Effects Of Radiofrequency Radiation Research Articles

Is radio-frequency radiation emitted by mobile phones, a cause for concern? A dentist’s review

This review summarizes and interprets the biological eff ects of radio-frequency radiations emitted by mobile phones on the oral cavity and its constituents namely, buccal mucosal cells, saliva - its constituents and fl ow rate and salivary (parotid) glands. The emphasis of this review is on the changes - degenerative, cancerous or otherwise brought about in the individuals using mobile phones regularly. Most of the studies done to establish a defi nitive causal relationship between radio-frequency (RF) radiation and changes in oral tissues and saliva rely on the information given by the subjects which may not be accurate. Tissues closest to phone antenna are the sites of maximum exposure to RF energy, making oral cavity a target site. Thus, it is recommended to explore various changes taking place in the oral tissues with mobile phone use. Most of these eff ects may take years or decades before expressing themselves. Current studies lack both long-term users as well as outcomes. At present, overall the use of mobile phones has not shown any signifi cant health hazard and the associations found in terms of changes taking place in cells and salivary constituents need to be substantiated by further strong evidence-based long-term studies.

Estimation of Genotoxic Effects from GSM Base Stations on Four Successive Generations (F1 F4) of Albino Mice, Mus Musculus Using RAPD Bands and Micronucleus Assay

The levels of radiofrequency radiations from the telecommunication base station and its potential genotoxic effects on DNA content and micronucleus induction in four generations of albino mice, Mus musculus were carried out. The level of radiofrequency radiations around the GSM base station ranged between 1.3 - 2.0⇥ 10 3 µW/m 2 respectively. The genotoxic effects of radiofrequency radiation on four mice generations were based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and gel electrophoresis, results showed gradual depreciation in DNA band intensity of exposed mice across generations when compared to control groups. The micronucleus assay using acridine orange stain showed increased in micronucleus count and cytotoxic effects on exposed mice being significantly (PCE/NCE P<0.05) higher when compared to the control . Statistical analysis also revealed that significant genotoxic effects were induced (p<0.05) in exposed mice compared with control over the four generations,the results indicated that the RAPD and micronucleus assay could be a suitable bio-molecular marker for the detection of potential long-term genotoxic effects of radiofrequency radiations on exposed mammalian organisms.

The effect of radiofrequency radiation generated by a Global System for Mobile Communications source on cochlear development in a rat model.

This study aimed to determine the effect of radiofrequency radiation generated by 900 and 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications sources on cochlear development in the rat model. Eight pregnant albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. The latter two groups of pregnant rats were exposed to radiofrequency radiation for 1 hour per day starting on the 12th day of pregnancy until delivery. The rats in the control, 900 MHz and 1800 MHz groups gave birth to 24, 31 and 26 newborn rats respectively. Newborn rats in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz groups were exposed to radiofrequency radiation for 1 hour per day for 21 days after delivery. Hearing evaluations of newborn rats were carried out using distortion product otoacoustic emissions testing. Eight newborn rats were randomly selected from each group for electron microscopic evaluation. Distortion product otoacoustic emission tests revealed no significant difference among the groups, but electron microscopic evaluation revealed significant differences among the groups with regard to the number of normal, apoptotic and necrotic cells. The findings indicated cellular structural damage in the cochlea caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during cochlear development in the rat model.

Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) system on testes. The study was carried out on 16 Wistar Albino adult male rats by dividing them into two groups such as sham (n: 8) and exposure (n: 8). Rats in the exposure group were exposed to 2.4 GHz RFR radiation for 24 h/d during 12 months (1 year). The same procedure was applied to the rats in the sham control group except the Wi-Fi system was turned off. Immediately after the last exposure, rats were sacrificed and reproductive organs were removed. Motility (%), concentration (×106/mL), tail defects (%), head defects (%) and total morphologic defects (%) of sperms and weight of testes (g), left epididymis (g), prostate (g), seminal vesicles (g) were determined. Seminiferous tubules diameter (μm) and tunica albuginea thickness (μm) were also measured. However, the results were evaluated by using Johnsen’s score. Head defects increased in the exposure group (p < 0.05) while weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules diameter and tunica albuginea thickness were decreased in the exposure group (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.0001). However, other alterations of other parameters were not found significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, we observed that long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz RF emitted from Wi-Fi (2420 μW/kg, 1 g average) affects some of the reproductive parameters of male rats. We suggest Wi-Fi users to avoid long-term exposure of RF emissions from Wi-Fi equipment.

