Effect of rapid weight loss on mood states and burnout of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process.

The current study aimed to analyze the psychological alterations resulting from rapid weight loss in the mood states and burnout of male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. For the purpose of this study, 31 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes participated, divided into two groups (RWLG: rapid weight loss group and CG: control group). Data collections were performed at three moments (1: baseline, before weight loss; 2: weigh-in, during the official competition; and 3: recovery, 7 to 10 days after the competition), with application of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Considering the outcomes, for body mass, the athletes from RWLG presented mean reductions of 3.5 kg (4.2% of the initial body mass). For mood states, both groups (RWLG and CG) presented a moment effect for tension and confusion, with higher levels during weigh-in compared to baseline and recovery (p < 0.05). For burnout, both groups showed low levels of burnout, with no effect of moment, group, or interaction in the analyses (p > 0.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that weight loss, in the magnitude performed in this study, did not generate an additional impact on mood or level of burnout in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process.

Effect of rapid weight loss on the handgrip strength of national-level wrestlers

The effects of rapid weight loss (RWL) in combat sports athletes is an area that is not yet fully discovered. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of weight loss on HGS (handgrip strength) in Greco-Roman wrestlers. This cross-over study included ten athletes examined for HGS during three time points for each hand. The first measurement – baseline (BL), was performed before weight reduction. The second measurement ‒ phase 1 (P1), was taken after high-intensity sports specific training (HISST) combined with RWL. In this phase, participants had to lose 5% of their body mass within three days, after which HISST was carried out (on day 3). The third measurement ‒ phase 2 (P2), was performed seven days after P1, which included HISST with no RWL. When comparing the HGS values, significantly higher values were observed only when P1 was compared with P2 for the left hand (p=0.039). This means that the grip was significantly stronger after RWL was conducted together with HISST. This research could be of great importance to combat sports coaches and athletes as it evaluates the effect of RWL on performance parameters. Therefore, the results of our study could serve to improve the wrestlers' weight-reduction plan.

Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes

PurposeTo investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes.MethodsIn a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery.ResultsDuring the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (P = 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all P < 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%; P < 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process.ConclusionUnder the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss following Iron Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Serum Osteocalcin Levels in University Wrestlers

This experiment is designed for bone health in wrestlers and martial arts athletes who lose weight with Rapid Weight Loss (RWL). To clarify the effect of iron intake on the relationship between weight loss and bone densityFor athletes using the RWL strategy, iron intake was observed for bone mineral density (BMD), serum osteocalcin (OC) level, and serum iron marker. This study was conducted on 23 wrestlers (13 males and 10 females). It was divided into the trial 1 (iron intake and weight loss) and the trial 2 (only weight loss). In addition, between the first and second experiments, a washout period was given for 3 weeks} in order to eliminate the medicinal effect. All measurements were performed in the same group. However, the OC levels were reduced following RWL. In case of the males, the intake group after weight loss demonstrated a significant increase in BMD (p&lt;0.05). Correlation analysis of the data for the male group showed significant correlations between serum OC and iron contents (p&lt;0.05), total BMD and TIBC(total iron binding capacity) (p&lt;0.05), and transferrin and iron concentrations (p&lt;0.05). In the female group, serum OC and iron (p&lt;0.01), transferrin and TIBC(total iron binding capacity) (p&lt;0.01) showed correlations. In addition, between serum OC and ferritin (p&lt;0.05), total BMD and ferritin (p&lt;0.05), TIBC and iron (p&lt;0.05) were shown to have some degree of correlation in the global evaluations.

