Effect Of Humidity Research Articles

Effects of High Humidity and High Salt Spray Environments on Surface Properties of Direct Bonding Copper

Effects of High Humidity and High Salt Spray Environments on Surface Properties of Direct Bonding Copper

Effects of temperature and cathode humidity on performance of PEM full cell

The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is significantly influenced by their temperature and cathode humidity, as they affect power density and internal water distribution. The interdependent nature of these two parameters necessitates their simultaneous consideration in practical engineering to achieve high efficiency and reliable PEMFC operation. Therefore, this study proposes a synergistic analysis of the dual-parameter effect of working temperature and cathode humidity on PEMFC performance, using a three-dimensional steady-state model for counter-flow single-channel PEMFCs. The model's correctness is verified through comparison with experimental results, and the resulting power density and internal water distribution characteristics of PEMFCs are studied based on voltage changes. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) to temperature and cathode humidity varies at different voltage stages. Coupling analysis of these two factors enhances proton exchange membrane conductivity and expands the range of power density adjustment. Consequently, this study provides crucial insights into the interplay between temperature and cathode humidity in PEMFCs, facilitating the design and optimization of PEMFC systems for practical engineering applications.

Quantifying climatic and socioeconomic drivers of urban malaria in Surat, India: a statistical spatiotemporal modelling study

Cities are becoming increasingly important habitats for mosquito vectors of disease. The pronounced heterogeneity of urban landscapes challenges our understanding of the effects of climate and socioeconomic factors on mosquito-borne disease dynamics at different spatiotemporal scales. Here, we quantify the impact of climatic and socioeconomic factors on urban malaria risk, using an extensive dataset in both space and time for reported Plasmodium falciparum cases in the city of Surat, northwest India. We analysed 10 years of monthly P falciparum cases resolved at three nested spatial resolutions (seven zones, 32 units, and 478 worker units) with a Bayesian hierarchical mixed model that incorporates the effects of population density, poverty, relative humidity, and temperature, in addition to random effects (structured and unstructured). To reduce dimensionality and avoid correlation of covariates, socioeconomic variables from survey data were summarised into main axes of variation using principal component analysis. With model selection, we identified the main drivers of spatiotemporal variation in malaria incidence rates at each of the three spatial resolutions. We also compared observations to model-fitted cases by quantifying the percentage of predictions within five discrete levels of malaria risk. The spatial variation of urban malaria cases was stationary over time, whereby locations with high and low yearly cases remained largely consistent across years. Local socioeconomic variation could be summarised with three principal components accounting for approximately 80% of the variance. The model that incorporated local temperature and relative humidity together with two of these principal components, largely representing population density and poverty, best explained monthly malaria patterns in models formulated at the three different spatial scales. As model resolution increased, the effect size of humidity decreased, whereas those of temperature and the principal component associated with population density increased. Model predictions accurately captured aggregated total monthly cases for the city; in space-time, they more closely matched observations at the intermediate scale, with around 57% of units estimated to fall in the observed category on average across years. The mean absolute error was lower at the intermediate level, showing that this is the best aggregation level to predict the space-time dynamics of malaria incidence rates across the city with the selected model. This statistical modelling framework provides a basis for development of a climate-driven early warning system for urban malaria for the units of Surat, including spatially explicit prediction of malaria risk several weeks to months in advance. Results indicate environmental and socioeconomic covariates for which further measurement at high resolution should lead to model improvement. Advanced warning combined with local surveillance and knowledge of disease hotspots within the city could inform targeted intervention as part of urban malaria elimination efforts. US National Institutes of Health.

Weka Modeli Kullanılarak Libya Elektrik Şirketinin Kayıp Enerji Verilerinde Enerji Tassarufu İçin Sınıflandırma Algoritmalarının İyileştirilmesi

The main goal of this study is to compare the performance of the classification algorithms applied to the SCADA database of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system of the General Electricity Company of Libya (GECOL). The company's annual energy and material losses have become seriously important to the Libyan government's research field. The well-established data mining and classification software package known as the WEKA tool is used to minimize these losses,. As necessary data input for algorithms; six different parameters are taken into consideration, namely power production size, energy production duration, energy production date, ambient temperature, humidity level and wind speed. This study is examined in detail for the first time in this article. In addition, considering the temperature variables, humidity, wind and other atmospheric effects of the environment, the energy losses of the company and the country are reduced to a minimum level. As a result, the company's annual electricity consumption is classified as low, medium or high consumption with the simulations. Thus, in cases where energy consumption is high, it is possible to make accurate and rapid decisions regarding the determination and classification of time periods related to energy consumption.