Studying the protein expression in human B lymphoblastoid cells exposed to 1.8-GHz (GSM) radiofrequency radiation (RFR) with protein microarray

In the present study, the protein microarray was used to investigate the protein expression in human B-cell lymphoblastoid cells intermittently exposed to 1.8-GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at the specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2.0W/kg for 24h. The differential expression of 27 proteins was found, which were related to DNA damage repair, apoptosis, oncogenesis, cell cycle and proliferation (ratio >1.5-fold, P<0.05). The results validated with Western blot assay indicated that the expression of RPA32 was significantly down-regulated (P<0.05) while the expression of p73 was significantly up-regulated in RFR exposure group (P<0.05). Because of the crucial roles of those proteins in DNA repair and cell apoptosis, the results of present investigation may explain the biological effects of RFR on DNA damage/repair and cell apoptosis.

Radiofrequency Radiation and Human Ferritin

The recent report on effect of radiofrequency radiation and human ferritin is very interesting. Fattahi‐asl et al. concluded that “Radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones may lead to oxidative stress and rapid diffusion of the human ferritin level in an in‐vitro enzymun assay”[1] and further imply for concern on mobile phone usage. This finding is very interesting. Indeed, side‐effect of mobile phone is widely discussed. At least, some unwanted effects on germ cell are confirmed.[2] Nevertheless, there are some facts to be mentioned.

Energy absorption by ferromagnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia therapy

Abstract A numerical method is developed for estimation of temperature distributions inside tissues heated by external RF hyperthermia with external circular coil. The computational method relies on a solution of electromagnetic field problem in sinusoidal steady state. The heat transfer problem is treated in three dimensions with axis symmetry model. Than the bioheat diffusion equation under a steady-state condition is solved to determine the temperature distributions inside tumour and surrounding tissues. The heat removal due to the blood circulation is also taken into account. Numerical results are presented for heat generated by ferromagnetic nanoparticles in order to minimize negative effects of radiofrequency radiation.

Effects of Radio Frequency Identification-Related Radiation on In Vitro Biologics

The recent developments on the use of e-pedigree to identify the chain of custody of drugs suggests the use of advanced track and trace technologies such as two-dimensional barcodes and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. RFID technology is used mainly for valuable commodities such as pharmaceutical products while incorporating additional functionalities like monitoring environmental variables to ensure product safety and quality. In its guidance for the use of RFID technologies for drugs (Compliance Policy Guide Section 400.210), the Food and Drug Administration outlined multiple parameters that would apply to any study or application using RFID. However, drugs approved under a Biologics License Application or protein drugs covered by a New Drug Application were excluded mainly due to concerns about the effects of radio frequency radiation (thermal and/or non-thermal) on biologics. Even though the thermal effects of radio frequency on biologics are relatively well understood, there are few studies in the literature about the non-thermal effects of radio frequency with regards to the protein structure integrity. In this paper, we analyze the non-thermal effects of radio frequency radiation by exposing a wide variety of biologics including biopharmaceuticals with vaccines, hormones, and immunoglobulins, as well as cellular blood products such as red blood cells and whole blood-derived platelets as well as fresh frozen plasma. In order to represent the majority of the frequency spectrum used in RFID applications, five different frequencies (13.56 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz) are used to account for the most commonly used international frequency bands for RFID. With the help of specialized radio frequency signal-generating hardware, magnetic and electromagnetic fields are created around the exposed products with power levels greater than Federal Communications Commission-regulated limits. The in vitro test results on more than 100 biopharmaceutical products from eight major pharmaceutical companies as well, as different blood products, show no non-thermal effect by radio frequency radiation. Forthcoming requirements, such as the California Board of Pharmacy Track and Trace initiative regarding the use of e-pedigree to identify the chain of custody of drugs, suggest the use of advanced track and trace technologies such as two-dimensional barcodes and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. When used for pharmaceuticals, RFID technology can support additional functionalities like monitoring temperature to ensure product safety. In its guidance for the use of RFID technologies for drugs, the Food and Drug Administration outlined multiple parameters that would apply to pilot studies using RFID while excluding drugs approved under a Biologics License Application or protein drugs covered by a New Drug Application due to concerns about the effects of radio frequency radiation on biologics. Even though the effects of radio frequency on biologics due to temperature changes are relatively well understood, there are few studies in the literature about other effects of radio frequency that can occur without a noticeable change in temperature. In this paper, we expose a wide variety of biologics including biopharmaceuticals to radio frequency radiation at different frequencies, as well as cellular blood products and plasma to high frequency radiation. The in vitro test results show no detectable effect due to radio frequency radiation.

