Effects Of Monosodium Glutamate Research Articles

The Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on PSMA Radiotracer Uptake in Men with Recurrent Prostate Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Intraindividual Imaging Study

The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an excellent target for theranostic applications in prostate cancer. However, PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy can cause undesirable effects due to high accumulation of PSMA radiotracers in salivary glands and kidneys. This study assessed orally administered monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a potential means of reducing kidney and salivary gland radiation exposure using a PSMA-targeting radiotracer. Methods: This prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 10 patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Each subject served as his own control. PET/CT imaging sessions using 2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-18F-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid (18F-DCFPyL) were performed 3-7 d apart, after oral administration of either 12.7 g of MSG or placebo. Data from the 2 sets of images were analyzed by placing regions of interest on lacrimal, parotid, and submandibular glands; left ventricle; liver; spleen; kidneys; bowel; urinary bladder; gluteus muscle; and malignant lesions. The results from MSG and placebo scans were compared by paired analysis of the region-of-interest data. Results: In total, 142 pathologic lesions along with normal tissues were analyzed. As hypothesized a priori, there was a significant decrease in SUVmax corrected for lean body mass (SULmax) on images obtained after MSG administration in the parotids (24% ± 14%, P = 0.001), submandibular glands (35% ± 11%, P < 0.001), and kidneys (23% ± 26%, P = 0.014). Significant decreases were also observed in the lacrimal glands (49% ± 13%, P < 0.001), liver (15% ± 6%, P < 0.001), spleen (28% ± 13%, P = 0.001), and bowel (44% ± 13%, P < 0.001). A mildly lower blood pool SULmean was observed after MSG administration (decrease of 11% ± 13%, P = 0.021). However, significantly lower radiotracer uptake in terms of SULmean, SULpeak, and SULmax was observed in malignant lesions on scans performed after MSG administration than on the placebo studies (SULmax median decrease, 33%; range, -1% to 75%; P < 0.001). No significant adverse events occurred after placebo or MSG administration, and vital signs were stable. Conclusion: Orally administered MSG significantly decreased salivary gland, kidney, and other normal-organ PSMA radiotracer uptake in human subjects, using 18F-DCFPyL as an exemplar. However, MSG caused a corresponding reduction in tumor uptake, which may limit the benefits of this approach for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Effect of monosodium glutamate on the cerebellar cortex microscopic structure in suckling rats, and possible protective role of vitamin C

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is food additive, has effects on cerebellar cortex. It induces oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant capabilities. The health benefits of vitamin C are derived from its role in a number of key pathways within the immune system. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on the rat cerebellar cortex with the possible protective role of vitamin C. Material and Methods: Twenty-one new-born and twenty-one 20-day-old of suckling male albino rats were randomly divided into three groups in each age group. There were control groups (n=9); MSG-treated groups (n=6), in which the animals were treated with MSG 4 ‎ g/kg body weight ; and MSG + vitamin C treatment groups (n=6) , in which the animals were treated with MSG 4 ‎g/kg body weight and vitamin C 500 mg/kg orally. After ten days from the beginning of the experiment, the animals were anaesthetized by thiopental sodium. Cerebellar specimens were obtained, and then, processed for both light and electron microscopic examination. Results: MSG administration resulted degenerative changes of neurons, observed in the 10-day-old group, and Purkinje cell loss, in the 30-day-old group, Purkinje layer showed multiple focal areas of loss, dark irregular cells with marked ultrastructural abnormalities. GFAP showed good evidence of gliosis in the MSG-treated groups. Fortunately, co-administration of vitamin C reduced these effects. In conclusion, MSG has neurodegenerative effect on cerebellar cortex and vitamin C supplementation could protect from neurotoxic effect of MSG.

