Effect Of Magnesium Deficiency Research Articles

Effect of magnesium deficiency on bone health

Objective. To assess the impact of magnesium deficiency on bone metabolism based on an analytical analysis of current literature, as well as to systematize data on the impact of magnesium deficiency on the development of osteoporosis, bone regeneration, and to consider it as a risk factor for fracture. Methods. The review is based on the analysis of literature sources from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google, Google Scholar, and RLNS. The search was conducted by keywords: magnesium, deficiency, magnesium and bone tissue, magnesium and osteoporosis, magnesium and fractures, magnesium and bone regeneration. Results. Magnesium is a key element in the metabolic and regulatory processes of the body. Its effects on bone tissue are direct and indirect. The direct magnesium effect on genes involved in osteogenesis is accompanied by proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts, but magnesium deficiency leads to their reduction and apoptosis. In case of magnesium deficiency, the number and activity of osteoclasts increases. Magnesium regulates bone mineralization in a concentration-dependent manner. Magnesium deficiency increases bone resorption and affects osteopenia and osteoporosis, which can occur indirectly through decreased vitamin D levels, increased biosynthesis of parathyroid hormone, increased oxidative stress and biosynthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. However, data on bone mineral density at different skeletal sites in magnesium deficiency are ambiguous. Magnesium deficiency is considered a risk factor for fracture. It is of great importance for bone regeneration, affecting in various ways: it stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts, periosteum cells, increases the movement of osteoblasts to the area of traumatic bone injury, and activates signaling pathways. At the early stage of regeneration magnesium has a positive effect on macrophages, its specificity of action is inhibition of transformation of M2 macrophages into M1 at the tissue-specific stage of regeneration. One of the mechanisms stimulating regeneration may be the effect of magnesium on axons, release and increase of calcitonin-related polypeptide α. Conclusions. Since hypomagnesemia is a potentially modifiable factor, this opens up prospects for maintaining bone health and requires further research in this area.

Effects of magnesium deficiency on stress manifestations in women of reproductive age with nonspecific vaginitis

Nonspecific vaginitis is one of the most common problems in women of reproductive age, which ranks first in the structure of gynecological diseases and tends to increase. It is known that one of the causes of nonspecific vaginitis is the chronic stress influence on a woman’s body. At the same time, not only the hormonal system changes, but there is also a deficiency of trace elements, especially magnesium. Aim. To study the effect of magnesium preparations on the clinical manifestations of stress in the complex treatment of nonspecific vaginitis in women of reproductive age. Materials and methods. 160 women were examined, who were divided into 2 clinical groups with subgroups: the main group – 94 (58.8 %) patients with nonspecific vaginitis, who received treatment according to developed clinical diagnostic algorithms and schemes. The comparison group included 66 (41.2 %) patients with nonspecific vaginitis, who received treatment according to known protocols. In the process of examining groups, the following methods of examination were used: general (collection of complaints and anamnesis, gynecological examination, assessment of microscopy of vaginal smears according to the Amsel, Nugent and Donders criteria), laboratory (serum levels of adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, magnesium), questioning, statistical. Results. The use of magnesium preparation according to the scheme in the main group significantly reduced the symptoms of anxiety and depression, normalized the blood magnesium level in contrast to the comparison group (Р < 0.05). Conclusions. In women of reproductive age, suffering from nonspecific vaginitis, who are constantly under the influence of stress factors, a deterioration in the psycho-emotional state is determined in the form of anxiety and depression of varying severity, as evidenced by the results of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). In addition, in such women, there is an increase in the levels of stress hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol), a decrease in the blood magnesium level in contrast to the indicators in healthy individuals. The use of magnesium preparation according to the scheme in the complex treatment of nonspecific vaginitis in women of reproductive age with chronic stress normalizes the blood magnesium levels, significantly improves the psycho-emotional state, reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression and significantly improves the direct results of treatment.

Effect of magnesium deficiency and repeated-restraint stress on excretion of urinary metabolites in rats

Effect of magnesium deficiency and repeated-restraint stress on excretion of urinary metabolites in rats

Effect of oral administration of Magnesium N-Acetyltaurinate on synaptic plasticity in rodents.

