Effects Of Monosodium Glutamate Research Articles

The influence of monosodium glutamate on the development of oxidative-nitrosative stress in the large cerebral hemispheres of rats under the combination of a change in the “light-dark” cycle and a systemic inflammatory response

Today, the issue of the consequences of disrupting the normal “light-dark” cycle is becoming increasingly important, and the link between the development of a systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and circadian rhythm disorders has been confirmed. The effect of monosodium glutamate on the human body is being actively studied. The aim of the work was to find out the influence of monosodium glutamate on the development of oxidative-nitrosative stress in the homogenate of the large cerebral hemispheres of rats with a combination of acute desynchronosis (AD), SIR and administration of monosodium glutamate. Material and methods. The research was carried out on 72 white Wistar rats weighing 150–200 of different sexes, divided into 5 groups: control (n = 15), AD (n = 13), SIR (n = 15), a combination of SIR and AD (n = 14), a combination of SIR, AD, and glutamate (n = 15). To simulate AD, a normal “light-dark” cycle (12 hours of light, 12 hours of darkness) was formed for 3 weeks, and the next 3 days the “light-dark” phases were shifted back by 6 hours. SIR was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide in the first week at a dose of 0.4 μg/kg 3 times per week, the following seven weeks – once a week. Sodium glutamate was administered intragastrically for 20 days at a dose 30 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.5 ml of distilled water. In a 10 % homogenate of the large cerebral hemispheres, we determined the rate of superoxide anion radical (SAR) production, the content of products that react with thiobarbituric acid (TBA-reactants), their increase, activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), concentration of nitrites, peroxynitrites, total activity of NO-synthase (NOS), its constitutive (cNOS) and inducible (iNOS) isoforms. Results. In the group of SIR, AD and glutamate combination, compared to the control, the following was noted: an increase in the rate of basic production of SAR by 175.8 %, by the microsomal pathway by 20.0 %, by the mitochondrial pathway by 51.2 %, the concentration of TBA-reactants by 83.4 %, their increase – by 61.7 %, decrease in the activity of SOD by 57.1 %, catalase – by 38.1 %; an increase in peroxynitrite content by 116.7 %, ODC activity by 161.5 %, total NOS activity by 25.6 % and iNOS by 27.4 %, a decrease in cNOS activity by 15.0 % and nitrite concentration by 35.0 % in brain tissues. Conclusions. Sodium glutamate administration in combination with AD and SIR leads to increased oxidative-nitrosative stress, inhibition of antioxidant protection; contributes to the activation of the general activity of NO-synthase and iNOS, suppresses the activity of cNOS.

Effect of monosodium glutamate supplementation in diet on fatty acid profiles, genes expression related to lipid metabolism and egg yolk cholesterol in late phase of production in laying hens.

In an experiment with four treatments and five replicates, the effects of adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to the diet in late phase of egg production was studied on performance, and lipid metabolism in laying hens. Dietary treatments included the control basal diet without MSG and the other treatments adding 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% MSG in the control diet respectively. The effect of supplementation of MSG on egg weight, egg production, feed conversion ratio and egg mass was insignificant (p < 0.05). Adding MSG to the diet significantly increased feed intake and blood polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration (p < 0.05). Intake of 0.8% and 1.2% MSG in the diet up regulated the mRNA expression of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, fatty acid synthaseand lipoprotein lipase in the abdominal and liver tissues in comparison to the control group. Blood very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceridesand cholesterol concentration were increased in treatment fed with a diet containing 0.8% MSG compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The effect of MSG on total egg yolk cholesterol concentration was not significant. In conclusion, the results of the present experiment indicated that adding MSG increased feed intake and blood polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration.

Multifaceted Impacts of Monosodium Glutamate on Testicular Health: Insights into Pyroptosis and Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol.