Monosodium glutamate induces cardiac toxicity via oxidative stress, fibrosis, and P53 proapoptotic protein expression in rats.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as food additive and flavor enhancer; however, consumption of high dose of MSG provokes oxidative stress in many organs and its safety and side effects on the body are still controversial. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the long-lasting effects of MSG on cardiac muscle functions and structure. Forty male Wister albino rats were assigned into 3 groups. Control group was injected intraperitoneally with physiological saline for 7days. Second group was injected intraperitoneally with MSG at a dose of 4mg/g b.w/day for 7 consecutive days and then kept without any treatment till 45th day of the experiment. Third group was injected intraperitoneally with MSG at a dose of 6mg/g b.w/day for 7 consecutive days and then kept without any treatment till 45th day of the experiment. Monosodium glutamate significantly reduced body weight, force of cardiac muscle contractility, serum level of high-density lipoprotein, and superoxide dismutase activity in cardiac muscle, while it significantly elevated heart rate, serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triacylglycerides, atherogenic index and troponin T, activities of serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase-MB, malondialdehyde concentration, and P53 protein expression in cardiac muscle. In addition, it induced myocardial degeneration, cellular infiltration, deposition of collagen in cardiac muscle, and periodic acid-Schiff staining reaction. This study indicated that MSG exerted long-lasting functional and structural alterations in the heart of male albino rats through induction of oxidative stress, atherogenesis, and apoptosis.

A102 MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE INCREASES VISCERAL SENSITIVITY IN A MURINE MODEL OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

Abstract Background Over 70% of patients suffering from symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) report that food is the most common trigger. Patients have identified that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one food component that they suspect can trigger symptoms, but this remains unproven. As a first step towards establishing a potential role, we sought to examine whether there was a plausible mechanism of how MSG ingestion could underlie exaggerated pain signaling in IBS. Aims To examine the effects of MSG on visceral sensitivity in a murine model of IBS. Methods Balb/c mice were subjected to 6-days of water-avoidance stress (WAS) to create a pre-clinical model for IBS. To assess changes in visceral afferent nerve sensitivity in control and WAS mice, responses to ramp distension (0–60 mmHg), in the absence and presence 10 μM MSG perfused into the intestinal lumen (concentration based on diet analysis of MSG human ingestion), were recorded from afferent nerves innervating the jejunum ex vivo. To quantify these responses, the baseline firing frequency (spikes/second) was subtracted from the maximum response at each distending pressure. The relative distension response was calculated as a percentage of the control distension response (absence of MSG) (Figure 1). Jejunal preparations from the same WAS-treated mice were also used to measure ex vivo changes in mucosal permeability to MSG using Ussing chambers. We also ran the same distension protocol; however, we applied 10 μM MSG directly to the organ bath outside intestine obtained from control mice. This direct application would allow the MSG to have direct access to the nerve terminals without having to traverse the mucosa. Results The intraluminal administration of 10 μM MSG significantly increased afferent nerve sensitivity in WAS-treated jejunum but not controls. This response was significantly greater (23%) at pressures between 40 and 60 mmHg (p&amp;lt;0.01) (Figure 1). WAS-treated mouse jejunum was also significantly more permeable to MSG (p&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, the application of 10 μM MSG directly to the bath containing healthy jejunum significantly increased by 25% the sensitivity of afferent nerves specifically at 60 mmHg (p&amp;lt;0.01). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that MSG increases visceral sensitivity to distension in our pre-clinical model of IBS. The increased permeability to MSG in WAS tissue and increased distension response in healthy control tissue when MSG is applied directly to the bath rather than intraluminally, suggests that MSG signals to the immune compartment or directly to the afferent nerve terminals. These findings support the rationale for future in vivo studies with this model to further clarify the mechanism. Funding Agencies CCC, CIHR

Effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on behavior, body and brain weights of exposed rats

Purpose: Consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in food, drink, and other consumables has been linked to different observable changes believed to be as a result of MSG's effects on the brain. Furthermore, it is believed that blood–brain barrier plays a role on how these effects are felt in different stages of life. The present study is an attempt to understand the differential effect of MSG by studying body and brain weights as well as physiological changes in the behavior of rats exposed at different stages of life (either as neonate or as adult). Materials and Methods: Pups were administered 4 mg/g MSG on postnatal days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, allowed to mature for 26 weeks, and afterward divided into three groups (n = 6) and administered saline, 5 mg/g, and 10 mg/g MSG for 6 weeks. Two other groups, not exposed to MSG at neonatal age (adult), were similarly administered 5 mg/g and 10 mg/g MSG for 6 weeks. During this period, weight gain and behavioral observation was made, and at the end of the 6 weeks, brain weight was measured. Results: A dose-dependent effect of MSG was recorded in both neonatal- and adult-administered rats in all the parameters studied. Conclusion: MSG affects both neonate and adult rats similarly, thus adult exposure may be used in studies involving MSG and other neurotoxic chemicals.