While magnesium deficiency is common and its effects well known on the nervous system, very few studies has been dedicated to the efficiency of magnesium replacement treatments on the central nervous system. In this study, the effects of oral administration of magnesium salts of acetyl-taurinate on the central manifestations of magnesium deficiency is described in rats submitted to low-magnesium diet and in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. We tested the effect of ATA Mg®, a salt combining magnesium and taurine, on the hippocampus, a critical component of cognition. 7-10-month-old rats were submitted to dietary magnesium deprivation for 64 days. The effect of magnesium deficiency was studied in ex vivo hippocampal slices. We showed that long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus was significantly improved by the oral administration of ATA Mg® at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day, which is comparable to the recommended dose in humans. 7-10-months-old transgenic APP/PS1 mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease, received ATA Mg® during 24 days at a dose of 700 mg/kg bw/day which is the dose used in previous studies demonstrating the positive effect of magnesium supplementation. We showed that long-term potentiation was significantly improved in the treated mice. Moreover, the expression of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors, known to be involved in synaptic plasticity, was significantly increased in the hippocampus. These results demonstrate the ability of ATA Mg® to improve the symptoms related to chronic magnesium deficiency at the level of the hippocampus suggesting its bioavailability and effectiveness in reaching the central nervous system.

The effects of magnesium deficiency on sugar partitioning do not restrict the root growth in eucalyptus young plants

The symptoms of magnesium (Mg) deficiency have been well documented in crop plants. The relationship between sugar partitioning and Mg deficiency consists an important abiotic stress that may restrict root growth and limit the success of planting in the field. Despite of this, the primary physiological effects of low Mg availability remain largely unknown in eucalyptus. This paper aimed to investigate how the Mg deficiency affects biochemical aspects of sugar partitioning associated to dry matter accumulation in roots of young Eucalyptus urophylla plants. Experimental work was carried out at a greenhouse, arranged by completely randomized design, consisted by split plot 5x4, with five Mg concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % Mg levels of nutrient solution) and four times of evaluations – 15, 30, 50 and 120 days after planting (DAP). Soluble (SS) and reducing (RS) sugar contents, invertase and sucrose synthase activity and shoot and root dry matter weight were measured. Increased sugar concentrations, both SS and RS, were found in leaf tissues from 30 DAP. In root tissues, neither RS nor SS content showed differences between Mg deficiency and control. Significant differences were also not found neither in root dry matter accumulation, nor in shoot/root dry matter ratio. Mg deficiency did not affect sucrose cleaving in roots, which was predominantly catalyzed by acidic invertase, followed by susy and neutral invertase. We concluded that Eucalyptus urophylla is tolerant to Mg deficiency, since the sugar accumulation in leaf tissues is not enough to constrain dry matter accumulation in roots.

The Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Neurological Disorders: A Narrative Review Article

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential element for the body. It is a cofactor for ATP, DNA, and RNA and more than 600 enzymes. As it is similar to Ca2+, this element can also act as a cell signaling molecule and play multiple important roles in the nervous, muscle, and immune systems. Recent studies have associated Mg-deficiency with many neurological disorders, such as cerebral vasospasm, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and migraine. As it plays such a crucial role in human body, therefore, we summarized the role of Mg in neurological disorders to illustrate the symptoms caused by Mg-deficiency and the possible underlying mechanisms. We critically discuss the role of it that we review the recent literature of magnesium. We also review the available data which are concerning the role of magnesium in neurological disorders. Magnesium is related to neurological disorders on the basis of the study of animals and humans experiments. Furthermore, these nervous systems related diseases include cerebral vasospasm, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke and migraine. Magnesium has effects on neurological disorders, such as its utility in cerebral vasospasm, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke and migraine. So here we make a brief review to conclude it.

Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Focusing on the Processes of Insulin Secretion and Signaling.

Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for human health and plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin actions. Despite the widespread clinical evidences for the association of Mg2+ deficiency (MgD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), molecular mechanisms by which Mg2+ contributes to insulin resistance (IR) are still under discussion. Mg2+ regulates electrical activity and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Intracellular Mg2+ concentrations are critical for the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and other downstream signal kinases of the target cells. Low Mg2+ levels result in a defective tyrosine kinase activity, post-receptor impairment in insulin action, altered cellular glucose transport, and decreased cellular glucose utilization, which promotes peripheral IR in T2D. MgD triggers chronic systemic inflammation that also potentiates IR. People with T2D may end up in a vicious circle in which MgD increases IR and IR causes MgD, that requires periodic monitoring of serum Mg2+ levels.