Single-strand DNA breaks in human hair root cells exposed to mobile phone radiation

Purpose: To analyze the short-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure on genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of human hair root cells.Subjects and methods: Hair samples were collected from eight healthy human subjects immediately before and after using a 900-MHz GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phone for 15 and 30 min. Single-strand DNA breaks of hair root cells from the samples were determined using the ‘comet assay’.Results: The data showed that talking on a mobile phone for 15 or 30 min significantly increased (p < 0.05) single-strand DNA breaks in cells of hair roots close to the phone. Comparing the 15-min and 30-min data using the paired t-test also showed that significantly more damages resulted after 30 min than after 15 min of phone use.Conclusions: A short-term exposure (15 and 30 min) to RFR (900-MHz) from a mobile phone caused a significant increase in DNA single-strand breaks in human hair root cells located around the ear which is used for the phone calls.

The influence of 1800 MHz GSM-like signals on blood chemistry and oxidative stress in non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits

Purpose: Environmental electromagnetic fields originate from man-made sources, such as mobile phones and base stations, and have led to increasing public concern about their possible adverse health effects. We aimed to investigate the possible effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) generated from these devices on oversensitive animals, such as pregnant rabbits. Materials and methods: In the present study, the effects of whole body 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-like RFR exposure for 15 min/day for seven days on blood chemistry and lipid peroxidation levels in both non-pregnant and pregnant New Zealand White rabbits were investigated. Thirteen-month-old rabbits were studied in the following four groups: Non-pregnant control, non-pregnant RFR-exposed, pregnant control and pregnant RFR-exposed. Results: Lipid peroxidation, namely malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, did not change after RFR exposure. However, blood chemistry parameters, such as cholesterol (CHO), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), uric acid, creatinin and creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme (CK-MB) changed due to both pregnancy and RFR exposure.Conclusion: Our investigations have been shown that no indication for oxidative stress was detected in the blood of pregnant rabbits upon RF exposure at specific conditions employed in the present study. Minor changes in some blood chemistry parameters were detected but CK-MB and CK increases were found remarkable. Studies on RFR exposure during pregnancy will help establish international standards for the protection of pregnant women from environmental RFR.

Effects of radiofrequency radiation on human ferritin: An in vitro enzymun assay

Ferritin is a macromolecule and is responsible for the long term iron storage function in human serum and plasma. Recent studies have highlighted the role of cell phone exposure on central nervous system, immune function and reproduction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the human serum ferritin level could be interfered by the exposure to the 900 MHz GSM cell phones. Fifty human serum wells from 25 normal healthy donors were labeled with ruthenium to form a sandwich complex based on an immunoassay technique. All of them were placed into two batches, and the well heads in the first batch were exposed to 900 MHz exposure emitted from a speech mode cell phone (Nokia, Model 1202, India) for 30 min. Unexposed batch was served as the control sample under identical conditions and was compared with the exposed one in quantitative determination of ferritin using the Wilcoxon test with criterion level of P = 0.050. Human serum wells in the exposed batch showed a significant decrease in serum ferritin relative to the control batch (P = 0.029). The average ± SD ferritin level in the exposed batch was 84.94 ± 1.04 μg/L while it was 87.25 ± 0.83 μg/L for the unexposed batch. Radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from cell phones may lead to oxidative stress and rapid diffusion of the human ferritin level in an in vitro enzymun assay. Also, the enzyme activity can be affected. Effects of exposure from mobile phones must be considered further.

