Effect Of Lithium Salts Research Articles

Effects of lithium salt on chitosan-g-PMMA based polymer electrolytes

A grafted copolymer [chitosan-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)] was prepared via gamma irradiation induced graft polymerisation technique. The degree of grafting (DG) increased with increasing absorption dose. The change of structure in the chitosan backbone upon methyl methacrylate grafting was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out to examine the reduction in crystallinity of chitosan due to the branching effects of PMMA segments on chitosan. Differential scanning calorimetry trace of chitosan-g-PMMA has a glass transition temperature Tg at 110°C. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to evaluate the thermal stability. Polymer electrolytes based on chitosan-g-PMMA were then prepared by doping lithium triflate into the grafted solution. These grafted polymers containing different amounts of salts were investigated as possible ionic conducting polymers. The ionic conductivity of the electrolytes was determined at various DGs. The conductivity of the electrolytes was found to increase with the increase in DG. The highest ionic conductivity of chitosan-g-PMMA–LiTf was 4·05×10−5 S cm−1 for the film containing 60·0 wt-% LiTf.

Effect of lithium salt concentrations on blended 49% poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber and poly(methyl methacrylate) based solid polymer electrolyte

The effect of lithium salts (lithium tetrafluoroborate, LiBF 4 and lithium perchlorate, LiClO 4) as doping salts in rubber-polymer blends, 49% poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber (MG49) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) film for electrochemical devices application was investigated. The electrolyte films were prepared via the solution casting technique using 0–25 wt.% lithium salt. The effect of the lithium salts on chemical interaction, ionic conductivity and structural and morphological studies of (70:30) MG49-PMMA films was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Infrared analysis showed that the interactions between lithium ions and oxygen atoms occur at the ether group (C–O–C) (1500–1100 cm −1) on the MMA structure in both MG49 and PMMA. The oxygen atoms in the structure of the polymer host act as electron donor atoms and form a coordinate bond with the lithium ions from the doping salt to form polymer–salt complexes. The ionic conductivity was investigated at room temperature as well as at a temperature range from 303 K to 373 K. The ionic conductivity without the addition of salt was 1.1 × 10 −12 S cm −1. The highest conductivity at room temperature for (70:30) MG49-PMMA–LiBF 4 was 8.6 × 10 −6 S cm −1 at 25 wt.% of LiBF 4. The ionic conductivity of (70:30) MG49-PMMA–LiClO 4 was 1.5 × 10 −8 S cm −1 at 25 wt.% of LiClO 4. However, both electrolyte systems do not exhibit Arrhenius-like behavior. Systems with LiBF 4 salt have higher ionic conductivity than those with LiClO 4 salt because of the differences in anionic size and lattice energy of the appropriate salt. The observations from structural and morphology studies showed that complexation and re-crystallization occur in the system. The XRD studies showed a reduction of the MMA peak intensity at 29.5° after the addition of 5–25 wt.% LiBF 4 salt due to ion dissociation in the electrolyte system. Thus, this contributed to the increase of ionic conductivity in (70:30) MG49-PMMA–LiBF 4. Morphological studies showed that (70:30) MG49-PMMA is homogenously blended, and no phase separation occurred. The addition of lithium salts changed the topological texture from a smooth and dark surface to a rough and bright surface.

