Effect Of Loading Rate Research Articles

Potato peel waste fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae to produce lactic acid and ethanol.

Potato peel waste (PPW), a zero-value by-product generated from potato processing, is a promising fermentation substrate due to its large quantity of starch, nonstarch polysaccharides, lignin, protein, and lipid. Rhizopus oryzae is a filamentous fungus that is mainly known as a lactic acid producer and can ferment various agro-wastes. This study aimed to use R. oryzae for the fermentation of PPW. A series of batch fermentations were conducted to investigate the effects of different PPW loading rates (2%-8%) and particle sizes (0-4 mm). Under an initial PPW loading rate of 8% and particle size of 1-2 mm, the maximum ethanol (18.83 g/L) and lactic acid (3.14 g/L) concentrations, the highest ethanol (9.41 g/L·day) and lactic acid (1.89 g/L·day) average production rates were obtained. Under these conditions, the yield of ethanol and lactic acid was 0.235 g/gPPW and 0.039 g/gPPW, respectively. R. oryzae was shown to utilize PPW as a substrate to produce value-added bioproducts such as ethanol (major product) and lactic acid.

Boosting methane production and raw waste activated sludge treatment in a microbial electrolysis cell-anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) system: The effect of organic loading rate

Boosting methane production and raw waste activated sludge treatment in a microbial electrolysis cell-anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) system: The effect of organic loading rate

Effects of loading rate on root pullout performance of two plants in the eastern Loess Plateau, China

Effects of loading rate on root pullout performance of two plants in the eastern Loess Plateau, China

Effect of recirculation and hydraulic loading rate on ammonium and phosphate recovery from fertilizer industry wastewater

Effect of recirculation and hydraulic loading rate on ammonium and phosphate recovery from fertilizer industry wastewater

Mechanism of failure behaviour and analysis of 18650 lithium-ion battery under dynamic loadings

Mechanism of failure behaviour and analysis of 18650 lithium-ion battery under dynamic loadings

Loading rate effect on mixed-mode I + II fracture of V-notched Brazilian disc rock specimen under impact loads

Loading rate effect on mixed-mode I + II fracture of V-notched Brazilian disc rock specimen under impact loads

The synergistic effect of temperature and loading rate on the mechanical behavior of shear thickening fluid reinforced with graphene nano-platelets using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The synergistic effect of temperature and loading rate on the mechanical behavior of shear thickening fluid reinforced with graphene nano-platelets using split Hopkinson pressure bar

2D Mesoscale cracking simulation of partially saturated asphalt based on moisture diffusion and a cohesive zone model

ABSTRACT The primary objective of this paper was to develop a combined model that incorporates moisture diffusion and a cohesive zone model, addressing anisotropic and loading-rate dependent cracking within partially saturated asphalt. Utilising X-ray CT scan, cross-sectional slices of asphalt were acquired and converted into vector images through Matlab and AutoCAD, forming a digital asphalt sample. Moisture concentration in the asphalt, after different immersion durations, was quantified by Fick's law. A sequentially coupled model of moisture diffusion and fracture investigated the effect of immersion duration, anisotropy, and loading rate on cracking performance of the asphalt during a digital indirect tensile strength test (DITST) at 5°C. Findings revealed that moisture evolution in partially saturated asphalt proceeds through two or three stages: near-zero growth (only applicable for locations far from the initial moisture-asphalt interface), rapid growth, and a plateau. Peak load, stiffness, and fracture work in DITST exponentially reduced with immersion duration, predominantly within the first four weeks. Anisotropy led to differential DITST results when varying loading direction. Moisture damage decreased crack resistance across all directions, while increasing loading rate enhanced it. Fracture stiffness and strength exhibited comparable impacts on cracking performance at a specific loading rate.

Innovative Method for Determining Young’s Modulus of Elasticity in Products with Irregular Shapes: Application on Peanuts

Accurate determination of Young’s modulus of elasticity in irregularly shaped products is quite challenging. This study introduces a novel method that can measure the elasticity in non-uniform products, such as peanuts. Variations of the contact surface between the peanut and a crosshead were precisely calculated using this technique based on kernels blueprints remaining on graph paper after compression. The elastic modulus was assessed by stress-strain tests using Hooke’s theory. The significance of the effects of water content and loading rate on the elastic modulus of peanuts was studied using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Results showed that the elasticity was mostly influenced by the kernel’s water content. It decreased from 3.75 to 0.10 MPa when the initial water content increased from 7 to 18% (dry basis). Water content had a significant effect on Young’s modulus (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence level with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 95.52%. Conversely, the effect of the loading rate on this response was minimal. The proposed approach takes into consideration the irregularities in shape, size, and surface characteristics of products in evaluating Young’s modulus. It offers valuable insights for further investigations in optimizing quality assessment in the food industry.