Key enzymes of glutamate metabolisms in the brain of neonatal and adult rats exposed to monosodium glutamate

Background and objectives: Despite the effective role of monosodium glutamate as a food additive, there are claims indicating that monosodium glutamate consumption increases the level of glutamate an excitatory neurotransmitter which can be toxic to the brain in accumulated level. The present study attempted to understand the differential effect of monosodium glutamate on key enzymes of glutamate metabolisms in rat brain exposed either as neonate or adult to monosodium glutamate. Methods: The rat neonates were divided into six groups with seven animals per group and exposed to different concentrations of monosodium glutamate as neonates only (normal saline or monosodium glutamate 4 mg/g), neonate plus adults (monosodium glutamate 5 or 10 mg/g) and adult only (monosodium glutamate 5 or 10 mg/g). Key enzymes of glutamate metabolisms were measured in whole brain homogenates. All experiments were approved by the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences University of Calabar and ethics committee-04/11/2018. Results: Except neonate plus adult 5 mg/g group, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthetase activities were significantly higher in administered groups than in the control group (P 0.05). The glutamate carboxylase activity was significantly higher in all monosodium glutamate administered groups than in the control group (P Conclusion: Exposure to monosodium glutamate can increase the activities of key enzymes of glutamate metabolism in the brain of neonate and adult rats similarly, which is not determined by age difference.

Testicular protective and antioxidant effects of selenium nanoparticles on Monosodium glutamate-induced testicular structure alterations in male mice

BackgroundSelenium has a protective antioxidant effect on several tissues. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), MSG has been known as flavor enhancer that influences reversely on male reproductive systems and having a number of side effects, including reproductive toxicity. ObjectivesThe current study aims to evaluate the possible ameliorative functions of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on MSG-induced reproductive toxicity. Materials and methodsIn total, 42 male mice included in this study were divided into six groups: control, MSG (LD), MSG (HD), SeNPs, MSG (LD) plus SeNPs and finally MSG (HD) plus SeNPs. Testosterone hormone, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as the antioxidant biomarkers: superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], catalase [CAT] and marker of lipid peroxidation [MDA], were examined. Histological and comet assay variations in the testicular tissues as markers of testicular damage after the MSG administration in two doses (MSG-LD and MSG-HD) either alone or combined with SeNPs.MSG in two doses (LD and HD) genotoxic effects were also evaluated and the ameliorative role of SeNPs on the testicular tissues were recorded. ResultsResults proved that the administration of SeNPs diminished the effect of MSG (LD and HD)-that induced decrease in testosterone hormone levels and elevated oxidative stress markers markedly. SeNPs had a potent antioxidant effect and elevated the antioxidant enzymes significantly and decreased lipid peroxidation markers as compared with MSG either (LD and HD) groups. ConclusionIt is clear from the data that SeNPs inhibit testicular injury and improve the antioxidant state in male mice.

The potential cytoprotective effect of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on monosodium glutamate-induced testicular toxicity in rats

ABSTRACT Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been recognized as flavor enhancer that adversely affects male reproductive systems. Objective The study was conducted to explore the conceivable protective effects of vitamin C and/or vitamin E on testicular toxicity induced by MSG in rats. Materials and Methods Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided (six per group) into: control, MSG, MSG + Vitamin C, MSG + Vitamin E and MSG + Vitamin C + Vitamin E groups. The duration of the study was three weeks. Assessment of serum testosterone, leuteinizing hormone (LH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), interleukin-10 (IL-10) ,and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were done. Histopathological examination of the testes of the rats was performed using histological, histochemical (Periodic Acid Schiff reaction (PAS)), and immunohistochemical (Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), androgen receptors (ARs), Caspase-3) techniques. Results MSG-group was associated with significant decrease in serum testosterone, LH, GPX, and IL-10 (P < 0.05) and significant increase in serum MDA and TNF-α (P < 0.05) when compared with control group. MSG-group revealed many histopathological changes in the testis including degeneration of the germinal epithelium, absence of sperms in the lumina of tubules, widened vacuolated interstitium, marked deposition of the collagen fibers, very strong PAS reaction and marked immunohistochemical changes. Administration of vitamin C or vitamin E significantly reduced these changes; however, the combination of vitamin C and vitamin E provided more potent protection against the toxic effect of MSG than using each vitamin alone. Also, there was insignificant difference (P > 0.05) between MSG +Vitamin C and MSG +Vitamin E groups. Conclusion Vitamin C and Vitamin E act synergistically in reducing MSG-induced testicular toxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of both vitamins.

