Effective Policy Implementation Research Articles

The contribution of macroeconomic indicators to the attainment of economic development objectives in some western ASIAN countries

This study looks at how macroeconomic variables affect poverty, unemployment, and economic growth in seven Western Asian nations. We used 18 years of data (2003-2020) using a generalized moment analysis method, although experience has varied significantly in different countries as well as between different regions. The development and effective implementation of policies to accelerate employment growth are essential to success on a continent that still has an exceptionally high rate of poverty. These policies will allow us to address the persistent problems of unemployment and poverty. In developing an appropriate policy, countries need to take into account the universal acceleration of trends towards closer integration of the world economy and the rapid pace of liberalization as national economies move increasingly towards a market economy. According to our findings, poverty, unemployment, and economic growth are all significantly impacted by sustainable development indices. During the study period, investment and the activity rate were two of the primary factors influencing economic growth. Western Asian countries should improve the quality of their institutions and their capacity to adapt and acquire new skills. Trade and globalization should not be considered in isolation. Additional policies are needed to reinforce its impact on economic growth.

The Policy Relevance of Urban Scaling Laws: A Study on Impervious Ground in German Cities

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The expansion of urban infrastructure is an important indicator of agglomeration and a major factor in the deterioration of the urban environment. The investment in urban infrastructure is accompanied by the sealing of ground. The implementation of effective policies to reduce the practice of sealing ground is impeded by the existence of conflicting interests and fiscal disincentives. A significant challenge is the dearth of policy-relevant information. Conventional analysis considers urban outcome indicators in proportion to population and neglects non-linear distribution patterns, thus obscuring global regularities that contain important information. The study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of urban imperviousness through the lens of urban scaling. The present study employs Germany as a case study to examine the extent to which the parameters of the scaling function differ between two types of cities. District Affiliated Cities (DACs) and Administrative City Districts (ACDs), which are afforded greater fiscal autonomy. The analysis indicates that the amount of sealed land exhibited a notable increase between 2006 and 2018 in the ACDs. Calibration of the scaling functions for cities with the actual coefficient of the DAC control estimate and a global orientation exponent (5/6) resulted in a 16% reduction of sealed ground. In conclusion, urban scaling laws offer a valuable tool for analyzing the complex dynamics of urban imperviousness and its control costs, thereby contributing to the formulation of more effective urban policies and planning.</span></p>

The Policy Relevance of Urban Scaling Laws: A Study on Impervious Ground in German Cities

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The expansion of urban infrastructure is an important indicator of agglomeration and a major factor in the deterioration of the urban environment. The investment in urban infrastructure is accompanied by the sealing of ground. The implementation of effective policies to reduce the practice of sealing ground is impeded by the existence of conflicting interests and fiscal disincentives. A significant challenge is the dearth of policy-relevant information. Conventional analysis considers urban outcome indicators in proportion to population and neglects non-linear distribution patterns, thus obscuring global regularities that contain important information. The study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of urban imperviousness through the lens of urban scaling. The present study employs Germany as a case study to examine the extent to which the parameters of the scaling function differ between two types of cities. District Affiliated Cities (DACs) and Administrative City Districts (ACDs), which are afforded greater fiscal autonomy. The analysis indicates that the amount of sealed land exhibited a notable increase between 2006 and 2018 in the ACDs. Calibration of the scaling functions for cities with the actual coefficient of the DAC control estimate and a global orientation exponent (5/6) resulted in a 16% reduction of sealed ground. In conclusion, urban scaling laws offer a valuable tool for analyzing the complex dynamics of urban imperviousness and its control costs, thereby contributing to the formulation of more effective urban policies and planning.</span></p>

Decoding China's urban agglomerations policies: A scientific evaluation and exploration of economic benefits

Urban agglomerations planning policies are a critical driver for sustainable urban development. The Chinese central and local governments have implemented a series of policies to guide the development of urban agglomerations. However, the scientific soundness of these policies and their impact on promoting high-quality urban economic development have received limited attention. This study addresses this research gap by examining the scientific rationale of China's urban agglomerations policy formulation through the policy modeling consistency (PMC) index model. Then, it empirically assesses the economic effects of policy implementation using a difference-in-differences (DID) model based on statistical data from 182 cities spanning 2000 to 2021. The results show that: (1)while the overall level of urban agglomerations policies is excellent, there are areas for improvement, such as policy objectives, implementation, and financial support; (2) Urban agglomerations policies contribute to a 1.8% increase in high-quality economic development; (3) Mechanisms underlying policy effect include the scale effect of industrial agglomerations, the radiation effect of infrastructure construction, and the spillover benefits of advanced industrial structure. Moreover, the effects of policy vary across urban agglomerations of different scales, with larger urban agglomerations demonstrating more substantial benefits. The research outcomes provide valuable insights for policymakers in formulating scientifically and economically beneficial urban agglomerations policies.