Acoustic monitoring humidity effects on the formation of water bridges at sharp contacts

Shear-force Acoustic Near-field Microscopy (SANM) and Whispering Gallery Acoustic Sensing (WGAS) are used to evaluate the role of humidity on the formation and rupture of water meniscus bridges that form between a laterally oscillating tapered probe and a flat substrate. SANM monitors the near-field acoustic wave emitted by the meniscus, while WGAS monitors acoustically the probe’s amplitude of oscillation, as a function of the probe-sample distance. In the instances reported here, the SANM/WGAS measurements are performed in frequency modulation modality, which allows to discriminate the elastic and inelastic components of the probe-fluid-substrate interaction. The response signal traces, acquired when the probe first approaches and then retracts from the sample at 56% relative humidity (or below), revealed absence of hysteresis; this result persists when performing the same experiment a few days later. However, as the humidity increases (different trials from 56% to 67% are included) a notorious hysteresis is observed between the approach and retraction traces. The results indicate that, as the probe approaches the substrate, a higher humidity promotes an increase of stochastic instabilities in the probe-fluid-substrate interactions (reflected in higher damping effects on the probe, and instabilities in the probe-sample distance feedback control). However, the elastic response of the water meniscus prevails over damping effect, as revealed by the greater acoustic emission despite a decrease in the probe’s amplitude. These measurements are relevant to investigations on the dynamic behavior of fluids near hydrophobic/philic substrates, and wetting properties of solids and nanotribology phenomena in general.

Coupled effects of temperature and relative humidity on desiccation curling of a clayey soil

Soil curling caused by drying is a common phenomenon in nature, and it can vary depending on different atmospheric effects. To investigate the coupled effects of temperature and relative humidity on soil curling, a sequence of desiccation experiments were performed by using elongated strip soil samples in the laboratory. The soil curling process is divided into five stages: vertical settlement stage, lateral contraction stage, concave-up curling stage, curling recovery stage and convex-up curling stage. In this study, the soil evaporation characteristic and curvature curves are obtained under different temperature and relative humidity conditions. The findings revealed that a lower relative humidity results in a higher evaporation rate and a smaller maximum concave-up curling curvature for soil samples. Additionally, as the temperature increased, the water content associated with concave curling decreased. The maximum concave-up curling curvature was determined by the transition from the appearance of concave-up curling to the maximum curvature of concave-up curling. Under the coupled effect of temperature and relative humidity, all the water content associated with the occurrence of concave-up curling, maximum concave-up and convex-up curling appearance are reduced with increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity. As the temperature ranged from 20 °C to 40 °C, the maximum concave-up curling curvature initially decreased and then increased. Conversely, the maximum concave-up curling curvature increased within the relative humidity range of 30% to 45%.

Effect of temperature, relative humidity and drip irrigation on productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico

In southern Sonora, Mexico, the temperature has maintained a tendency to increase 0.2°C every spring season, which poses a risk for bean production, since high temperatures might occur during the critical periods of flowering and grain-filling that define the final grain yield. The objective was to determine the impact of temperature and relative humidity on bean grain yield and quality in two commercial fields (B-2110 and B-2228) sown in two dates (March 9 and 25, and 3 and 27, respectively) with cultivar Pinto Saltillo, in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora under drip irrigation. The fruiting period was evaluated in relation to temperature, relative humidity and drip irrigation sheets. Meteorological data were obtained from digital sensors installed within the crop, in addition to the meteorological stations closest to each field. The analysis of variance was highly significant for number of pods with grain, number of grains per pod, specific grain weight, and grain yield ha-1. Bean grain yield varied from 1,204 to 3,271 kg ha-1; the highest yield was obtained in field B-2110 on the first date, where a total water sheet of 50.4 cm was applied with a 12.1 day interval between 8 irrigations; while the lowest yield was obtained in B-2228 on the second date where a total water sheet of 59.60 cm was applied with a 5.6 day interval between 14 irrigations. The number of continuous hours and days with temperature greater than 33°C and relative humidity greater than 90% during the fruitful stage of the crop, were related to the greatest number of pods without grain and the lowest grain weight, with a significant reduction in the quality for consumption. The consumption quality of the grain was mainly affected in the late sowing dates, where losses of 32.6 to 48.7% were obtained in fields B-2110 and B-2228, respectively.