Glutamic Acid Application for Enhancement of Growth and Productivity of Okra Plant (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

Red okra fruit has high nutritional value and fiber but still has low production. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) consists of sodium and glutamic acid. In plants, sodium can role of replacing potassium, stomata physiology, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Glutamate as the nitrogen donor in primer metabolism and gibberellic acid precursor. The assumption that MSG in plants has a positive impact. This research aimed to examine the effect of MSG and the optimum dosage for enhances of growth and production. This research was conducted with Completely Randomized Designs (CRD) with one factor, is the MSG dosage (0, 3, 6, and 9 g). Quantitative data were analyzed using analysis of variant (ANOVA) dan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The result shows that the MSG treatment enhances the growth of the okra based on parameters of plant’s height, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant and the width of the leaf and enhances the production of the okra based on the flowering time, the number of the flower, the number of the fruit, the percentage of flower becoming fruit, the weight of fruit, width of fruit, and the diameter of the fruit. The optimal dosage of MSG for okra production and growth is 3 g/plant.

Effect of monosodium glutamate on testicular tissue of paclitaxel-treated mice: An experimental study.

BackgroundPaclitaxel (PTX), a chemotherapeutic agent, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) have oxidative effects on testicular tissue.ObjectiveIn this study, the effects of MSG administration on the exacerbation of testicular tissue alterations related to PTX treatment were evaluated.Materials and MethodsMSG (30 & 60 mg/kg i.p.) was administrated to six groups (n = 8/each) of adult mice before or after PTX treatment: control, PTX-treated, MSG30 + PTX, MSG60 + PTX, PTX + MSG30, and PTX + MSG60. Following the euthanizing, the body weight measurement, pituitary–testicular axis hormonal analysis and serum lipid peroxidation index assessment was prepared, testicular histomorphometry (tubular diameter and germinal epithelium height), immunohistochemistry of p53 was completed. Microscopic indices of spermatogenesis (tubular differentiation, spermiogenesis and repopulation indices) were studied.ResultsBody weight was not changed significantly. The levels of testosterone (p = 0.0001), follicle stimulating hormone (p = 0.019), and luteinizing hormone (p = 0.08) were decreased while the level of lipid peroxidation index was increased (p = 0.208) in the treated groups. The histomorphometry indices (p 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively), germ cells population (p 0.05) and microscopic indices of spermatogenesis (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, p 0.0001, respectively) were significantly reduced in all treated groups. The administration of MSG before PTX treatment induces more changes. The most positive reaction to p53 was observed in MSG30 or 60 + PTX groups compared to other groups.Conclusion The administration of MSG could intensify testicular tissue alterations related to PTX chemotherapy.

Expression and function of umami receptors T1R1/T1R3 in gastric smooth muscle.

l-amino acids, such as monosodium glutamate (MSG), activate the umami receptor T1R1/T1R3. We previously showed increased peristalsis in response to activation of T1R1/T1R3 by MSG in mouse colon. However, the expression and function of these receptors in the different regions of the stomach are not clear. Mouse gastric smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were isolated and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. Expression of T1R1 and T1R3 was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. The effect of MSG with and without inosine monophosphate (IMP, an allosteric activator of T1R1/T1R3) on acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contraction was measured in muscle strips and isolated SMCs by scanning micrometry. The effect of MSG with or without IMP on activation of G proteins and ACh-induced Ca2+ release was measured in SMCs. Monosodium glutamate inhibited ACh-induced contractions in muscle strips from both antrum and fundus and the effect of MSG was augmented by IMP; the effects were concentration-dependent and not affected by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NNA, or tetrodotoxin suggesting a direct effect on SMCs. In isolated gastric SMCs, T1R1 and T1R3 transcripts and protein were identified. Addition of MSG with or without IMP inhibited ACh-induced Ca2+ release and muscle contraction; the effect on contraction was blocked by pertussis toxin suggesting activation of Gαi proteins. MSG in the presence of IMP selectively activated Gαi2 . Umami receptors (T1R1/T1R3) are present on SMCs of the stomach, and activation of these receptors induces muscle relaxation by decreasing [Ca2+ ]i via Gαi2 .