Factors Affecting Maternal Mortality Rates in Nigeria: A Review of Challenges and Potential Solutions

Maternal mortality is a significant public health issue in Nigeria, accounting for approximately 23% of global maternal deaths. This review explored the main factors affecting maternal mortality rates in Nigeria and proposed potential solutions. Accurate data collection on maternal health in Nigeria, especially in rural areas, remains challenging. Aims: this paper aimed to identify the key factors contributing to maternal mortality in Nigeria and proposed solutions to address this issue. Study design: A qualitative analysis of literature review narration was employed taking into account the research methodology, instrument interpretation, and data analysis in order to avoid bias and misinterpretation of result findings. Methodology: The methodology was designed to systematically gather, analyse, and synthesise data from multiple sources, including the peer-reviewed academic literature, government reports, and NGO publications. To ensure rigor and reproducibility, in the literature search were utilised several databases and search engines beyond Google, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, and Research Gate. 50 published papers and articles from credible sources were reviewed in the study, identifying the key issues such as inadequate healthcare infrastructure, socio-economic challenges, cultural and behavioural practices, as well as political factors. Results: The findings revealed that the major causes of maternal mortality in Nigeria included haemorrhage, infection, unsafe abortion, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, and obstructed labour. There were cases of socio-economic factors such as unavailability of electricity, transportation delay, the lack of skilled medical personal and cultural factors such as traditional beliefs. Despite various interventions, progress in reducing maternal mortality has been limited. Conclusion: This paper emphasised the need for continuous investment in maternal and child health, improvements in healthcare infrastructure, education, and effective policy implementation. A holistic approach that integrates organisational structures, technical expertise, human experiences, and patient needs is essential for effectively reducing maternal mortality rates.

Analysing the evolving effectiveness of monetary policy instruments in China: insights from the TVP-SV-MF-bfavar framework

ABSTRACT The application of monetary policy rules requires careful consideration across different macroeconomic stages. As the largest developing nation, China has undergone significant economic reforms over the past few decades, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of various monetary policy rules at different stages of development. This study introduces an innovative research framework, the TVP-SV-MF-BFAVAR model, and employs mixed-frequency data (quarterly, monthly, daily) spanning 20 years to construct relevant proxy indices. It empirically examines the evolving trends in the effectiveness of price-based and quantity-based monetary policy rules in China. The findings indicate that as the economy matures and interest rate marketization progresses, the effectiveness of price-based monetary policy has improved, while quantity-based measures remain reliable policy instruments. Moreover, the effectiveness of monetary policy rules exhibits distinct time-varying characteristics in response to macroeconomic fluctuations, suggesting the need for policy adjustments across different economic stages. Developing nations should actively promote interest rate marketization reforms to foster an enabling environment for the effective implementation of monetary policy.

Training and Retraining Policies for Civil Servants in Vietnam

In practice of civil servant management in countries, training and retraining policies are developed and implemented as a main measure to improve the quality of civil servants, then build up a team of qualified and capable civil servants for serving the people. This study develops a theoretical framework on training and retraining policies and considers the impact of these policies on the quality of Vietnamese civil servants. The research model is developed with independent scales/variables "Training policies", "Retraining policies" and dependent scale/variable "The quality of civil servants". A direct survey was conducted with 350 commune-level civil servants from 5 provinces representing 3 regions of Vietnam, including: Thai Nguyen province, Lang Son province (Northern region), Quang Binh province (Central region), Binh Duong province, Bac Lieu province (Southern). The results show that the implementation of training policies to update and supplement working knowledge and skills for civil servants has not been effective and received little recognition from civil servants in localities; The implementation of training policies to update and supplement working knowledge and skills for civil servants has not been effective. The findings suggest solutions to make the more effective implementation of training and retraining policies for civil servants in Vietnam.