Monosodium glutamate was considered one of the food additive and flavor enhancer in processed meat and soup that affects testicular tissues, the aim of this research to investigates the impact of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on testicular structure in rats and explores the potential protective effects of resveratrol. Four experimental groups involved in our study 10 rats of each.: the first group as control group; the second group (Resveratrol group: control rats received 20 mg/kg of resveratrol, via oral gavage); the third group (MSG group: rats received monosodium glutamate (MSG) with a dose 60 mg/kg body weight daily, via gastric tube, and the fourth group (MSG+ Resveratrol group). Serum level of testosterone, FSH, LH, were measured. Testicular tissues were prepared for measurement of oxidative stress markers, and gene expression of NLRP3, Caspase 3, and GSK-3β. Moreover, paraffin blocks contained testicular tissue used for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Additionally, seminal smear from epididymis were examined. MSG administration adversely affected testosterone production, hormonal levels, and sperm parameters, Histological examination revealed marked testicular degeneration, and oxidative stress assessments indicated elevated level of MDA a lipid peroxidation marker and decrease in SOD, CAT antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, MSG-induced apoptotic and pyroptotic markers and its gene expressions. Importantly. Administration of resveratrol reversed the detrimental effects of MSG, demonstrating its corrective influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis disruption, improvement of sperm parameters, attenuation of oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic activity, and anti-pyroptotic effects. The expression of Ki-67 as a cell proliferation marker further supported the positive response to spermatogenesis dysfunction upon resveratrol treatment. This comprehensive exploration sheds light on the protective effect of resveratrol against MSG-induced testicular with exploration of its mechanistic role.

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON BODY WEIGHT OF RATS AND SOME INDICES OF LIPID METABOLISM

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON BODY WEIGHT OF RATS AND SOME INDICES OF LIPID METABOLISM

Central amygdala is related to the reduction of aggressive behavior by monosodium glutamate ingestion during the period of development in an ADHD model rat.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), an umami substance, stimulates the gut-brain axis communication via gut umami receptors and the subsequent vagus nerves. However, the brain mechanism underlying the effect of MSG ingestion during the developmental period on aggression has not yet been clarified. We first tried to establish new experimental conditions to be more appropriate for detailed analysis of the brain, and then investigated the effects of MSG ingestion on aggressive behavior during the developmental stage of an ADHD rat model. Long-Evans, WKY/Izm, SHR/Izm, and SHR-SP/Ezo were individually housed from postnatal day 25 for 5 weeks. Post-weaning social isolation (PWSI) was given to escalate aggressive behavior. The resident-intruder test, that is conducted during the subjective night, was used for a detailed analysis of aggression, including the frequency, duration, and latency of anogenital sniffing, aggressive grooming, and attack behavior. Immunohistochemistry of c-Fos expression was conducted in all strains to predict potential aggression-related brain areas. Finally, the most aggressive strain, SHR/Izm, a known model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), was used to investigate the effect of MSG ingestion (60 mM solution) on aggression, followed by c-Fos immunostaining in aggression-related areas. Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy was performed to verify the importance of gut-brain interactions in the effect of MSG. The resident intruder test revealed that SHR/Izm rats were the most aggressive among the four strains for all aggression parameters tested. SHR/Izm rats also showed the highest number of c-Fos + cells in aggression-related brain areas, including the central amygdala (CeA). MSG ingestion significantly decreased the frequency and duration of aggressive grooming and attack behavior and increased the latency of attack behavior. Furthermore, MSG administration successfully increased c-Fos positive cell number in the intermediate nucleus of the solitary tract (iNTS), a terminal of the gastrointestinal sensory afferent fiber of the vagus nerve, and modulated c-Fos positive cells in the CeA. Interestingly, vagotomy diminished the MSG effects on aggression and c-Fos expression in the iNTS and CeA. MSG ingestion decreased PWSI-induced aggression in SHR/Izm, which was mediated by the vagus nerve related to the stimulation of iNTS and modulation of CeA activity.

Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Some Vitamins and the Protective role of Vitamin B12 in Adult Female Rats

The aim of study: the current study investigated the effect of MSG and protective role of Vitamin B 12 on the Vitamin C and E concentration level in rats, material and method, the study included Rats were divided into five equal groups n=10, each group was further divided into two groups [A and B, n=5] and treated for 30 and 60 days, respectively. The 1st group received distilled water orally by gavage, the 2nd and 3rd group received MSG in a dose of 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight orally by gavage, respectively, the 4th and 5th groups received MSG and vitamin B12 in a dose of 20 or 40 mg MSG/kg in addition to 0.2 m vitamin B12/kg, respectively. The results: The findings found the Group V showed increased in Vitamin C concentration after 30 and 60 days (1.246±0.319, 1.335±0.341) respectively with significant differences with other groups same results reported in Vitamin E that showed Vitamin E concentration after 30 and 60 day (1.136±0.319, 1.109±0.019) respectively with significant differences at (p≤0.05) with other groups.

Mechanism for improving the in vitro digestive properties of coconut milk by modifying the structure and properties of coconut proteins with monosodium glutamate

In this paper, the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on coconut protein (CP) solubility, surface hydrophobicity, emulsification activity, ultraviolet spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy was investigated. Meanwhile, the changes in the in vitro digestive properties of coconut milk were also further analyzed. MSG treatment altered the solubility and surface hydrophobicity of CP, thereby improving protein digestibility. Molecular docking showed that CP bound to pepsin and trypsin mainly through hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. And MSG increased the cleavable sites of pepsin and trypsin on CP, thus further improving the protein digestibility. In addition, MSG increased the Na+ concentration in coconut milk, promoted flocculation and aggregation between coconut milk droplets, which prevented the binding of lipase and oil droplets and inhibited lipid digestion. These findings may provide new ideas and insights to improve the digestive properties of plant-based milk.

Effect of Monosodium Glutamate in Artificial Food on Feed Utilization Efficiency, Growth, and Survival of Fingerling Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the leading freshwater fish commodities in Indonesia. The problem often faced by tilapia farmers is the low level of feed utilization, especially protein, which is still low, resulting in suboptimal growth. The glutamate content in monosodium glutamate (MSG) can act as a precursor for the formation of arginine and glutamine, which can increase the production of protease and lipase enzymes that are excreted into the intestines during the feed hydrolysis process, which is useful in increasing the absorption of nutrients in the form of protein and fat. This research was conducted using fingerling tilapia as a test fish with an average individual length of 6.59 ± 0.21 cm/fish and an average individual weight of 5.33 ± 0.27 g/fish. This research was carried out in an aquarium container measuring 40x30x30 cm with a water volume of 27 l and a density of 15 fish/aquarium. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of MSG in fish feed on total feed consumption (TKP), feed utilization efficiency (FUE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention, relative growth rate (RGR), and survival (SR) in fingerling tilapia. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) of 4 treatments with 3 replications. Treatments A, B, C, and D are fed with the addition of 0 MSG in commercial feed; 0.75; 1.5; and 2.25 g/kg. Variables observed included TKP, FUE, PER, protein retention, RGR, and SR. The research results showed that MSG in feed had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.05) on the FUE, PER, protein retention, and RGR values but had no effect (P &lt; 0.05) on the TKP and SR values. FUE value; PER, protein retention; The highest RGR was obtained in treatment D (2.25 g/kg); FUE (87.21±2.28); PER(1.83±0.05); protein retention (50.47±0.76); The RGR (3.06 ± 0.03) and survival value for all treatments were found to be 100%. The water quality during the research was in optimal condition.

The influence of ethanol extract of dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) on the number of Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules diameter in mice (Mus musculus) exposed to monosodium glutamate

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of ethanol extract from dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) on the number of Leydig cells and the diameter of seminiferous tubules in mice (Mus musculus) exposed to monosodium glutamate (MSG). Method: A total of 25 mice were divided into 5 groups. Group C- received only 0.5% CMC-Na. Group C+ was given 0.5% CMC-Na and 4 mg/gBW/day of MSG. Groups T1, T2, and T3 were administered dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) ethanol extract at doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kgBW/day, respectively, along with 4 mg/gBW/day of MSG. All treatments were administered orally for 52 days. Result: The results indicated that MSG exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the number of Leydig cells and the diameter of seminiferous tubules in the C+ group compared to the C- group (p &lt; 0.05). Administration of dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) ethanol extract at doses of 30 (T1), 60 (T2), and 120 mg (T3) per kg BW showed similar results (p&gt;0.05) to those of the C- group. Conclusion: In conclusion, the administration of dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) ethanol extract mitigates the harmful effects of MSG on the number of Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules diameter in mice (Mus musculus) as a model. This research shows that Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia) plays a role in reproductive health care.