A study of effects of different impact loads on the dynamic and elastoplastic behavior in reservoir rocks at the beginning of hydraulic fracturing

Successful hydraulic fracturing is very important in the development of hydrocarbon-bearing formations. The loading introduced by hydraulic fracturing causes deformation and failure, which are related to the damage accumulation and hydraulic fracture initiation process. This study employs a numerical model that considers the dynamic and elastoplastic behaviors in rocks under the influence of impact loads. The acceleration and wave propagation behaviors are quantified using the model. A time integration algorithm is used to ensure numerical accuracy and stability. The effects of loading rate, loading location, and heterogeneity are quantified. Results show that the elastoplastic and dynamic can effectively capture the wavy mechanical responses in the domain. Strain rate, acceleration, and plasticity can all exhibit oscillatory distribution patterns. Increasing the loading rate can magnify acceleration, strain rate, and the maximum plastic strain, while it reduces the range experiencing these induced changes. Changing the loading types and introducing the heterogeneity consideration both largely alter the mechanical response in the domain, and the waveforms of the mechanical parameters are significantly changed. Failure can occur earlier in layers with more elastic mechanical properties. Exerting 50 MPa loading in 0.01 ms can effectively introduce deformation and failures in the reservoir rock. Doubling the loading rate can effectively improve the ability of creating rock failures, which facilitates the following fracture initiation and propagation processes. This study can be a reference for the understanding of near-well and instantaneous rock mechanical behaviors at the beginning of fracturing.

Measurement of Creep Stress Exponent of TC17 Titanium Alloy by Nanoindentation Method at Room Temperature

The creep stress exponent is commonly employed to characterize the deformation mechanism during the steady-state creep stage, serving as an indicator of creep behavior. The creep phenomenon of high melting point metallic materials is not obvious at room temperature. However, the nanoindentation method proves suitable for investigating the creep properties of metallic materials under such conditions. Consequently, this paper places emphasis on measuring the creep stress exponent of TC17 titanium alloy at room temperature using the load preservation stage of the nanoindentation method with a constant loading rate. In order to investigate the effects of loading rate and maximum load on the experimental results, different loading rates were applied to the diamond Berkovich indenter to reach different maximum loads. The indenter was held under the maximum load for a duration of 360 s, and the relationship between the indentation strain rate and indentation stress during the holding process was used to obtain the creep stress exponent of the material at room temperature. The findings indicate that within the loading rate range of 1.25 to 15 mN/s and maximum load range of 50 to 300 mN, the influence on the experimental results is insignificant. Ultimately, the distribution range of the creep stress exponent for TC17 titanium alloy at room temperature was measured to be 8.524–8.687.

In situ investigation of the evolution of shear transformation zones with different elastic tensile strains in metallic glass

In situ investigation of the evolution of shear transformation zones with different elastic tensile strains in metallic glass

A machine learning-based viscoelastic–viscoplastic model for epoxy nanocomposites with moisture content

A machine learning-based viscoelastic–viscoplastic model for epoxy nanocomposites with moisture content

Effect of Loading Rate on the Progressive Damage and Crack Classification of Granite Based on Acoustic Emission Technique

Effect of Loading Rate on the Progressive Damage and Crack Classification of Granite Based on Acoustic Emission Technique

Loading rate effect on the strength of granular material considering particle rotation

Loading rate effect on the strength of granular material considering particle rotation

Static and dynamic mechanical behaviors of bamboo scrimber under combined tension-bending

Static and dynamic mechanical behaviors of bamboo scrimber under combined tension-bending

Stability of aerobic granular sludge for treating inorganic wastewater with different nitrogen loading rates

ABSTRACT This paper investigated the effect of nitrogen loading rates (NLRs) on the stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for treating simulated ionic rare earth mine wastewater with high ammonia nitrogen and extremely low organic content. Mature AGS from a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was seeded into five identical SBRs (R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5). The five reactors were operated with different NLRs (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 kg/m3·d). After 30 days of operation, R1, R2 and R5 were dominated by broken granules, while most of the granules in R3 and R4 still maintained a complete structure. The properties of granules from R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 deteriorated to varying degrees, while the granules from R3 and R4 showed better stability than that from R1, R2 and R5. In R1, R2, R3 and R4, the steady-state ammonia nitrogen removal efficiencies were all greater than 90%, and the steady-state removal efficiencies of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) were approximately 30%. In R5, the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen and TIN were both approximately 70%. The dominant nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial genera of the granules from the five reactors were Nitrosomonas and Thauera, respectively, and their relative abundance was much higher in granules from R3 and R4. The results demonstrated that a relative equilibrium between the growth and metabolism of nitrifying/denitrifying bacteria was achieved when NLR was between 0.8 and 1.2 kg/m3·d, which could provide technical support for the stability maintenance of AGS in the treatment of ionic rare earth mine wastewater.

Effects of viscosity and loading rate on wrinkling dynamics and coarsening of floating sheets

Effects of viscosity and loading rate on wrinkling dynamics and coarsening of floating sheets

Mode I fracture properties and energy partitioning of sandstone under coupled static-dynamic loading: Implications for rockburst

Mode I fracture properties and energy partitioning of sandstone under coupled static-dynamic loading: Implications for rockburst

Numerical and experimental investigation for flexural response of Kevlar short fiber tissue/carbon fiber belts toughened honeycomb sandwich plate

Numerical and experimental investigation for flexural response of Kevlar short fiber tissue/carbon fiber belts toughened honeycomb sandwich plate