Nomadic responses to rainfall: Nighttime light evidence from wadis in Djibouti

This study examined the association between human activities and precipitation in dry areas, focusing on nomadic people in Djibouti. Nomadic communities often lack access to essential social services, and water resource management is crucial for their survival and social welfare. Understanding how they respond to variations in water availability could contribute to effective policy implementation. Using satellite-derived information, this study found that nighttime light brightness increased in response to precipitation around wadis, with potential water spring locations, and decreased with distance from a wadi. Specifically, we observed no effect when the distance was more than 5 km. Furthermore, no effect of precipitation was found in urban areas, while a positive effect was found in remote areas. These findings suggest that the activity of nomadic people increases around wadis in response to increased water resource availability, indicating that water supply is important for settlement projects because it can reduce water-seeking costs and improve social welfare. This study provides the first empirical evidence using satellite data and statistical analysis to show that water availability is critical for nomadic communities which can inform better resource management and policy decisions in African countries.

Comparative analysis of school food policies in Australian jurisdictions: Insights for more effective policy action.

School food policies in Australia have the potential to positively impact healthy eating in schools. While the policies are reviewed regularly, it is unknown if revised school food policies have incorporated the recommendations from a 2020 review of nutrition policies in publicly funded institutions. This review aims to examine the current state of Australian school food policy environment, including national-level guidelines, food safety, allergy, and anaphylaxis management policies. School food policy documents were identified by searching the federal government, and Departments of Health and Education websites of Australian jurisdictions. The L'Abbé framework for monitoring and evaluation of nutrition policies guided the data analysis. Eleven policies/guidelines from Australian national and state/territory governments were reviewed in 2023. Four state/territory policies had major updates since 2020. The consistency of nutrition standards improved across five jurisdictions, although a common nutrient classification system would have allowed better comparison. Implementation guides/tools and supporting resources were provided in all policies although their comprehensiveness varied. Policy monitoring and evaluation guide/tools, and local food procurement were incorporated in two additional policies. School principals were responsible for policy implementation and schools for independent compliance monitoring. Continued improvement in monitoring and evaluation plans, policy review timelines, and support systems for schools is needed to enhance implementation and impact of school food policies. External stakeholder support may help school leadership in more effective policy implementation. SO WHAT?: Limited progress in incorporating recommendations into current school food policies calls for additional support and strategies to enhance policy implementation and monitoring.

Enhancing the Implementation of Education Policies for Migrant Children in China

Since the era of reform and opening-up, policies concerning the education of children of migrants have continuously evolved and improved. However, several issues exist in the execution of these policies: additive implementation of policies, ambiguous positioning in policy execution, slow reform of the household registration system, and an imperfect policy supervision mechanism. This paper analyzes these issues from multiple dimensions through literature review and qualitative analysis, and delving into the underlying causes of the problems during policy implementation. Furthermore, based on these causes, a series of recommendations for improvement are proposed, which firstly need to adjust the distribution of interests and enhance the clarity of policy objectives and effectiveness tracking. It also requires the establishment of an efficient supervision system to promote the reform process of the household registration system. In addition, the feasibility of the policy can be increased by strengthening the publicity and promotion of the policy. These recommendations can ensure the effective implementation of education policies concerning children of the migrant population, thereby safeguarding the educational rights of children of migrants.

The Impact of Rising House Prices on Young People’s Fertility

At present, the problems of population aging and low fertility of young people in China have become more and more serious, which has become an important factor restricting economic and social development. Although the “comprehensive” policy has been implemented and has achieved certain effects, the willingness of young people to give birth is still low. At the same time, the rise of housing prices has become one of the major social and livelihood issues, and the impact of housing prices on people’s fertility intentions has also received widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad. Based on this, this study takes young people of childbearing age in China as the research object, adopts the research method to study the impact of rising housing prices on the fertility behaviour of young people in the city, and based on the conclusions drawn, puts forward targeted suggestions for the benign development of the real estate market and the effective implementation of the population policy.