The effect of radiofrequency radiation on DNA and lipid damage in female and male infant rabbits

Purpose: We aimed to design a prolonged radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure and investigate in an animal model, possible bio-effects of RF radiation on the ongoing developmental stages of children from conception to childhood.Materials and methods: A total of 72 New Zealand female and male white rabbits aged one month were used. Females were exposed to RF radiation for 15 min/day during 7 days, whereas males were exposed to the same level of radiation for 15 min/day during 14 days. Thirty-six female and 36 male infant rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: Group I [Intrauterine (IU) exposure (−); Extrauterine (EU) exposure (−)]: Sham exposure which means rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM)-like RF signals neither in the IU nor in the EU periods. Group II [IU exposure (−); EU exposure (+)]: Infant rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF signals when they reached one month of age. Group III [IU exposure (+); EU exposure (−)]: Infant rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF signals in the IU period (between 15th and 22nd days of the gestational period). Group IV [IU exposure (+); EU exposure (+)]: Infant rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF signals both in the IU period (between 15th and 22nd days of the gestational period) and in the EU period when they reached one month of age. Biochemical analysis for lipid peroxidation and DNA damage were carried out in the livers of all rabbits.Results: Lipid peroxidation levels in the liver tissues of female and male infant rabbits increased under RF radiation exposure. Liver 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels of female rabbits exposed to RF radiation were also found to increase when compared with the levels of non-exposed infants. However, there were no changes in liver 8-OHdG levels of male rabbits under RF exposure.Conclusion: Consequently, it can be concluded that GSM-like RF radiation may induce biochemical changes by increasing free radical attacks to structural biomolecules in the rabbit as an experimental animal model.

Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Brain Tissue Oxidant and

Amac : Radyofrekans radyasyonun (RF) beyin dokusu uzerinde cesitli biyokimyasal degisikliklere neden oldugu yapilan calismalarda gosterilmistir. Calismamizda 1800 MHz frekansli Puls Modulasyonlu RF Radyasyonun disi sicanlarin beyin dokularinda oksidatif strese neden olup olmadigini incelemeyi amacladik. Yontemler : Calismamizda disi Wistar-Albino sicanlar Sham-Kontrol grubu (n=10) ve RF grubu (n=10) olmak uzere iki gruba ayrildilar. RF grubundaki sicanlar 1 ay boyunca gunde 20 dakika 1800 MHz frekansli Puls Modulasyonlu RF Radyasyona maruz birakildilar. Sham-Kontrol grubuna ise herhangi bir uygulama yapilmadi. Calisma sonunda sicanlar ketamin (50 mg/kg) ve xylazine (50 mg/kg) anestezisi altinda kalplerinden kan alinarak feda edildi. Oksidan stres lipid peroksidasyonun onemli gostergelerinden biri olan Malondialdehit (MDA), antioksidan duzey ise dogal antioksidan olan Glutatyon (GSH) miktarinin olculmesiyle belirlendi. Total nitrik oksit (NOx) duzeyleri ise Griess yontemi ile calisildi. Sonuclar Mann-Whitney U testi ile degerlendirildi. p<0.05 olan degeri anlamli olarak kabul edildi. Bulgular : Sham-Kontrol grubu ile kiyaslandiginda RF Radyasyona maruz kalan beyin dokularinda MDA ve NOx duzeylerinde artis, GSH duzeylerinde ise azalis tespit edildi (p<0.05). Sonuc : Calismamizda elde ettigimiz bulgular RF radyasyonun beyin dokusunda oksidatif hasara neden olabilecegini gostermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Beyin, radyofrekans radyasyon, oksidatif stres, nitrik oksit Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Brain Tissue Oxidant and Antioxidant Levels in Rats Objective : It has been reported that RF (Radiofrequency) Radiation induces some biochemical changes in brain tissue. In the present study we aimed to investigate whether 1800 MHz pulse modulated RF Radiation causes oxidative stress in brain tissue of the female rats. Methods : A total of 20 female Wistar-Albino rats used in the study were randomly divided into two groups: Sham-Control group (n=10) and RF group (n=10). RF rats were exposed to pulse modulated RF Radiation 20 min/day for a month. The sham-control rats were not exposed to RF Radiation. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed by injection of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg) combination. Oxidative damage in tissues was examined by investigating the lipid peroxidation marker Malondialdhyde (MDA), antioxidant levels were assessed by measuring GSH levels. Total Nitric Oxide (NOx) levels were studied by the Griess Reaction. The results were analyzed by the Mann - Whitney U Test. The accepted level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results : Tissue levels of MDA and NOx of the RF group were found significantly higher than the Sham-Control group (p<0.05), however brain tissue GSH levels were significantly lower in RF group compared to Sham-Control group (p<0.05). Conclusion : The obtained results showed that exposure to RF Radiation may cause oxidative stress in brain tissue. Key Words: Brain, radiofrequency radiation, oxidative stress, nitric oxide