Action Mechanisms of Lithium Chloride on Cell Infection by Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus. Lithium chloride (LiCl) has been found to be effective against several DNA viruses, such as Herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus. Recently, we and others have reported the inhibitory effect of LiCl on avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) infection, an RNA virus. In the current study, the action mechanism of LiCl on cell infection by TGEV was investigated. Plaque assays and 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenyl tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assays showed that the cell infection by TGEV was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, when LiCl was added to virus-infected cells; the cell infection was not affected when either cells or viruses were pretreated with the drug. The inhibition of TGEV infection in vitro by LiCl was observed at different virus doses and with different cell lines. The inhibitory effect of LiCl against TGEV infection and transcription was confirmed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR targeting viral S and 3CL-protease genes. The time-of-addition effect of the drug on TGEV infection indicated that LiCl acted on the initial and late stage of TGEV infection. The production of virus was not detected at 36 h post-infection due to the drug treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence (IF) and flow cytometry analyses based on staining of Annexin V and propidium iodide staining of nuclei indicated that early and late cell apoptosis induced by TGEV was inhibited efficiently. The ability of LiCl to inhibit apoptosis was investigated by IF analysis of caspase-3 expression. Our data indicate that LiCl inhibits TGEV infection by exerting an anti-apoptotic effect. The inhibitory effect of LiCl was also observed with porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus. Together with other reports concerning the inhibitory effect of lithium salts on IBV in cell culture, our results indicate that LiCl may be a potent agent against porcine and avian coronaviruses.

Reply to the discussion by J. Makar, J.J. Beaudoin, T. Sato, R. Alizadeh and L. Raki of “Dissolution theory applied to the induction period in alite hydration”

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of lithium salt and nano nucleating agent on the properties of cement-based materials, including early hydration, early strength and long-term strength of cement-based materials. The results were as follows: There is a large increase of lithium to cement early hydration, lithium sulfate effect on early hydration of cement than lithium nitrate. Lithium content of 0.3‰ can be very good to promote the early hydration of cement to improve the early strength. nano nucleating agent can significantly improve the early hydration of cement, and the rate of hydration of cement will increase with the increase of the content of nano nucleating agent. However, with the addition of nano nucleating agent, the slurry becomes thick, so adding proper amount of early strength water reducing agent can increase the fluidity of the slurry and improve the performance of the slurry.

How the Number and Location of Lithium Atoms Affect the First Hyperpolarizability of Graphene

How do the number and location of lithium atoms affect the first hyperpolarizability (βtot) of graphene? In this paper, based on pentacene, a series of graphene (multi)lithium salts Lin@pentacene (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) have been designed to answer this question. βtot obviously increases stepwise with an increase in the number of lithium atoms: 1369−1843 for Li@pentacence < 3510−4081 for Li2@pentacence < 6933−7934 for Li3@pentacence < 11 188−12 145 for Li4@pentacence < 14 904 au for Li5@pentacence, which are much larger than pentacence. This pattern suggests that the lithium salt effect on the first hyperpolarizability is very large. Unexpectedly, when an additional lithium atom is doped into the graphene multilithium salt Li5@pentacence, which leads to Li6@pentacence, the βtot value dramatically increases to a value of 4 501 764 au with a remarkable increase of 302-fold in contrast to Li5@pentacence. On the other hand, when the number of lithium atoms is equal, the location of lithium atoms also affec...

ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Lithium Salts on the Stereochemistry of Ketone Enolization by Lithium 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP). A Convenient Method for Highly E-Selective Enolate Formation.

Studies of the reactivity of lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP) with added lithium salts are described. The E/Z selectivity of 3-pentanone enolization by LiTMP displays a marked decrease as a function of added ketone (percent conversion). The enolization also shows a notable maximum of 501 selectivity at 0.3-0.4 equiv of added LiCl and an approximate asymptotic approach to 50-6O:l selectivity when >1.0 equiv of LiBr are added. The LiTMP-LiBr complex generated from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinium bromide affords enolates with generally high regioand stereoselectivity as shown by several representative enolizations. The selectivities appear to have exclusively kinetic origins and are suggested to stem from the intervention of LiTMP-LiX mixed aggregates characterized in the following paper.

Effect of lithium salts on lactate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase activities

Inhibitions of 30 nM rabbit muscle 1-phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) by lithium, potassium, and sodium salts showed inhibition or not depending upon the anion present. Generally, potassium salts were more potent inhibitors than sodium salts; the extent of inhibition by lithium salts also varied with the anion. Li2CO3 was a relatively potent inhibitor of PFK-1 but LiCl and lithium acetate were not. Our results suggest that extents of inhibition by monovalent salts were due to both cations and anions, and the latter needs to be considered before inhibition can be credited to the cation. An explanation for monovalent salt inhibitions is proffered involving interactions of both cations and anions at negative and positive sites of PFK-1 that affect enzyme activity. Our studies suggest that lithium cations per se are not inhibitors: the inhibitors are the lithium salts, and we suggest that in vitro studies involving the effects of monovalent salts on enzymes should involve more than one anion.