NDR effect and negative-set/reset phenomenon in core-shell structure-based memristor under the effect of humidity

The potential applications of memristors in the post-Moore era of rapidly developing next-generation artificial intelligence and high-frequency communication technologies are immense. The effects on the resistive switching (RS) characteristics based on Ag Salt@TiO2 memristive device with a nano core-shell structure under different relative humidity (RH) environments have been investigated in this work. Negative-set/reset phenomena occurs in negative voltage region due to excessive growth of conductive filaments (CFs). When the CF returns to normal growth, the current suddenly decreases in the positive high voltage area at lower humidity, which can be explained by the dissolution and growth hindrance of the CFs. Furthermore, the coexistence of negative differential resistance (NDR) and bipolar RS at room temperature can be regulated by adjusting humidity. The current conduction mechanism of the device in both dry and humid environments were fitted using the ohmic conduction mechanism, space charge-limited current (SCLC) conduction mechanism, and Schottky emission mechanism.

Differences in the reproductive output and larval survival of Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) from prairie populations near their northern distributional limits in western Canada.

The effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on female reproductive output, egg development and larval survival were determined for Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) from a prairie population (Chin Lakes, Alberta, Canada) near the northern distribution limit of this species. The responses of D. andersoni eggs and unfed larvae to different temperature (25 or 32°C) and RH (35, 55, 75, 85 or 95%) regimes were compared to our previously published data (Diyes et al. 2021) for a northern prairie population of American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis). Oviposition by D. andersoni females took 21-30 days at 25°C and 95% RH compared to 10-21 days for D. variabilis. The number of eggs laid by female ticks was strongly dependent on their engorgement weight, and D. andersoni females produced more eggs than D. variabilis females of an equivalent body weight. Eggs of D. andersoni took less time to develop at 32°C than 25°C with ≥ 85% RH, and hatched faster than those of D. variabilis. Larval survival times declined as temperature increased and RH decreased, but D. andersoni survived longer at 32°C and ≤ 75% RH than D. variabilis. The interspecific differences in responses to the same temperature and humidity regimes indicate that D. andersoni is xerophilic, whereas D. variabilis is hydrophilic. Hence, 'prairie' populations of the Rocky Mountain wood tick occur in the drier grassland ecoregions but are absent in Aspen Parklands Ecoregion which is located to the north and east of the distributional range of D. andersoni.

Increased Risk for Hospitalization Associated with Short Term Particle Air Pollution Exposure for California Residents with Sickle Cell Disease

Background: Air pollution is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes in the general population such as asthma exacerbations, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, and stroke. There is a strong association between air pollution and mechanistic processes associated with oxidative stress, vasoconstriction, and inflammation, suggesting a high risk of exposure for those with sickle cell disease (SCD). A small number of published studies have explored this relationship, primarily focusing on children. Only two studies have examined air pollution in the US, both with outcomes among urban area hospitals in Atlanta, GA. None have taken place in California, which has the worst air quality, including the four most polluted cities in year-round particle pollution in the nation. Additionally, all published studies have overlooked more rural exposure areas. Recent advances in environmental exposure assessment have enabled high-resolution predictions of ambient air pollution concentrations in the whole US, making it possible to cover unmonitored suburban and rural areas that were unrepresented in the past. In addition, these high-resolution predictions are more precise surrogates of the personal exposure measures than monitored data. Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less (PM 2.5) is the most harmful pollutant based on current research findings. We hypothesized that short term increases in PM 2.5 exposure were associated with an increased risk for hospitalization among individuals with SCD in California. Methods: We designed a time-stratified case-crossover study to estimate the percent change in risk for hospitalization for SCD complications associated with each 1mg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 exposure. The zip code of residence was used to spatially link each hospital admission with PM 2.5 exposure using a novel hybrid exposure model allowing for estimated exposure in areas without direct remote sensing. We used conditional logistic regressions to examine the PM 2.5 exposures at 7-day moving average and single lag days (from lag 0 to 6 days) before admission, adjusting for nonlinear confounding effects of air temperature and humidity at the same exposure window. We examined risk for all hospitalizations and specifically for vaso-occlusive pain (VOC) and acute chest syndrome (ACS). Results: From 2000-2016, among 5,835 California residents with SCD, there were 107,450 admissions for sickle cell disease complications with VOC being the most common indication (71.1%). PM 2.5 air pollution data was examined among 2,634 zip codes throughout the state. Residents with SCD were noted to be living among 1,180 zip codes. The daily burden of PM 2.5 was higher in zip codes with residents with SCD (mean 11.5 mg/m 3, standard deviation [SD] 9.0) when compared to zip codes without residents known to have SCD (mean 9.2 mg/m 3, SD 8.6, p<0.001) ( Table 1). Overall, the mean daily burden of PM 2.5 declined in the period of 2010-2016 when compared to that from 2000-2009. However, the daily mean PM 2.5 concentration remained higher in zip codes with individuals with SCD. No significant association was seen in examining the week-long exposure to PM 2.5 and increase risk in hospitalizations for any indication over the entire study period (2000-2016). However, when examining the more contemporary period of 2010-2016, we identified that each 1mg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 was associated with 0.22% increased risk for SCD hospitalization (Confidence Interval [CI] 0.02-0.42, p=0.03) 3 days prior to admission. We observed a 0.26% increased risk for hospitalization for VOC with each 1 mg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 exposure (CI 0.02-0.49, p=0.03) at lag day 3 (Figure 1). No effect was seen with PM 2.5 on hospitalizations for ACS during any time period. Discussion: Our study suggests that short term air pollution exposure may be a trigger for hospitalization for individuals with SCD. In particular this effect is seen in the more recent years with a lower daily average PM 2.5 burden overall, suggesting attention may be needed well below Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) thresholds. Consistent with previous studies, lag day 3 PM 2.5 exposure is associated with an increased risk for hospitalization for VOC. These results may have important implications in understanding risk factors for hospitalization for children and adults with SCD.