CoQ10 ameliorates monosodium glutamate-induced alteration in detrusor activity and responsiveness in rats via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and channel inhibiting mechanisms

BackgroundCompetent detrusor muscles with coordinated contraction and relaxation are crucial for normal urinary bladder storage and emptying functions. Hence, detrusor instability, and subsequently bladder overactivity, may lead to undesirable outcomes including incontinence. Multiple mechanisms may underlie the pathogenesis of detrusor overactivity including inflammation and oxidative stress. Herein, we tested the possibility that CoQ10 may have a potential therapeutic role in detrusor overactivity.MethodsForty adult male Wistar albino rats weighing 100-150 g were used in the present study. Rats were divided (10/group) into control (receiving vehicles), monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated (receiving 5 mg/kg MSG daily for 15 consecutive days), MSG + OO-treated (receiving concomitantly 5 mg/kg MSG and olive oil for 15 consecutive days), MSG + CoQ10-treated (receiving concomitantly 5 mg/kg MSG and 100 mg/kg CoQ10 daily for 15 consecutive days) groups.ResultsMSG resulted in significant increase in bladder weight and sensitised the bladder smooth muscles to acetylcholine. MSG has also resulted in significant increase in bladder TNF-α, IL-6, malondialdehyde, nerve growth factor and connexion 43, with significant decrease in the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Olive oil had no effect on MSG induced alterations of different parameters. Treatment with CoQ10 has resulted in a significant restoration of all the altered parameters.ConclusionTaken together, our results suggest that CoQ10 antagonizes the deleterious effects of MSG on detrusor activity. We propose that CoQ10 could be a therapeutic strategy targeting urinary bladder dysfunction.

Ameliorating Effect of Moringa against Liver and Kidney Injury Induced by Monosodium Glutamate

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) produces adverse and damaging effects in different organs like liver and kidneys. Moringa has ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate.&#x0D; Objective: To study the ameliorating effect of moringa against rats liver and kidney injury induced by monosodium glutamate.&#x0D; Design: Prospective study.&#x0D; Setting: College of Pharmacy, Qassim University.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 20 male rats and equally divided into 4 groups. The first group was control group, second group was moringa group, third group was MSG group and forth group was MSG plus moringa group. We determined liver function, albumin, total protein, kidney function, electrolytes and histopathological examination of tissue.&#x0D; Main Outcome Results: Moringa has ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate.&#x0D; Sample Size: A total of 20 malerats.&#x0D; Results: There was a significant increase in the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine. Significant decrease in the levels of albumin, total proteins and sodium levels in rats treated with monosodium glutamate. Kidney sections revealed normal structure of glomeruli and renal tubules as control group, liver revealed good improvements and mild cellular infiltrations were observed in rats treated with MSG and moringa group.&#x0D; Conclusion: Moringa causes ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate in rats.&#x0D; Limitation of the Study: Few studies about the protective effect of Moringa against toxic effect of MSG. So we need to focus on its beneficial effect against toxicity induced by MSG.

Oral Monosodium Glutamate Differentially Affects Open-Field Behaviours, Behavioural Despair and Place Preference in Male and Female Mice

Background:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer which induces behavioural changes in animals. However the influence of sex on the behavioural response to MSG has not been investigated.Objective:The sex-differential effects of MSG on open-field behaviours, anxiety-related behaviour, behavioural despair, place-preference, and plasma/brain glutamate levels in adult mice were assessed.Methods:Mice were assigned to three groups (1-3), based on the models used to assess behaviours. Animals in group 1 were for the elevated-plus maze and tail-suspension paradigms, group 2 for the open-field and forced-swim paradigms, while mice in group 3 were for observation in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Mice in all groups were further assigned into five subgroups (10 males and 10 females), and administered vehicle (distilled water at 10 ml/kg) or one of four doses of MSG (20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) daily for 6 weeks, following which they were exposed to the behavioural paradigms. At the end of the behavioural tests, the animals were sacrificed, and blood was taken for estimation of glutamate levels. The brains were also homogenised for estimation of glutamate levels.Results:MSG was associated with a reduction in locomotion in males and females (except at 160 mg/kg, male), an anxiolytic response in females, an anxiogenic response in males, and decreased behavioural despair in both sexes (females more responsive). Postconditioning MSG-associated place-preference was significantly higher in females. Plasma/ brain glutamate was not significantly different between sexes.Conclusion:Repeated MSG administration alters a range of behaviours in a sex-dependent manner in mice.