How does long term exposure to base stations and mobile phones affect human hormone profiles?

ObjectivesThis study is concerned with assessing the role of exposure to radio frequency radiation (RFR) emitted either from mobiles or base stations and its relations with human's hormone profiles. Design and methodsAll volunteers' samples were collected for hormonal analysis. ResultsThis study showed significant decrease in volunteers' ACTH, cortisol, thyroid hormones, prolactin for young females, and testosterone levels. ConclusionThe present study revealed that high RFR effects on pituitary–adrenal axis.

A 1.8-GHz radiofrequency radiation induces EGF receptor clustering and phosphorylation in cultured human amniotic (FL) cells

Purpose: Many studies have shown that exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) could activate cellular signal transduction pathways. In the present research, we investigated the effects of exposure to a 1.8-GHz RFR at different intensities on epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor clustering and phosphorylation in human amniotic (FL) cells.Materials and methods: Receptor clustering on cellular membrane surface was analyzed using immunofluorescence assessed by confocal microscopy, and phosphorylation of EGF receptors was measured by western blot technology. EGF treatment served as a positive control.Results: The results showed that, compared with sham exposure, exposure to RFR at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 W/kg for 15 min significantly induced EGF receptor clustering and enhanced phosphorylation on the tyrosine-1173 residue in FL cells, whereas exposure to a SAR 0.1 W/kg radiation for 15 min did not cause a significant effect.Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment, we conclude that membrane receptors could be one of the main targets that RFR interacts with cells, and the dose-rate threshold, in the case of EGF receptors, is between SAR of 0.1 and 0.5 W/kg. The results indicate a sigmoid dependence of RFR effects on intensity.

Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats

During the last several decades, numerous studies have been performed aiming at the question of whether or not exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) influences the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of RFR on the permeability of BBB in male and female Wistar albino rats. Right brain, left brain, cerebellum, and total brain were analyzed separately in the study. Rats were exposed to 0.9 and 1.8 GHz continuous-wave (CW) RFR for 20 min (at SARs of 4.26 mW/kg and 1.46 mW/kg, respectively) while under anesthesia. Control rats were sham-exposed. Disruption of BBB integrity was detected spectrophotometrically using the Evans-blue dye, which has been used as a BBB tracer and is known to be bound to serum albumin. Right brain, left brain, cerebellum, and total brain were evaluated for BBB permeability. In female rats, no albumin extravasation was found in in the brain after RFR exposure. A significant increase in albumin was found in the brains of the RF-exposed male rats when compared to sham-exposed male brains. These results suggest that exposure to 0.9 and 1.8 GHz CW RFR at levels below the international limits can affect the vascular permeability in the brain of male rats. The possible risk of RFR exposure in humans is a major concern for the society. Thus, this topic should be investigated more thoroughly in the future.