Quercetin inhibits NF-kB and JAK/STAT signaling via modulating TLR in thymocytes and splenocytes during MSG-induced immunotoxicity: an in vitro approach.

The most widely used food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been linked to immunopathology. Conversely, quercetin (Q), a naturally occurring flavonoid has been demonstrated to have immunomodulatory functions. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to determine if quercetin can mitigate the deleterious effects of MSG on immune cells, and the possible involvement of TLR, if any. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted on Q, to determine how it affects the inflammatory response triggered by MSG in primary cultured thymocytes and splenocytes from rats (n = 5). Q shielded cells by augmenting cell survival and decreasing lactate dehydrogenase leakage during MSG treatment. It decreased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α expression and release by hindering NF-kB activation and by inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, Q prevented NLRP3 activation, lowered IL-1β production, and promoted an anti-inflammatory response by increasing IL-10 production. Q reduced MSG-induced cellular stress and inflammation by acting as an agonist for PPAR-γ and LXRα, preventing NF-kB activation, and lowering MMP-9 production via increasing TIMP-1. Additionally, Q neutralized free radicals, elevated intracellular antioxidants, and impeded RIPK3, which is involved in inflammation induced by oxidative stress, TNF-α, and TLR agonists in MSG-treated cells. Furthermore, it also modulated TYK2 and the JAK/STAT pathway, which exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect. MSG exposure is associated with immune cell dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and Q modulates TLR to inhibit NF-kB and JAK/STAT pathways, providing therapeutic potential. Further research is warranted to understand Q's downstream effects and explore its potential clinical applications in inflammation.

The Effects of Monosodium Glutamate by Product Treated Rice Straw in Total Mixed Rations on Rumen Fermentation and Ruminal Microbial Populations Using an In Vitro Gas Technique

The Effects of Monosodium Glutamate by Product Treated Rice Straw in Total Mixed Rations on Rumen Fermentation and Ruminal Microbial Populations Using an In Vitro Gas Technique

The effect of common food preservatives on the heart rate of Daphnia magna

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite, and sodium benzoate are used frequently in the food industry to enhance product flavors and preserve foods, as well as beverages, by preventing bacterial growth. As food additives are being consumed every day worldwide, any side effects of their consumption could have serious implications for human health and should be investigated. The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of MSG, sodium nitrite, and sodium benzoate on the heart rate of Daphnia magna, small freshwater crustaceans with hearts comparable to humans. MSG, sodium nitrite, and sodium benzoate have been linked to several health effects including alteration in heart rate. We hypothesized that MSG and sodium nitrite would increase the heart rate and sodium benzoate would decrease the heart rate of D. magna based on data from previous studies. Our results show that all three of the compounds had some measurable effect on the heart rate of D. magna, with benzoate showing the clearest effect. Sodium nitrite showed slightly increased heart rates as the concentration increased, while in the high concentration of sodium benzoate heart rates were significantly decreased. For MSG the effect was not as clear, and there appeared to be a drop in heart rate at a low concentration. The food industries may use these findings to guide the food additive concentrations in their products as well as to make consumers aware of the possible effects after consumption.

Effect of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and Rice Washing Water as Liquid Fertilizer on Ipomea reptanas L. Poir Plant Height

The Ipomea reptans L. Poir plant is a horticultural plant that contains high nutrition and is very popular among the public. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is a sodium salt which is very important in the vegetative and generative growth of plants. Rice washing water is one of the domestic wastes that is rarely used and has very good properties for plant growth as an organic liquid fertilizer. This research was prepared based on a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with treatment of MSG concentration combined with rice washing water, namely treatment I (MSG 5 grams + 200 mL rice washing water) and treatment II (MSG 5 grams + 200 mL rice washing water) were carried out repetition 3 times. The parameters observed in this research were the height growth of Ipomea reptans L.Poir plants. Giving MSG combined with rice washing water is the best way to increase the height growth of Ipomea reptanas plants, namely MSG 7.5 grams + 200 mL Rice Washing Water which can be seen with a plant height of 33 cm (6 weeks).&#x0D; &#x0D; Key Words: MSG, Rice Washing Water, Plant Height, Ipomea reptanas L. Poir