The effect of rapid weight loss on sports injury in elite taekwondo athletes

ABSTRACT Objectives The purpose of this study was to reveal the relationship of injury patterns between normal training period and weight loss period in Korea elite taekwondo athletes. Methods Since 2021, data for elite taekwondo athletes have been collected prospectively by the Korean Training Institute, there were 102 male and 95 female. The data were classified by sex, weight class, injury location, injuries during the normal training and weight loss periods. The χ2 test was used to compare groups. The injury incidence rates were calculated as the number of injuries per 1,000 hours of training. Results A total of 703 injuries were recorded during normal training, and total of 149 injuries were recorded during the weight loss period. Taekwondo athletes showed a higher incidence of during the weight loss period than during the normal training period (3.66 VS 6.88; p < 0.001). The body parts affected by injury differed significantly between the normal training period and weight loss period (p = 0.033). Injury to the lower extremities or to the head and neck was relatively higher during the normal training period, while injury to the trunk and upper extremities was relatively higher during the weight loss period. Muscle, ligament, and bone injuries were common during both the normal training and weight loss periods. Level I injuries were relatively more frequent during normal training, while level II and III injuries were relatively more frequent during weight loss (p < 0.001). Conclusion Rapid weight loss is related to the injury patterns in taekwondo athletes. Injury incidence rate increases during rapid weight loss periods. Moreover, the injury site and injury severity depend on during normal training and during the weight loss period.

Quantifying frequency of use of methods of body mass loss in competing UK powerlifters

Previous research in Powerlifting (PL) has qualitatively investigated rapid weight-loss (RWL) in PL athletes and body image, however limited research exists in quantifying such methods adopted in PL. This study aimed to assess the frequency of RWL methods are adopted by male and female PL athletes in the United Kingdom (UK) during competition preparation. A total of n = 37 (n = 19 female, n = 18 male) competitive powerlifters completed an anonymous online questionnaire assessing RWL methods. A Chi-square cross tabulation was utilised to identify any significant differences between independent and dependent variables. Multiple regression analyses were then conducted to assess the contribution of biological sex and PL category on RWL methods. Commonly reported methods of weight loss were gradual dieting (49%), fluid restriction (46%), and water loading (51%). Differences between PL category (Junior, Open, Masters One) and adopting RWL were observed (X2 =4.220, p<0.05). PL category was a predictor of undertaking RWL (R2adj = 0.160, F(2, 34) = 4.429, p ≤ 0.05), whilst biological sex was a predictor of timeframe of undertaking RWL (R2adj = 0.123, F(2, 34) = 3.534, p ≤ 0.05). RWL strategies are adopted by PL athletes in order to make weight for competition. Despite known effects of RWL on strength performance, limited research currently exists on these strategies specifically within PL, therefore this may be a consideration for future research. Practitioners working with PL athletes may wish to consider appropriate nutrition and weight loss strategies in preparation for PL competitions.

Effect of Rapid Weight Loss on Hydration Status and Performance in Elite Judo Athletes.

Simple SummaryThis study investigated the effect of 5% rapid weight loss on hydration status and performance in elite judo athletes. The study demonstrated that rapid weight loss performed in 48 h induced dehydration and increased heart rate responses during the exercise. However, it did not negatively affect performance during judo-specific tasks. Despite this finding, rapid weight loss may lead to hazardous effects on the health and performance of judo athletes in the long term. Thus, more precautions should be taken to stop judo athletes from resorting to rapid weight loss before competitions with better in-season weight management.Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 5% rapid weight loss on hydration status and judo performance in highly trained judo athletes. Methods: Eighteen male judo athletes participated in the study and were divided into two groups: control and rapid weight loss (RWL). RWL athletes were given 48 h to cut 5% of their body mass while the control group followed their routines. Athletes performed three measurements, including hydration, body mass and three consecutive special judo fitness tests (SJFTs). At the 1st and 6th minutes following each SJFT and 1st, 6th and 15th minutes following the last SJFT, blood lactate and heart rate (HR) was monitored. Results: The effect of RWL on variables was tested with split-plot ANOVA. RWL significantly affected urine specific gravity with a higher value following weight loss compared to baseline and recovery (F2-32 = 13.2, p < 0.001). In addition, athletes’ SJFT total throw numbers differed among measurements (F2-32 = 7.70, p < 0.001). Athletes presented worse SJFT index after weight loss (F2-32 = 8.05, p = 0.01; F1-16 = 6.43, p = 0.02, respectively). HR changed significantly among measurements days and times (F28-448 = 143.10, p < 0.001). Conclusion: RWL induced dehydration and impaired heart rate recovery in highly trained judo athletes, and they could not rehydrate between competition simulated weigh-in and 15 h of recovery.