The Impact of Social Support on the College Enrollment Aspirations of Ethnic Minority Vocational Students: A Case Study of a Modern Industrial College in Xinjiang

In recent years, China has been striving to enhance the quality of the population in ethnic minority areas, promote local talent cultivation, and accelerate local economic development by increasing investment in basic education resources and expanding enrollment in higher education. This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 27 ethnic minority students from a modern industrial college in Xinjiang to explore the influence of social support on academic aspirations. Employing qualitative research methods and drawing on the interview outline by Wang (2020), supported by Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior, the study concludes that national policies, schools, teachers, and parents influence the academic aspirations of ethnic minority students. Based on these findings, the study suggests the effective implementation of relevant national policies and calls for schools, teachers, and parents to pay attention to and encourage the academic aspirations of ethnic minority students. This study inspires future scholars to pay more attention to the academic aspirations of ethnic minority students, aiming to provide them with more assistance and improve the overall education level of ethnic minority students.

Heterogeneity in carbon intensity patterns: A subsampling approach

Carbon intensity, defined as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), is a critical metric for assessing the effectiveness of climate policy across nations. This paper presents an analysis of the persistence and stationarity of carbon intensity data across 176 countries and 44 regions from 1990 to 2014, employing subsampling confidence intervals. Subsampling is a robust statistical technique that performs well with finite samples and requires minimal assumptions about the data. Our findings categorize countries into three distinct groups based on their carbon intensity patterns: convergent, persistent, and divergent. We observe that climate mitigation policies in countries with a convergent pattern tend to have only temporary effectiveness, whereas in countries with a divergent pattern, such policies can lead to permanent changes. Additionally, using unsupervised learning methods, we delve into the underlying factors influencing these classifications. This study is particularly significant for understanding the long-term impacts of climate policies, offering valuable insights for policymakers and international bodies. By identifying and analyzing these distinct patterns, our research contributes to the strategic planning and implementation of more effective and sustainable climate policies globally, aligning with the goals of international agreements like the Paris Accord.

Assessing the Relationship between Political Financing and Policy Bias in B40 Welfare Policies during COVID-19

This conceptual paper delves into the intricate relationship between political financing and policy bias in the implementation of welfare policies for the B40 (Below 40 is the 40% of the total population that earns the lowest tier of household income compared to the first group of T20-Top 20% and second category M40-Middle 40%) cluster in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The B40 cluster comprises the most economically vulnerable segment of the population residing in public housing (the heavily subsidized government-owned residential areas for underprivileged citizens with certain household income categories). This study aims to unravel how political financing influences the formulation and execution of welfare policies, potentially leading to bias in resource allocation and support provision. Through an exhaustive review of existing scholarly literature and analysis of pertinent case studies, this paper embarks on examining the degree to which political financing impacts the decision-making process concerning welfare policies. The analysis focuses on identifying potential biases in policy formulation that may favor the interests of political entities providing financial backing to policymakers. Furthermore, the study also explores the implications of such biases on the equitable distribution of resources to the B40 cluster during the global COVID-19 crisis. The conceptual framework employed in this paper draws from theories of political economy, corruption, and public policy. By dissecting the extant body of literature, the paper aims to offer a nuanced comprehension of the dynamics between political financing and policy bias in the realm of welfare policies for the B40 cluster. The eventual findings are poised to enrich the theoretical understanding of the influence exerted by political financing on the formulation and execution of welfare policies, particularly during periods of global crisis. By identifying policy biases stemming from political financing, this study aspires to catalyze critical discussions on the imperative of transparent and accountable decision-making processes. Such deliberations are vital to ensuring the fair and effective implementation of welfare policies for the B40 cluster in Kuala Lumpur amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper thus serves as a clarion call for enhanced governance mechanisms and institutional reforms to uphold the principles of fairness, equity, and social justice in welfare policy formulation and implementation. This study contributes to the existing literature by shedding light on the nexus between political financing and policy bias in the context of welfare policies for vulnerable populations. It underscores the importance of addressing systemic flaws in governance and decision-making processes to mitigate the adverse effects of political influence on welfare policy outcomes. Moreover, the findings of this study have practical implications for policymakers, advocacy groups, civil society organizations and other stakeholders involved in shaping welfare policy agendas and advocating for reform initiatives. In conclusion, this paper calls for a concerted effort to promote transparency, accountability, and integrity in the formulation and implementation of welfare policies. By fostering a culture of ethical governance and democratic participation, policymakers can ensure that welfare programs serve the interests of the most vulnerable members of society and contribute to equitable and sustainable development outcomes.