The effect of monosodium glutamate on the risk of oral cancer: a systematic review

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/Nk6RJxEL_FU Introduction: Oral cancer is a malignancy, and most cases are diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral cancer has a multifactorial etiology, one of which is the pattern of food intake. Monosodium glutamate has been widely used by the public as a flavor enhancer. Until now, the safety of MSG has been debated because several studies state that MSG can have both negative and positive effects, so its effect on the risk of developing oral cancer is still unclear. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of MSG on the risk of oral cancer. Methods: An article search was performed through the Pubmed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Nature, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Semantic Scholar databases using predefined keywords, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and adapted to the PICO framework. Article writing refers to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of five selected articles were obtained. Three in vivo study articles describe the effect of MSG, which can cause genotoxicity, a decrease in the quality and quantity of DNA, and changes in the histological structure of the oral mucosa of experimental animals. One case-control study article explained that MSG had the potential to triple the risk of oral cancer, while one cohort study article described the effect of MSG in suppressing post-chemotherapy side effects in head and neck cancer patients. Conclusion: MSG has the potential to increase the risk of oral cancer because it tends to be more of a carcinogen. It because MSG can induced and increased oxidative stress, which triggers genotoxicity in oral mucosa cells.

Farklı Konsantrasyonlardaki Monosodyum Glutamatın Koryoallantoik Membran Modelinde Anti-Anjiyojenik ve Oksidan Etkileri

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor-enhancing food additive. MSG exposure is rising day by day because of the high commercial food consumption. MSG exposure causes damage to various tissues and organs. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of MSG on angiogenesis and oxidant-antioxidant balance. Three different concentrations of MSG (10-4 M, 10-5 M, and 10-6 M), control, and the bevacizumab (10-6 M) were prepared and placed on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the embryos. Albumen was taken from the embryos before and after the experiment. Angiogenesis was investigated through the window that was opened on the eggshell. Angiogenesis was found to be normal in the control and 10-6 M MSG group (average score: 0.3). Anti-angiogenic effects were moderate in the 10-5 M MSG group (average score: 0.5) and in the 10-4 M MSG group (average score: 0.7), and strong in the bevacizumab group (average score: 1.1). According to our results, MSG shows anti-angiogenic properties in higher doses. MSG increased oxidative stress. According to the results of our research, it is seen that MSG inhibits angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in the CAM model and may cause an increase in oxidative damage by disrupting the oxidant-antioxidant balance. Since no previous study has been found in the literature regarding the effects of MSG on angiogenesis and oxidant-antioxidant balance in the CAM model, we think our results will fill an important gap in the literature.

Monosodium Glutamate Effect on The Expression of ɑ7nACHR and ɑ4nACHR Subunits in The Testicular Tissue.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular food flavor enhancer, and a glutamate subset that induces different toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and nephrotoxicity. This study was conducted to assess the effects of MSG on the α7 and α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACHR) protein subunits expression of adult rat testis and the safety role of vitamin C. For this experimental research, 24 rats were haphazardly grouped into four equal groups (n=6) and orally gavaged for 30 days as follows: control group (distilled water gavage), MSG group (3 g/kg/b.w/ day), vitamin C group (150 mg/kg/b.w/day), and MSG+vitamin C group (3 g/kg/b.w/day+150 mg/kg/b.w/day, respectively) that rats of all groups on the 30th day were anesthetized, and the left testes were used for of α4 and α7 nACHR protein subunit evaluation by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical computations were performed using Graph Pad Prism software. The present study revealed a significant reduction in the expression and optical density (OD) of α7 nACHR and α4 nACHR in the seminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue in the MSG group compared to the control group. In the MSG+vitamin C group, the expression and OD of α7 nACHR and α4 nACHR increased in the seminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue but this improvement was not significant compared to the MSG group. MSG decreased the expression level of nACHR protein subunits, α7 and α4, in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial testicular tissue. Vitamin C in the MSG+vitamin C group could not significantly improve the expression of α7 and α4 nACHR subunits in testicular tissue. Probably, MSG toxicity can be compensated with higher doses of vitamin C.