Effect of magnesium deficiency on magnetic properties tuning and cation redistributions of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles

Magnesium nano ferrite Mg1−xFe2O4 with deficient Mg (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) has been prepared with the co-precipitation method. The Mg deficiency was examined from the samples elemental compositions obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The impact of the Mg deficiency on the structural and magnetic characteristics has been inspected applying X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared and vibrating sample magnetometer. The structural analysis applying Rietveld method indicated the variation of cation distribution between the octahedral B-site and tetrahedral A-site with the Mg content. The lattice parameter, crystallite size, oxygen coordinates, bond angles and bond lengths are calculated as the function of Mg-deficient content in the samples. From the analysis, the defect spinel structure Mg1−xFe2O4 with Mg2+ deficiency could be considered as a solid solution of stoichiometric (1-x)MgFe2O4 and (x) $${\text{Fe}}_{{2.667}}^{{3+}}{\square _{0.333}}{{\text{O}}_4}$$ , (□ symbolize cation vacancies) which corresponding to a general formula $$({\text{Mg}}_{{y - x}}^{{2+}}{\text{Fe}}_{{1 - y}}^{{3+}})[{\text{Mg}}_{{1 - y}}^{{2+}}{\text{Fe}}_{{1+y - x/3}}^{{3+}}{\square _{x/3}}]{{\text{O}}_4}$$ . Fourier transform infrared was used to identify the different ions (Fe3+, Fe2+, Mg2+) in each sample and their location either in A or B sites. The magnetic measurement showed that the samples exhibited a superparamagnetic behavior. Yafet-Kittel and core–shell models were applied in order to understand the samples magnetic behavior. The competition between the amount of Fe2+ in B site and crystallite size controlled the coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy behavior of the samples.

Effects of magnesium deficiency on low-molecular-weight and hydrophilic metabolite contents in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats

Effects of magnesium deficiency on low-molecular-weight and hydrophilic metabolite contents in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats

Proteomic analysis of magnesium-dependent proteins and children’s health

Systems biology analysis of over 700 magnesium-dependent proteins in human proteome shown that these proteins affect (1) the embryonic development, (2) energy metabolism, (3) signal transduction processes from receptors, (4) neurological function, (5) support of connective tissue structure, (6) cardiovascular and (7) immunological roles. Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy will stimulate development of congential malformations (skeletal defects, rickets, hernia of the diaphragm, facial defects, craniosynostosis, structural disorders of the retina and vision, brachydactyly). Magnesium deficiency at an early age is associated with sudden death syndrome in preschool and adolescence leads to impaired function of skeletal muscles and myocardium. Magnesium deficiency is also characterized by mitochondrial disorders, hyperinsulinemia, disorders of the skin structure and its appendages, tumors and diseases associated with impaired energy metabolism (including hypoparathyroidism and anemia). Effects of magnesium deficiency in children significantly heavier on the background of lack of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The results of proteomic analysis enable to point out the relevant molecular and physiological mechanisms of synergy between magnesium and pyridoxine. Overall, the results of the analysis indicate a very extensive area for the correction of magnesium and pyridoxine deficiency for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases, from the period of fetal development and early childhood through adolescence.

Effects of magnesium deficiency on photosynthesis and carbohydrate partitioning

Magnesium nutrition is often forgotten, while its absence adversely affects numerous functions in plants. Magnesium deficiency is a growing concern for crop production frequently observed in lateritic and leached acid soils. Competition with other cations (Ca2+, Na+, and K+) is also found to be an essential factor, inducing magnesium deficiency in plants. This nutrient is required for chlorophyll formation and plays a key role in photosynthetic activity. Moreover, it is involved in carbohydrate transport from source-to-sink organs. Hence, sugar accumulation in leaves that results from the impairment of their transport in phloem is considered as an early response to Mg deficiency. The most visible effect is often recorded in root growth, resulting in a significant reduction of root/shoot ratio. Carbohydrate accumulation in source leaves is attributed to the unique chemical proprieties of magnesium. As magnesium is a nutrient with high mobility in plants, it is preferentially transported to source leaves to prevent severe declines in photosynthetic activity. In addition, Mg is involved in the source-to-sink transport of carbohydrates. Hence, an inverse relationship between Mg shortage and sugar accumulation in leaves is often observed. We hereby review all these aspects with a special emphasis on the role of Mg in photosynthesis and the structural and functional effects of its deficiency on the photosynthetic apparatus.