Principles of Rapid Weight Loss in Female Sambo Athletes.

In combat sports, competitors are separated into weight divisions, to create equality between the athletes. Consequently, rapid weight loss (RWL) is a common practice in combat sports. Although the methods used to induce RWL are similar among athletes, currently, there are limited data concerning the RWL methodologies used by sambo athletes. Therefore, this study aimed at determining RWL procedures among female sambo athletes. Participants in the study were top-level athletes competing at the World Sambo Championship held in Novi Sad. A total sample of 47 female sambo athletes, of whom 24 were seniors (27.3 ± 4 year/age, 1.61 ± 0.09 m/height, 61.8 ± 8.87 kg/weight) and 23 juniors (18.7 ± 0.8 year/age, 1.66 ± 0.07 m/height, 63.7 ± 12.1 kg/weight), were examined in the study. To determine RWL methods, data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. As a result, 88.7% of the female sambo athletes declared that they intentionally cut their weight before the competition. The most commonly used methods were gradual dieting, followed by sauna, fluid restriction, and skipping meals. The most considerable influence on the RWL strategies of athletes came from coaches and personal trainers, while physicians and dietitians were far less influential. The results obtained from this representative sample highlight the most common practices concerning weight cutting prior to competition among females. Therefore, there is a need to inform and educate both athletes and coaches about the potentially harmful effects of RWL in combat sports.

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery on Prevention of Pulmonary Hypertension Measured by the Pulmonary Artery Diameter and Its Ratio to the Ascending Aorta Diameter

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss after Bariatric Surgery on Prevention of Pulmonary Hypertension Measured by the Pulmonary Artery Diameter and Its Ratio to the Ascending Aorta Diameter

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Kidney Function in Combat Sport Athletes.

Even though scientific literature shows numerous heath complications and performance decrements associated with rapid weight loss (RWL), its prevalence remains exceedingly high across various combat sports. The aim of this study was to thoroughly search the existing literature to explore the influence of RWL on kidney function in Olympic and non-Olympic combat sport athletes. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for the relevant studies. Only original articles published from 2005 onwards, written in English, that included healthy males and females who prompted ~5% weight loss within a week or less, were included in the study. Retrieved studies showed that creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urine specific gravity values were significantly increased after RWL in the majority of the included studies. This observation indicates that RWL caused dehydration and subsequent acute kidney damage despite various degrees of weight lost during the RWL phase, which can lead to adverse events in other body systems. Alternative methods of weight reduction that prioritize athletes’ health should be considered.

Rapid Weight Loss in Congolese Judo: Energy Profile, Performance and Haematological Effects

While the deleterious effects of rapid weight loss (RWL) on the health in combat sports athletes are well known, the issue of exertion energy expenditure and motor performance remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of RWL on energy cost and judo performance, and associated haematological characteristics. Among 21 top Congolese judoists who took part in an intensive judo program lasting 5 1/2 days (or 11 sessions), 16 of them rapidly lost 4% to 5.5% of body mass; corollarly with a reclassification in one of the 3 weight categories: -60 kg (n = 7), -80 kg (n = 5) and -100 kg (n = 4). During sessions 1 and 11, the energy cost during the different training sequences was evaluated from the heart rate (HR). During the program, a judo performance test evaluated 2 performance indicators: the number of uchi-komi achieved and the height of uke’s center of gravity during a throw. Basal blood parameters were determined before RWL and at S1, S11 (after the judo combat series). The results show a significant increase in heart rate from session S1 to session S11, in the different training sequences. HR after fights was around 98% of HRmax. In addition, a significant decrease in number of uchi-komi was observed on each of the bearings 4 to 6 and throughout the performance test, and in height of uke’s center of gravity during fall movements. While most of the basal blood parameters remained unaltered during the program, red blood cell was reduced significantly and a significant plasma volume changes increase was found. The modification of each of the variables measured thus reflects the negative effect of the rapid weight loss associated to the increase in energy cost in judo.