Mechanism for improving coconut milk emulsions viscosity by modifying coconut protein structure and coconut milk properties with monosodium glutamate

In this study, monosodium glutamate (MSG) was used to improve the viscosity of coconut milk and the underlying mechanism was explored by investigating the changes in structures of coconut milk protein and physicochemical properties of coconut milk. Firstly, the effect of MSG on the properties of coconut milk was studied. The results showed that MSG increased the pH and zeta potential, reduced the particle size, thus enhancing the droplet interaction and increasing the viscosity of coconut milk. Subsequently, the effects of MSG on the structure and properties of coconut proteins (CP) were investigated. FTIR spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that MSG was able to change the secondary structure of CP. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that MSG was able to bind to CP to form a larger molecular weight protein, thus improving the viscosity of coconut milk. Moreover, MSG was also able to increase the water-binding capacity of CP. In addition, molecular docking and driving force analysis revealed that hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions are the main interactions between MSG and CP. Studying the effect of MSG on the viscosity of coconut milk provides theoretical support to improve the viscosity of other plant protein emulsions.

Effect of monosodium glutamate on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity: A mini review

Seasonings are now utilised more regularly to enhance the flavour of food. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has gained popularity in the food processing industry during the past 30 years. Numerous researches have found that MSG is a problematic substance because of the negative impact it has on both people and animals. The main focus of the present review is the toxicological effects of monosodium glutamate on body weight, biochemical parameters, hepatic and renal toxicity, and the history, chemical composition, and use of MSG as a food additive. This review's objective is to educate readers about the negative health effects of MSG.

Evaluation of the cardiac effect of monosodium glutamate (Ajinomoto) in albino rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a common food ingredient and taste enhancer, but consuming large amounts of it has prompted many questions about its safety and potential negative effects, particularly on the heart. Therefore, this present study evaluated the effect of MSG on the heart. Eighteen (18) albino rats were randomly grouped according to their body weight into 3 groups A, B, and C with 6 rats in each group. Group A were used as controls. Group B received high dose (4 mg/kg) of the monosodium glutamate concentration while group C received a low dose (2 mg/kg) of the monosodium glutamate concentration for twenty-one (21) days. The activity of the heart was assessed by determining the level of CK-MB, LDH and AST in the serum. It was observed that rats on high dose of MSG gained significant weight when compared to control group. A non-significant (P&gt;0.05) decrease in CK-MB, statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in LDH and statistically significant decrease in AST were seen in the high dose MSG group when compared to the control group. Low dose MSG group did not show any significant alterations in the biochemical parameters measured. The histopathology analysis showed that the myocardial fibres of the high dose and low dose MSG group are normal. These results showed that MSG can cause weight gain at high dose, but there was no observable damage to the heart at high and low doses.

The Effects of Apocynin on Monosodium Glutamate Induced Liver Damage of Rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is found in refined foods. Apocynin (APO) is a selective NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate possible effects of MSG and the curative effects of APO in rats. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (Normal control, APO, MSG and MSG + APO, n:7 for each group). The MSG and MSG + APO groups received 120 mg/kg MSG solution orally for 28 consecutive days. The APO and MSG + APO groups received 25 mg/kg APO solution orally for 5 days until the end of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and liver tissue and blood samples were taken for histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical analyses. In the MSG group, vacuolization and loss in glycogen content in the hepatocytes, leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis in the liver parenchyme and portal triads, were observed. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP (TUNEL)-positivity and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-2-positivity were higher in the MSG group compared with the other experimental groups. The concentrations of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were higher, whereas albumin, glutathione (GSH), and superoxide (SOD) levels were lower in the MSG group. All these data has been reversed in MSG + APO group. The histological and biochemical criteria indicated the prominent ameliorating effect of APO on MSG -induced liver injury.