Biochemical Changes in the Malnourished Rats Serum and Liver Exposed to Dietary Monosodium Glutamate

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer. Its toxicity in a malnourished state appears not to have been fully investigated. This study was carried out to determine the effects of MSG on malnourished rats. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of five rats/group. Group 1 rats were fed with malnourished feed; Group 2 rats received malnourished feed with dosed 1.6 mg/g MSG per body weight; Group 3 rats were fed with normal feed and dosed 1.6 mg/g MSG per body weight and Group 4 rats served as the control group (normal healthy rats) and were fed with normal feed for 28 days. After 28 days, the rats were sacrificed with the liver harvested and blood samples collected. Results from the study showed that malnourished rats had significantly lower levels of oxidative stress biomarkers including, anti-oxidants compared with the control. The levels of malondialldehyde concentration and xanthine oxidase activity were high in malnourished fed rats. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase levels of malnourished and normal rats administered MSG were significantly low compared to the normal healthy suggesting that labialization occurs in liver leading to leakage of these enzymes from the liver to the serum. Malnourished rats showed significant decrease in body weight losing 48 grams after 28 days compared to malnourished and normal rats fed with MSG which recorded significant increase in body weight after 28 days adding 26 g and 42 g respectively.

Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Renders Alkalinizing Properties and Its Urinary Metabolic Markers of MSG Consumption in Rats.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer and its effects on human health are still debated. We aimed to investigate whether MSG can act as alkalinizing agent in murine models and if its metabolites are biomarkers of MSG consumption. For this purpose, adult male Wistar rats were given water added with 1 g% MSG or three types of control water, including sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). At 14 days, urinary pH, electrolytes, urinary metabolites and ion-exchanger gene expression were determined. The results revealed that MSG-treated rats had significantly more alkaline urine and higher levels of urinary sodium and bicarbonate similar to NaHCO3 controls. These changes correlated with a lower expression of ion-exchanger genes, namely, CAII, NBC1, and AE1, which are involved in bicarbonate kidney reabsorption. The urinary metabolic profiles also revealed similar patterns for the MSG and NaHCO3 groups. In conclusion, MSG exhibits similar properties to NaHCO3, an alkalinizing agent, with regard to inducing alkaline urine, reducing bicarbonate kidney reabsorption, and generating a specific urinary metabolic pattern. We believe that these observations will be useful to further study the MSG effects in humans.

Amelioration of Monosodium Glutamate-induced Testicular Damage and Infertility in Male Rats by Water Melon and Cantaloupe Seeds Extract and Juices

Aims: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is extensively used as food additive and flavor enhancer, there is a growing concern that this may affect the male reproductive system and fertility. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of MSG on fertility and testes of mature male rats and the ameliorative role of water melon and cantaloupe (seeds extract and juices).&#x0D; Study Design: Thirty-six male Sprague - Dawely rats (150-180 g) were randomly assigned into six groups (n=6). Group (1): orally administered with distilled water. Group (2): orally administered with 60 mg/kg of MSG. Groups (3 and 4): orally administered with 60 mg/kg of MSG + 200 mg/kg of water melon seeds extract and juice respectively. Groups (5 and 6): orally administered with 60 mg/kg of MSG + 200 mg/kg of cantaloupe seeds extract and juice respectively.&#x0D; Results: Results showed that administration of MSG for 6 weeks caused abnormalities of semen characteristics, increased DNA damage and up-regulation of caspase3 expression in the testes tissue. Also, the levels of plasma sex hormones were decreased and the oxidant-antioxidant status was disturbed, moreover, MSG caused alteration in the histopathological structures of testicular tissue. Administration of seeds extract or juices of water melon and cantaloupe almost corrected the biochemical and histopathological alteration produced by MSG.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that water melon and cantaloupe seeds and juice extracts have an ameliorative role against MSG-induced testicular damage and infertility in rats.