Genotoxic Effects of Magnesium Deficiency in the Cardiovascular System and their Relationships to Cardiovascular Diseases and Atherogenesis

The authors present evidence for a novel, new hypothesis whereby magnesium deficiency (MgD) acts as a genotoxic agent which probably causes numerous, hertofore, unrecognized consequences, even over a short-term, on the physiological, molecular and biochemical machinery of cardiovascular tissues and cells. The end result of these genotoxic effects of MgD probably plays important roles in the etiology and generation of diverse cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and strokes via alterations in the epigenome of cardiovascular tissues and cells. The importance of adequate water-borne and dietary levels of Mg is emphasized.

Small for Gestational Age and Magnesium: Intrauterine magnesium deficiency may induce metabolic syndrome in later life.

Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy as a result of insufficient or low intake of magnesium is common in developing and developed countries. Previous reports have shown that intracellular magnesium of cord blood platelets is lower among small for gestational age (SGA) groups than that of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) groups, suggesting that intrauterine magnesium deficiency may result in SGA. Additionally, the risk of adult-onset diseases such as insulin resistance syndrome is greater among children whose mothers were malnourished during pregnancy, and who consequently had a low birth weight. In a number of animal models, poor nutrition during pregnancy leads to offspring that exhibit pathophysiological changes similar to human diseases. The offspring of pregnant rats fed a magensium restricted diet have developed hypermethylation in the hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 promoter. These findings indicate that maternal magnesium deficiencies during pregnancy influence regulation of non-imprinted genes by altering the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, thereby inducing different metabolic phenotypes. Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy may be responsible for not only maternal and fetal nutritional problems, but also lifelong consequences that affect the offspring throughout their life. Epidemiological, clinical, and basic research on the effects of magnesium deficiency now indicates underlying mechanisms, especially epigenetic processes.

Effects of magnesium deficiency on magnesium uptake activity of rice root, evaluated using 28 Mg as a tracer

The mechanisms underlying magnesium (Mg) uptake by plant roots remain to be fully elucidated. In particular, there is little information about the effects of Mg deficiency on Mg uptake activity. A Mg uptake kinetic study is essential for better understanding the Mg uptake system. We performed a Mg uptake tracer experiment in rice plants using 28 Mg. Mg uptake was mediated by high- and low-affinity transport systems. The K m value of the high-affinity transport system was approximately 70 μM under Mg-deficient conditions. The Mg uptake activity was promoted by Mg deficiency, which in turn fell to the basal level after 5- min of Mg resupply. The induced uptake rate was inhibited by ionophore treatment, suggesting that an energy-dependent uptake system is enhanced by Mg deficiency. The Mg uptake changes rapidly with Mg conditions in rice, as revealed by a 28 Mg tracer experiment. This technique is expected to be applicable for Mg uptake analyses, particularly in mutants or other lines.

Effects of magnesium deficiency--more than skin deep.

Dead Sea and magnesium salt therapy are two of the oldest forms of treatment for skin disease and several other disorders, supported by a body of largely anecdotal evidence. In this paper we review possible pathways for penetration of magnesium ions through the epidermis to reach the circulation, in turn replenishing cellular magnesium levels. We also discuss mechanisms for intercellular movement of magnesium ions and possible mechanisms for the interaction between magnesium ions and inflammatory mediators. Upon addition of magnesium ions in vitro, the expression of inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and nuclear factor κβ (NFκβ) is down regulated. Dysregulation of these and other inflammatory mediators has been linked to several inflammatory disorders, including asthma, arthritis, atherosclerosis and neuroinflammation.

The Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Molybdenum Metabolism in Rats

Our previous report indicated that magnesium (Mg) deficiency increased molybdenum (Mo) concentration in the rat liver, suggesting the possibility that Mg deficiency affects Mo metabolism. Growing male rats were given a control diet or a Mg-deficient diet for 4weeks. Urine and feces were collected during the second and fourth weeks of the feeding trial. The liver, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle, and blood were collected at the end of the feeding trial. Mg deficiency did not affect the apparent absorption of Mo, but it reduced urinary excretion of Mo. The retention of Mo tended to be higher in the Mg-deficient group than in the control group. Hepatic Mo concentration was higher in the Mg-deficient group than in the control group, but Mg deficiency did not affect Mo concentration in other tissues and plasma. Mg deficiency downregulated the mRNA expression of Mo transporter 2 (MOT2) in the liver, but not in the kidney. These results suggest that Mg deficiency decreases urinary Mo excretion, which is too slight to affect plasma Mo concentration, and that Mg deficiency selectively disturbs the homeostatic mechanism of Mo in the liver, which is not related to the mRNA expression of MOT2 in the liver.