Dynamics of the change in free blood serum amino acids of broiler chicks under the effect of lithium salts

The effect of lithium glycinate on the adaptive compensatory reaction in poultry during vaccinal stress is studied and its use as a stress protector is suggested.

Effect of lithium salts on the physicochemical properties of lithium polysulphide solutions in sulfolane

not Available.

Stimulation by lithium of the interaction between the transcription factor CREB and its co-activator TORC

Lithium salts are clinically important drugs used to treat bipolar mood disorder. The mechanisms accounting for the clinical efficacy are not completely understood. Chronic treatment with lithium is required to establish mood stabilization, suggesting the involvement of neuronal plasticity processes. CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) is a transcription factor known to mediate neuronal adaptation. Recently, the CREB-co-activator TORC (transducer of regulated CREB) has been identified as a novel target of lithium and shown to confer an enhancement of cAMP-induced CREB-directed gene transcription by lithium. TORC is sequestered in the cytoplasm and its nuclear translocation controls CREB activity. In the present study, the effect of lithium on TORC function was investigated. Lithium affected neither the nuclear translocation of TORC nor TORC1 transcriptional activity, but increased the promoter occupancy by TORC1 as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In a mammalian two-hybrid assay, as well as in a cell-free GST (glutathione transferase) pull-down assay, lithium enhanced the CREB-TORC1 interaction. Magnesium ions strongly inhibited the interaction between GST-CREB and TORC1 and this effect was reversed by lithium. Thus our results suggest that, once TORC has entered the nucleus, lithium as a cation stimulates directly the binding of TORC to CREB, leading to an increase in cAMP-induced CREB target-gene transcription. This novel mechanism of lithium action is likely to contribute to the clinical mood-stabilizing effect of lithium salts.

Lithium Salt Electride with an Excess Electron Pair—A Class of Nonlinear Optical Molecules for Extraordinary First Hyperpolarizability

A new lithium salt electride with an excess electron pair is designed, for the first time, by means of doping two sodium atoms into the lithium salt of pyridazine. For this series of electride molecules, the structures with all real frequencies and the static first hyperpolarizability (beta 0) are obtained at the second-order Møller-Plesset theory (MP2). Pyridazine H 4C 4N 2 becomes the lithium salt of pyridazine Li-H 3C 4N 2 as one H atom is substituted by Li. The lithium salt effect on hyperpolarizability is observed as the beta 0 value is increased by about 170 times from 5 to 859 au. For the electride effect, an electride H 4C 4N 2...Na 2 formed by doping two Na atoms into pyridazine, the beta 0 value is increased by about 3000 times from 5 to 1.5 x 10 (4) au. Furthermore, combining these two effects, that is, lithium salt effect and electride effect, more significant increase in beta 0 is expected. A new lithium salt electride Li-H 3C 4N 2...Na 2 is thus designed by doping two Na atoms into Li-H 3C 4N 2. It is found that the new lithium salt electride, Li-H 3C 4N 2...Na 2, has a very large beta 0 value (1.412 x 10 (6) au). The beta 0 value is 2.8 x 10 (5) times larger than that of H 4C 4N 2, 1644 times larger than that of Li-H 3C 4N 2, and still 93 times larger than that of the electride H 4C 4N 2...Na 2. This extraordinary beta 0 value is a new record and comes from its small transition energy and large difference in the dipole moments between the ground state and the excited state. The frequency-dependent beta is also obtained, and it shows almost the same trends as H 4C 4N 2 << Li-H 3C 4N 2 << H 4C 4N 2...Na 2 << Li-H 3C 4N 2...Na 2. This work proposes a new idea to design potential candidate molecules with high-performance NLO properties.