Analysis of the Influence of Legal Policy on the Financial Performance of Companies in the Manufacturing Sector: Case Study Using the Anova Method

This study aims to evaluate the effect of legal policy implementation on the financial performance of companies in the manufacturing sector using a quantitative research design with case studies. The population in this study are manufacturing companies in Indonesia. Sample selection using purposive sampling. The data used are primary data and secondary data by distributing questionnaires using the ANOVA test. The results showed a significant difference in the company's financial performance between the period before and after the implementation of the legal policy, with a p-value of 0.032 (p<0.05). This shows that legal policy has a real impact on the financial performance of companies in the manufacturing sector so that a stable legal framework is needed to encourage optimal financial performance.

Risk identification and mitigation among rice farmers in Pakistan: a fuzzy-AHP multi-criteria decision-making approach

Rice farming in developing countries contributes significantly to economic growth, yet it confronts diverse risks. Strengthening its resilience necessitates systematically identifying and prioritizing these risks, allowing for optimized resource allocation. The majority of published literature, however, focuses primarily on individual risks rather than comparing or ranking them according to their importance. This regime needs to be more helpful for managers and policy-makers in achieving effective management. As a result, frequent management failures are causing substantial economic losses and threatening food security in the most populous regions of the world. This study addresses these existing research gaps by systematically identifying and prioritizing these risks, aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2, viz., Zero Hunger, ultimately contributing to enhanced risk management and developing countries’ rice farming sector resilience. Data was obtained from Pakistan through a purposefully designed questionnaire and sourced from a pool of 412 respondents representing a spectrum of stakeholders selected by the snowball technique. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was employed to deconstruct and comprehend the data statistically. A key observation is the recognition of the main risks within rice farming, notably revolving around resource-related and external environmental risks. These risks emphasize the critical management of sub-risks of water management and pest and disease. This study also identified several risk sub-factors that are critical but have yet to be extensively discussed in the literature. Furthermore, survey respondents expressed low levels of risk perception and suggested strengthening the management system through policy reforms. To enhance the resilience of rice farming, stakeholders must engage in effective risk communication, capacity building, and policy implementation. Therefore, more comprehensive integrated risk management interventions are urgently needed to address rice farming risks for achieving SDG 2.

The Emission-Reduction Effect of Green Demand Preference in Carbon Market and Macro-Environmental Policy: A DSGE Approach

Along with the new stage of prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic and the vision and goals of combatting climate change, the challenges of the transition to a green economy have become more severe. The need for green recovery of the economy, stability and security of energy production and consumption, and the coordination of low-carbon transformation and socio-economic development has become increasingly urgent. This paper proposes a new theoretical framework to study the effect of carbon emission reduction on the mutual application of the carbon market, fiscal policy and monetary policy under the non-homothetic preference of energy product consumption. By constructing an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model with residents’ non-homothetic preferences, this paper finds that coordinating the carbon market and macroeconomic policies can achieve economic and environmental goals. However, the transmission paths for each are different. The carbon market influences producers’ abatement efforts and costs through carbon prices. Monetary policy controls carbon emissions by adjusting interest rates, while fiscal policy controls carbon emissions by adjusting total social demand. Improving non-homothetic preferences will amplify business cycle fluctuations caused by exogenous shocks, thus assuming the role of a “financial accelerator”. Further research shows that non-homothetic preferences influence the heterogeneity of different policy mixes. Finally, this paper discovers that the welfare effects, the relative size and difference of long-term and short-term effects resulting from the different policy mixes, also depend on the level of non-homothetic preferences. The intertemporal substitution mechanism due to the improvement of non-homothetic preferences endows low-carbon production with “option” characteristics. Our study reveals the role of non-homothetic preferences on the effectiveness of policy implementation. It highlights the importance of matching monetary and fiscal policies with the carbon market based on the consumption and production side. It provides ideas for policy practice to achieve the goal of “dual carbon” and promoting coordinated socio-economic development.