Magnesium and liver

The pathophysiological responses to experimental magnesium deficiency are considered to result from mild inflammation and oxidative stress in various tissues. It is not clear whether magnesium deficiency solely induces liver diseases. However, magnesium deficiency is considered as a potential risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) because magnesium deficiency is associated with type 2 diabetes that are closely related to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Further, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress play important roles in the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The relationship was reported between plasma magnesium concentration and the incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In this review, I briefly described how magnesium deficiency induces oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and the effect of magnesium deficiency on liver.

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Various Mineral Concentrations in Rat Liver

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is well known to affect metabolism of some trace minerals. We investigated the effect of Mg deficiency on hepatic concentration of various minerals in rats. Twelve 5-week-old male rats were divided into the groups given a control diet and an Mg-deficient diet. After 4weeks, liver sample was collected from each rat. The concentrations of 36 minerals were simultaneously determined by a semiquantitative method of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The semiquantitative analysis showed that Mg deficiency significantly increased iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), gallium (Ga), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), silver (Ag), and barium (Ba) concentrations, and significantly decreased scandium (Sc) and niobium (Nb) concentrations in rat liver. Then, hepatic Fe, Cu, Zn, Sc, Zr, and Mo concentrations were quantitatively measured, which indicated the similar effects as observed by the semiquantitative analysis. Additionally, the semiquantitative measurements of these minerals were highly correlated to these measurements with the quantitative method, but the measurements were not completely consistent between these analyses. The present study is the first research indicating the changes of hepatic Ga, Y, Zr, Mo, Rh, Ag, Ba, Sc, and Nb concentrations in Mg-deficient rats. The present study also indicates that the semiquantitative analysis with ICP-MS is a valid method for screening analysis to investigate various mineral concentrations in animal tissues.

Effect of magnesium deficiency on antioxidant status and cadmium toxicity in rice seedlings

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and inhibits physiological processes of plants. Magnesium (Mg) is known as one of the essential nutrients for plants. Mg deficiency in plants affects metabolic processes. Plants grown in the field may encounter several abiotic stresses, rather than a single stress. Thus, the relationship between Mg nutrition and Cd toxicity is of ecological importance. In this study, effects of Mg deficiency on antioxidant systems and Cd toxicity in rice seedlings were investigated. Mg deficiency significantly decreased Mg concentrations in shoot and roots of rice seedlings. However, fresh weight and dry weight of rice seedlings were not affected by Mg deficiency. The contents of ascorbate and glutathione (GSH), the ratio of GSH/oxidized glutathione, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase in Mg-deficient leaves were higher than respective control leaves. Cd toxicity was judged by the decrease in biomass production, decrease in chlorophyll, and induction of oxidative stress. Based on these criteria, we demonstrated that Mg deficiency protected rice seedlings from Cd stress. Moreover, chlorophyll destruction by paraquat was higher in detached leaves from Mg-sufficient than Mg-deficient seedlings. Cd concentration was higher in Mg-deficient shoot and roots than their respective control shoot and roots, suggesting that the protective effect of Mg deficiency against Cd toxicity is not due to reduction of Cd uptake. Moreover, we observed that Cd-decreased Fe and Zn contents in Mg-deficient seedlings were more pronounced than that in Mg-sufficient seedlings. Of particular interest is the finding that the increase in OsIRT1, OsZIP1, and OsZIP3 transcripts caused by Cd in Mg-deficient roots was greater than that in control roots.

Effects of magnesium intake deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around osseointegrated implants

This study evaluated the effect of magnesium dietary deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around implants with established osseointegration. For this, 30 rats received an implant in the right tibial metaphysis. After 60 days for healing of the implants, the animals were divided into groups according to the diet received. Control group (CTL) received a standard diet with adequate magnesium content, while test group (Mg) received the same diet except for a 90% reduction of magnesium. The animals were sacrificed after 90 days for evaluation of calcium, magnesium, osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels and the deoxypyridinoline (DPD) level in the urine. The effect of magnesium deficiency on skeletal bone tissue was evaluated by densitometry of the lumbar vertebrae, while the effect of bone tissue around titanium implants was evaluated by radiographic measurement of cortical bone thickness and bone density. The effect on biomechanical characteristics was verified by implant removal torque testing. Magnesium dietary deficiency resulted in a decrease of the magnesium serum level and an increase of PTH and DPD levels (P ≤ 0.05). The Mg group also presented a loss of systemic bone mass, decreased cortical bone thickness and lower values of removal torque of the implants (P ≤ 0.01). The present study concluded that magnesium-deficient diet had a negative influence on bone metabolism as well as on the bone tissue around the implants.