Effect of Green Tea and Zinc oxide Nanoparticles Complex on Histopathology of Spleen of Male Rats Induced by Monosodium Glutamate

Background and objective: Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with green tea extract (GTE) to form a complex is known to be one of the most multiuse nanoparticles with its application in treatment the toxicity of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on liver, kidney, testis, and pancreas. Therefore, the present study was concerned with the pontifical effect of ZnO NPs / GTE complex on the histological structure of spleen exposed to MSG. Materials and Methods: The toxicity of MSG was evaluated in male albino rats using two dosages (low, 6.0 and high, 17.5 mg/kg). The albino rats were taken for the experiment and randomly assigned into six groups; control, ZnO NPs, MSG-LD, MSG-HD, ZnO NPs / GTE + MSG-LD, and ZnO NPs / GTE + MSG-HD. The animals were decapitated after 30 days of exposure and spleens were dissected out and processed for the histological examination by light microscope. Results: The result revealed that MSG causes shrinkage in the white pulp nodule with increasing the area of the white pulp and degeneration of red pulp as compared to the control. The changes were more prominent in the rats treated with the higher dosage of MSG. The finding suggests that MSG may effect on adhesion of splenocytes and degeneration of red pulp in the rat leading to the reduced immunogenic response. Conclusions: The data could be demonstrated the effect of MSG on spleen tissue was a dose-dependent and led to hypertrophy of white pulp of the spleen. The ZnO NPs/GTE complex could provide a protective benefit against MSG-induced splenomegaly through its potent antioxidant properties due to the presence of GTE and reduction of the ZnO. The future study will be a concern on the thymus histology as it acts as the center of lymphoid organ. Keywords: Monosodium glutamate, ZnO nanoparticles, Spleen, Histology, Rats

Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide/Camellia sinensis Complex on the Kidney of Rats Treated with Monosodium Glutamate: Antioxidant and Histological Approaches.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are robustly used biomedicine. Moreover, no study has been conducted to explore the consequence of green synthesis of ZnO NPs with Camellia sinensis (green tea extract, GTE) on kidneys of rats treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Therefore, the objective of the research was designed to explore the possible defensive effect of GTE/ZnO NPs against MSG-induced renal stress investigated at redox and histopathological points. The levels of urea and creatinine increased as the effect of a high dose of MSG, in addition, the myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activates were elevated significantly with the high dose of MSG. The levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid, glutathione, and thiol) were decreased sharply in MSG-treated rats as compared to the normal group. The data displayed that GTE/ZnO NPs reduced the effects of MSG significantly by reduction of the level peroxidation and enhancement intracellular antioxidant. These biochemical findings were supported by histopathology evaluation, which showed minor morphological changes in the kidneys of rats.

Effects of monosodium glutamate on apoptosis of germ cells in testicular tissue of adult rat: An experimental study.

BackgroundMonosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavoring and food seasoning. Some studies have reported the oxidative effects of using this substance on various tissues.ObjectiveThis study has investigated the effects of MSG and the protective effect of vitamin C (vit C) on apoptosis of testicular germ cells and biochemical factors.Materials and MethodsIn this experimental study, 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (received distilled water), vit C group (150 mg/kg), experimental group 1 (MSG 3 gr/kg), experimental group 2 (MSG 3 gr/kg + vit C 150 mg/kg). The rats were gavaged for 30 days, and then were sacrificed, the right testis was isolated for biochemical examinations for the glutathione, malondialdehyde, and left testis used in histological experiments. Tunnel staining was used to determine the number of apoptotic cells.ResultsThe results showed that apoptotic cells in the MSG group had a significant increase compared to the control group (P = 0.001), but the number of these cells in the MSG co-administered with vit C and vit C groups were significantly lower than the MSG group. Germinal epithelial thickness also decreased in MSG group compared to the control group.ConclusionMSG can lead to increase apoptotic changes in the germinal epithelial of the testicle, and vit C as an antioxidant can modify the pathological and biochemical changes induced by MSG.