Effect of Various Lithium Salts in TEGDME Based Electrolyte for Li/Pyrite Battery

The effect of lithium salts such as LiPF6, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3 and LiN(CF3SO2)2 (LiTFSI) in tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (TEGDME) electrolyte on the ionic conductivity, interfacial resistance and discharge properties of Li/pyrite cell at room temperature was studied. The electrolytes had good ionic conductivity at room temperature in the range 0.61 to 1.86 × 10-3 S/. The discharge capacities of Li/pyrite cells with 1M LiPF6 and LiBF4 in TEGDME were lower compared to those of the other two non-HF containing salts. The best cycle performance was exhibited by LiTFSI in TEGDME electrolyte, with a discharge capacity of 438 mAhg-1 after 20 cycles, which is ~49% of FeS2 theoretical capacity (894 mAhg-1). The good performance of LiTFSI-TEGDME electrolyte resulted mainly from its low interfacial resistance in Li/FeS2 cells, which showed a decreasing trend with cycling.

Effects of lithium salt and poly(4‐vinyl phenol) on crystalline and amorphous phases in poly(ethylene oxide)

AbstractEffects of a strong‐interacting amorphous polymer, poly(4‐vinyl phenol) (PVPh), and an alkali metal salt, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), on the amorphous and crystalline domains in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were probed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4, up to 10% of the total mass) led to enhanced Tg's, but did not disturb the miscibility state in the amorphous phase of PEO/PVPh blends, where the salt in the form of lithium cation and ClO anion was well dispersed in the matrix. Competitive interactions between PEO, PVPh, and Li+ and ClO ions were evidenced by the elevation of glass transition temperatures and shifting of IR peaks observed for LiClO4‐doped PEO/PVPh blend system. However, the doping distinctly influenced the crystalline domains of LiClO4‐doped PEO or LiClO4‐doped PEO/PVPh blend system. LiClO4 doping in PEO exerted significant retardation on PEO crystal growth. The growth rates for LiClO4‐doped PEO were order‐of‐magnitude slower than those for the salt‐free neat PEO. Dramatic changes in spherulitic patterns were also seen, in that feather‐like dendritic spherulites are resulted, indicating strong interactions. Introduction of both miscible amorphous PVPh polymer and LiClO4 salt in PEO can potentially be a new approach of designing PEO as matrix materials for electrolytes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3357–3368, 2006

Investigation of structural properties associated with alkali–silica reaction by means of macro- and micro-structural analysis

Structural properties associated with alkali–silica reaction were systematically investigated by means of macro-structural accelerated mortar prism expansion levels testing, combined with micro-structural analysis. One part of this study is to determine the reactivity of the aggregate by means of accelerated mortar bar tests, and also to evaluate perlite aggregate constituents, especially the presence of deleterious components and find main causes of the alkali–silica reaction, which was based on the petrographic studies by optical microscope and the implication of X-ray diffraction on the aggregate. Results implied that the aggregate was highly alkali–silica reactive and the main micro-crystalline quartz-intermediate character and matrix that is mainly composed of chalcedony are potentially suitable for alkali–silica reaction. The other part is to study the long-term effect of lithium salts against alkali–silica reaction by testing accelerated mortar prism expansion levels. The macro-structural results were also consistent with the micro-structural mechanisms of alkali–silica reaction of mortar prisms containing this aggregate and the effect of chemical admixtures by means of the methods of scanning electron microscope–X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. It was indicated by these techniques that lithium salts, which were introduced into concrete containing reactive aggregate at the mixing stage, suppressed the alkali–silica reaction by producing non-expansive crystalline materials.

EFFECT OF LITHIUM SALTS ADDITION ON SINTERING TEMPERATURE AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PMNT CERAMICS

ABSTRACT The effect of lithium salts (Li2CO3, LiNO3, LiF) addition on sintering temperature and electrical properties of 0.68Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3 ceramics were investigated. All the samples with lithium salt additions show a typical liquid phase sintering character. The samples with LiNO3 and LiF addition sintered at 1100°C have dense structure. The dielectric loss decreases for the samples with the Li2CO3 and LiNO3 addition, but increases for the samples with LiF addition. The sample with LiF addition sintered at 1150°C has good piezoelectric properties, which d 33 is 620pC/N and K p is 64%. All these may be attributed to the anionic (F−-O2−) substitution.