The Effects on Cells Mobility Due to Exposure to EMF Radiation

Although the important role of the immune system in defending the human body against infections and cancer, only few studies on the possible effects of radiofrequency radiation on the function of human immune cells have been undertaken. The present study was performed to investigate whether radio frequency (RF) field exposure could affect the activity of human immune system cells by studying the activity and behavior of human leukocytes (white blood cells) upon exposure to radiofrequency fields. Human blood Leukocytes were exposed to different temperatures and 1800 MHz RF radiation ( SAR of 1.25 W/Kg, Power density of 0.1 mW/cm2 ) from a mobile phone when placed within a distance of 5 cm from the microscope stage. Our results indicated that when 1800 MHz RF field was applied, the speed increased above the value observed at the same temperature, and the maximum speed exceeded that measured value at any temperature by approximately 50%. The average time for the leukocytes to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min. Under the effect of RF exposure, significant change observed in Leukocytes movement direction to be perpendicular to the chemotactic direction and in parallel with the mobile phone position. Also significant change in leukocytes behavior, include changing shape much faster. The cells were shrinking, expanding, and rolling.

Effects of Posture and Acute Sleep Deprivation on Heart Rate Variability

PurposeIn our previous study to investigate autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity due to radio frequency (RF) radiation using heart rate variability (HRV), drowsiness was observed in approximately half of all subjects. Therefore, the usage of HRV with unwanted drowsiness could falsely indicate the effects of RF radiation by mobile phones on the ANS. The objective of this study was to determine which posture is appropriate for accurate HRV analysis for provocation study.Materials and MethodsA total of 52 healthy subjects (25 males and 27 females) participated in this experiment. We measured the number of times a subject showed drowsiness or sleep deprivation due to awakening, and analyzed HRV six times over 30 minutes in sitting and recumbent postures, using power spectrum.ResultsWe employed the ratio of low frequency power to high frequency power (LFP/HFP) to analyze the changes in the ANS. The number of sleep deprivation occurrences in the sitting posture was significantly less than that in the recumbent posture (p<0.01), resulting in smaller increase of LFP/HFP. Although LFP/HFP of the two postures varied with time without any provocation, it was more stable in sitting than in recumbent postures.ConclusionA sitting posture is preferable to a recumbent posture for analyzing HRV, because of decreased drowsiness and sleep deprivation, thereby decreasing variation of LFP/HFP during experiment. Considering the drowsiness, it is also recommended that any experiment should be completed within 15 minutes, if possible.

Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field and Mobile Phone Exposure on Nasal Mucosa and Nose Skin

ABSTRACTThe increasing usage of wireless comunication systems and electric-electronical systems in daily life has caused a concern over possible adverse effects of radio frequency radiation (RFR) and Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (ELF-MF) on biological systems. The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term effect of900 MHz RFR and ELF-MF exposure on nasal mucosa and nose skin of rats. In this study two different exposure systems were used to get information about the effects of RFR emitted from mobile phones and ELF-MF on nose. In the first part of the study, Twenty one Wistar Albino adult male rats (sham: 7, exposure: 14) were used to determine the effects of 900 MHz RFR on nose. For the exposure group, rat heads were exposed to the 900 MHz RFR 2 h per day (7 days in a week) for 10 months. For the sham group, same process was applied to the rats, except that the generator was turned off. In the second part of the study, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats (sham: 10, first exposure: 10, second exposure: 10) were used to determine the effects of 100 μT and 500 μT extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF), which complies to the safety standards for public and occupational exposure. The rats in the exposure groups of this part of the study were exposed to 100 μT and 500 μT ELF-MF for 2 hours per day (7 days in a week) during 10 months in a Plexiglas cage. For the sham group, the same experimental process was applied to the rats but ELF-MF generator was turned off. The results of the present study showed that 10 months of exposures of mobile phones and ELF-MF do not affect the mucous membrane and skin of nose. In conclusion, radio frequency and ELF-MF used in this study do not affect nasal skin and mucosa of rats exposed to 900 MHz RFR, 100 μT and 500 μT ELF-MF.

Risk of Brain Tumors From Wireless Phone Use

The debate regarding the health effects of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation from sources such as power lines, base stations, and cell phones has recently been reignited. Wireless communication has dramatically influenced our lifestyle; its impact on human health has not been completely assessed. Widespread concern continues in the community about the deleterious effects of radiofrequency radiations on human tissues and the subsequent potential threat of carcinogenesis. Exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic field has been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes. This article surveys the results of early cell phone studies, where exposure duration was too short to expect tumor genesis, and 2 sets of more recent studies with longer exposure duration: the Interphone studies and the Swedish studies led by Hardell.