Knowledge and Awareness on Effects of Rapid Weight Loss Among Adults Undergoing Fitness Program - A Questionnaire Based Study

Knowledge and Awareness on Effects of Rapid Weight Loss Among Adults Undergoing Fitness Program - A Questionnaire Based Study

레슬링 선수의 단기간 체중감량이 신체구성, 근력, 민첩성 및 심폐지구력에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL) on body composition, muscle strength, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance in elite wrestlers. Fourteen female and male elite wrestlers (age = 23.92 ± 3.45 years, careers = 11.14 ± 2.17 years) completed body composition, muscle strength, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance assessments three day prior to an official weigh-in (pre-test) and immediately after the weigh-in (post-test). RWL program with 6.35% of weight loss had a significantly reduced impact on cardiorespiratory endurance, while the changes of Muscle strength and agility were not significant after rapid weight loss. These findings demonstrate negative effects on cardiorespiratory endurance in elite wrestlers engaging in rapid weight loss strategies prior to competition.

Short-term multiorgan metabolic benefits of rapid weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy in severely obese patients

Background Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has become the most prevalent bariatric-metabolic surgical approach in the United States. Its popularity among surgeons and patients is mainly due to a better safety profile and less overall morbidity, with broad benefits from a systemic and metabolic perspective. Objective Comprehensively describe the short-term multiorgan metabolic effects of rapid weight loss after SG. Setting Academic hospital, United States. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients that underwent SG at our institution between 2012 and 2016. We analyzed the required variables to calculate multiple risk scores, such as cardiovascular, hypertension, and diabetes risk scores. Furthermore, the renal and hepatic functions and the metabolic and hematologic profiles were assessed at 12 months of follow-up. Results A total of 1002 patients were included in the analysis. The percentage of excess body mass index loss was, on average, 65% at 12 months of follow-up. We observed a positive cardio-renal-hepatic improvement, demonstrated by a substantial reduction of the 10-year cardiovascular risk. We noticed an improvement of renal function, which was more significant in chronic kidney disease (stage ≥2), and a significant improvement on liver function tests (measured by decreased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase) at 12 months of follow-up. Our data also show a positive impact on decreasing the risk of developing hypertension and type 2 diabetes. There was a positive impact on the lipid profile, with the exception of low-density lipoprotein. Conclusion There are significant short-term benefits on multiorgan metabolic parameters after rapid weight loss in severely obese patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy.

여자 유도선수들의 급속 체중감량이 면역력 및 혈관내피 성장인자에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 여자대학 유도선수를 대상으로 자기 체중 5%이상의 급속(4일간) 체중감량이 신체구성, 면역력(호중 구, 림프구, 단핵구) 및 혈관내피 성장인자(VEGF)에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해서 체중 감량군 7명, 비교군 7명 총 14명을 대상으로 실시하여 결론을 얻었다. 급속 체중감량 후 신체구성의 경우 체중(p < .001), 체수분(p < .05), 체지방률 (p < .01), 체지방량(p < .01), BMI(p < .01) 등은 유의하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 면역력 경우 백혈구 아형의 단핵구는 유의하게 감소한 것으로 나타났으며(p < .05), VEGF 역시 유의하게 감소한 것으로 나타났다(p < .01). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 강도 높은 훈련과 식이제한으로 인한 급속한 체중감량은 과도한 탈수로 인해 체내의 수분 손실뿐만 아니라 무기질, 근육량과 같은 제지방량도 감소시켜 선수들의 경기력 저하의 요인이 될 것으로 생각된다. 또한 체급경기 선수들이 장기적으로 급속한 체중감량을 실시한다면 인체의 병원균 감염으로 인해 면역력 저하와 더불어 새로운 혈관 형성과 혈관 기능에 문제를 유발시켜 선수들의 건강에 좋지 않은 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Judo Athletes: A Systematic Review.