Multi-Scale Higher-Order Dependencies (MSHOD): Higher-Order Interactions Mining and Key Nodes Identification for Global Liner Shipping Network

Liner shipping accounts for over 80% of the global transportation volume, making substantial contributions to world trade and economic development. To advance global economic integration further, it is essential to link the flows of global liner shipping routes with the complex system of international trade, thereby supporting liner shipping as an effective framework for analyzing international trade and geopolitical trends. Traditional methods based on first-order global liner shipping networks, operating at a single scale, lack sufficient descriptive power for multi-variable sequential interactions and data representation accuracy among nodes. This paper proposes an effective methodology termed “Multi-Scale Higher-Order Dependencies (MSHOD)” that adeptly reveals the complexity of higher-order interactions among multi-scale nodes within the global liner shipping network. The key step of this method is to construct high-order dependency networks through multi-scale attributes. Based on the critical role of high-order interactions, a method for key node identification has been proposed. Experiments demonstrate that, compared to other methods, MSHOD can more effectively identify multi-scale nodes with regional dependencies. These nodes and their generated higher-order interactions could have transformative impacts on the network’s flow and stability. Therefore, by integrating multi-scale analysis methods to mine high-order interactions and identify key nodes with regional dependencies, this approach provides robust insights for assessing policy implementation effects, preventing unforeseen incidents, and revealing regional dual-circulation economic models, thereby contributing to strategies for global, stable development.

Challenges of and Opportunities for the Effective Implementation of Financial Education Policy in Selected Junior High Schools in the Philippines

Financial education is crucial for empowering individuals with the knowledge needed to make sound financial decisions, capitalize on market opportunities, and contribute to economic development. In response to Filipinos’ low financial literacy level, the government has implemented various policies, including the Department of Education’s Financial Education Policy (FEP). This policy aims to enhance financial literacy among students, teachers, and staff through capacity building and integrating financial education into the curriculum. This study focuses on assessing the challenges of and opportunities for the effective implementation of FEP in selected junior high schools in the Philippines. Interviews were conducted with experts, including the curriculum developer, schools district superintendent, curriculum and implementation division chief, education program supervisors, principals, and teachers. The results highlighted common challenges, including poor communication channels, insufficient resources, lack of a monitoring system and implementation plan, and the integration of multiple policies aside from FEP. Opportunities identified were potential collaboration with external institutions and establishing monitoring mechanisms. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of clear communication strategies, adequate resources, implementation plans, and a monitoring system for the effective implementation of the FEP. Future research may include other key officials involved in FEP implementation for more insights and robust recommendations.

Learning Health System to rapidly improve the implementation of a school physical activity policy

BackgroundLearning Health Systems (LHS) – characterised by cycles of evidence generation and application – are increasingly recognised for their potential to improve public health interventions and optimise health impacts; however there is little evidence of their application in the context of public health practice. Here, we describe how an Australian public health unit applied a LHS approach to successfully improve a model of support for implementation of a school-based physical activity policy.MethodsThis body of work was undertaken in the context of a strong research-practice partnership. Core LHS capabilities included: i) partnerships and stakeholder engagement; ii) workforce development and learning health communities; iii) multi-disciplinary scientific expertise; iv) practice data collection and management system; v) evidence surveillance and synthesis; and vi) governance and organisational processes of decision making. Three cycles of data generation and application were used. Within each cycle, randomised controlled trials conducted in NSW primary schools were used to generate data on the support model’s effectiveness for improving schools’ implementation of a government physical activity policy, its delivery costs, and process measures such as adoption and acceptability. Each type of data were analysed independently, synthesised, and then presented to a multi-disciplinary team of researchers and practitioners, in consult with stakeholders, leading to collaborative decisions for incremental improvements to the support model.ResultsCycle 1 tested the first version of the support model (composed of five implementation strategies targeting identified barriers of policy implementation) and showed the model’s feasibility and efficacy for improving schools’ policy implementation. Data-informed changes were made to enhance impact, including the addition of three implementation strategies to address outstanding barriers. Cycle 2 (now, testing a package of eight implementation strategies) established the model’s effectiveness and cost-effectiveness for improving school's policy implementation. Data-informed changes were made to reduce delivery costs, specifically adapting the costliest strategies to reduce in-person contact from external support personnel. Cycle 3 showed that the adaptations minimised the relative cost of delivery without adversely impacting on the effect.ConclusionsThrough this process, we identified an effective, cost-effective, acceptable and scalable policy implementation support model for service delivery. This provides important information to inform or support LHS approaches for other agencies seeking to optimise the health impact of evidence-based interventions.