Michael Addition of Ketone Enolates to α,β‐Unsaturated Esters or Amides in a One‐Pot Procedure: Highly Efficient Effect of Lithium Salt Generated in situ on Organotin Enolate.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

05/00133 Development of 16 kWh power storage system applying Li-ion batteries: Adachi, K. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 119–121, 897–901

The effect of lithium salt and electrolyte solvent on Al corrosion in Li-ion battery electrolytes was studied by using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that, in 1:1 (w/w) ethylene carbonate (EC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) solutions, the pitting potential of Al corrosion is about 3.2 V versus Li+/Li, being independent of the type of salts. However, the salt has considerable impact on Al corrosion. Among the studied Li salts, the stability of Al with respect to the oxidative potentials was found to increase in an order of CF3SO3Li<LiN(SO2CF3)2<LiClO4<LiPF6<LiBF4. We observed that a combination of two salts, such as LiPF6 and CF3SO3Li, lowers the pitting potential and aggravates Al corrosion. Addition of compounds, which contain active fluoride, such as perfluoro-1-butanesulfonyl fluoride (C4F9SO2F), into electrolytes can increase the pitting potential but cannot suppress Al corrosion.

Michael Addition of Ketone Enolates to α,β-Unsaturated Esters or Amides in a One-Pot Procedure: Highly Efficient Effect of Lithium Salt Generated in situ on Organotin Enolate

Michael addition of a metal ketone enolate to an α,β-unsaturated ester is thermodynamically disfavored, and thus, isolated metal enolates with an equimolar amount of Lewis acids or additives are usually required. This work describes the methodology of one-pot Michael addition from the parent ketones and unsaturated esters to the products directly. The treatment of a parent ketone with sec-butyllithium and Bu3SnBr gives a highly coordinated tin enolate that is complexed with LiBr generated in situ. The species is reactive and affords the Michael adducts, δ-keto esters and amides, in the reaction with α,β-unsaturated esters and amides, respectively.

Effects of lithium on primary cultured cerebrocortical neurons of rat

To explore the neuroprotection and the impact on brain development of lithium, the effects of lithium salt on the growth and survival of primary cultured cerebrocortical neurons were studied. The technique of primary cultured cerebrocortical neurons of newborn rats with serum-free medium was established, and the growth and survival of neurons treated with different doses of lithium chloride (0.625, 1.250, 2.500, 5.000, 10.000 mmol/L) were observed. The length of neuronal synapse, cell viability by MTT reduction assay were also measured. The neurons were brighter, germinated rapidly, the neuronal synapse lengthened markedly, and the neurons viability was also better after treated with lithium chloride. Among the five doses, 5.000 mmol/L had the best effect [(53.80 +/- 5.84) micro m, P < 0.01]. Lithium chloride can promote the growth and survival of neurons.

Occlusion of infusion vessels on γ-linolenic acid infusion

γ-linolenic acid (GLA) is known to have selective tumoricidal action. In this study, the effect of lithium salt of GLA conjugated to iodized lymphographic oil (LGIOC) was injected intra-arterially close to the origin of tumor-feeding vessel(s) was studied. Four patients with stage 4 cancer disease (2 with hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 with giant cell tumor of the bone, and one with renal cell carcinoma), were selected for the study. Angiography, radiography and computed axial tomography were performed prior to and immediately after the injection of LGIOC and at periodic intervals. All four patients tolerated the treatment well. The most significant observation was the complete occlusion of the tumor-feeding vessels after LGIOC injection. Follow-up angiograms performed in all the patients showed occlusion of the tumor-feeding vessels is more or less permanent. A significant reduction in the size of the tumor was also observed in these patients. LGIOC showed occlusion of tumor-feeding vessels after infusion, and further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.