Rapid weight loss (RWL) is commonly practiced among judo athletes. Although it helps them to gain the advantage over their lighter opponents, previous studies have shown that RWL can have a negative impact on the athlete’s performance and overall well-being. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence that examines the influence of rapid weight loss on physiological parameters, biomarkers, and psychological well-being in judo athletes. We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. We searched for studies on Web of Science and PubMed that elaborate on the influence of ≥5% RWL achieved over ≤7-day period in judokas. Out of 52 studies initially found, 14 studies met our eligibility criteria and were included in the review. In total, we examined data from 1103 judo athletes. Retrieved studies showed conflicting data concerning physiological parameters and biomarkers, while psychological well-being parameters were more consistent than physiological and biomarkers. The feeling of tension, anger, and fatigue significantly increased while a decrease in vigor was demonstrated among athletes who lost weight rapidly. The evidence on the impact of RWL on performance remains ambiguous. More studies under standardized conditions are needed in order to provide firm evidence. Considering the harmful effects of RWL outlined in the existing literature, it is important to determine and monitor athlete’s minimal competitive weight to prioritize the health and safety of the athlete, emphasize fairness, and ultimately benefit the sport.

Differences in the Bodyweight, Hydration Levels, Lean Mass, and Fat Mass in Spanish Junior Elite Judokas.

Combat sports have a great interest in society and among professional sports. They are an important group of sports in the Olympic Games, but the strategies carried out by athletes to reduce body weight for weighing day, is famously known, suffering the adverse physical and psychological effects of rapid weight loss. This could compromise not only the performance, but the health and development of young athletes. A total of 22 elite male judokas (18.05 ± 1.05 years old) were evaluated during four different competitions in one season; the variables of body weight, water levels, and lean and fat mass were measured by bioimpedance (BIA), (Tanita BC545N) during one season. Using the linear mixed model test, we found significant differences in bodyweight variable during the competitions 3–4. The water level variable showed significant differences in all competitions, except for 2–4. Body mass index was significantly different in all competitions, being higher in the later competitions, except between competitions 1–2 and 2–3. Judokas participate in weight loss methods for their weigh-in days. Furthermore, the age at which the athletes reduced their water levels are worrisome. These results could be used to create healthy programs, especially in elite judokas, in order to carry out strategies before, during, and after competitions with weight loss and controlled water levels increasing future performance and health.

The effects of rapid weight loss on skeletal muscle in judo athletes

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of rapid weight loss (RWL) methods over 3 days on muscle damage in judokas.MethodsEighteen judokas participated in this crossover study, meaning that judo athletes were subjected to exercise-only phase (4 days) and RWL phase (3 days). Subjects were tested for myoglobin, creatine kinase, aldolase, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values on seven consecutive days. These biomarkers served as indicators of acute muscle damage.ResultsDuring the exercise-only phase, no significant changes were observed. Myoglobin (Mb) (p < 0.001), creatine kinase (CK) (p < 0.001) and aldolase (ALD) (p < 0.001) significantly increased only during the RWL phase, as well as hemoglobin (Hb) (p < 0.001) and hematocrit (Hct) (p < 0.005) values. It was detected that peak values for muscle damage biomarkers were reached on the sixth day, while Hct and Hb values were the highest on the seventh day of the study.ConclusionOur study showed significant muscle damage induced by RWL. The prevalence of RWL use by judokas is high but firm scientific evidence is lacking in the evaluation of the current practice of it. Therefore, further knowledge must be gained to evaluate the effectiveness of RWL on performance and its impact on judokas’ wellbeing.