Effects of Humidity on Tribological Properties of 8YSZ/C Coating Designed by the Combination of Thermal Spraying and Hydrothermal Reaction

Thermal spraying ceramic coatings have been widely used to prevent wear damage. However, the poor lubricating ability seriously restricted their application. In this article, zirconia stabilized by 8 wt% yttria (8YSZ)‐C composite coating is prepared with the combination of in‐situ synthesis carbon microspheres in the pores of as‐sprayed 8YSZ coating by hydrothermal reaction. The chemical constituents and morphologies of the synthesized powders and the composite coatings are analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure and tribological behaviors of the composite coating are studied by SEM, TEM. and Raman analysis. The influence of humidity on the structural evolution of carbon microspheres during sliding wear process is discussed. The results show that the synthetic C powders exhibit a typical spherical structure. Meanwhile, carbon microspheres adhere to the pores of the 8YSZ coating. The friction and wear experiments in different humidity show that the re‐graphitization of amorphous carbon becomes extremely obvious with the increase of humidity. Under the 80% humidity, an ordered graphene nanoscroll structure is formed, resulting in the optimization of the tribological properties. Furthermore, the friction coefficient of composite coating is reduced to 0.18, and its wear rate is about 1 times lower than that of under the 10% humidity.

Effects of temperature and humidity on cerebrovascular disease hospitalization in a super-aging society

Weather conditions influence the incidence of cardiovascular disease. However, few studies have investigated the association between weather temperature and humidity and cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations in a super-aging society. We included 606,807 consecutive patients with cerebrovascular disease admitted to Japanese acute-care hospitals between 2015 and 2019. The primary outcome was the number of cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations per day. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models were used to estimate the association of mean temperature and humidity, 1 day before hospital admission, with cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations, after adjusting for air pollution, hospital, and patient demographics. Lower mean temperatures and humidity < 70% or humidity ≧ 70% are associated with an increased incidence of cerebrovascular disease hospitalization (coefficient, − 1.442 [− 1.473 to − 1.411] per °C, p < 0.001, coefficient, − 0.084 [− 0.112 to − 0.056] per%, p < 0.001, and coefficient, 0.136 [0.103 to 0.168] per %, p < 0.001, respectively). Lower mean temperatures and extremely lower or higher humidity are associated with an increased incidence of cerebrovascular disease hospitalization in a super-aging society.

Study on ambient temperature and humidity in the construction tunnel under the influence of ventilation and hot water gushing

The influx of hot water will intensify the detrimental effects of heat and humidity during the excavation of high geothermal tunnels. The spatiotemporal evolution of the ambient temperature-humidity field in the construction tunnel under the coupling action of ventilation and hot water is critical. Based on the theory of heat and mass transfer, a numerical model was developed to simulate the temperature and humidity conditions within a construction tunnel. The model considers the coupling effects of heat and moisture between airflow, hot water, and the surrounding rock. The distribution of temperature and humidity in the tunnel was analyzed, and the study investigated the influence mechanisms of ventilation volume (Va) and water gushing conditions on the ambient temperature and humidity in the construction tunnel. The main conclusions include: (1) During tunnel construction, the airflow temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH) varied as follows: heating and humidifying, constant humidity heating, and constant humidity cooling. (2) Altering the water temperature (Tw) will affect the distribution pattern of RH from the working face to the tunnel portal. Similarly, modifying the length of the ditch without the cover plate (Lc) will impact the distribution trend of Ta and RH. (3) When the Va affects the RH mainly through the airflow velocity rather than the evaporation coefficient, the linearity between the Va and RH is weak. Water volume and Tw both impact the humidity distribution by altering the amount of heat needed for evaporation. (4) Given the significance of the impact of individual factors on the temperature and humidity, it is advised that the Ta and RH be regulated by increasing the Va and decreasing the Lc, respectively. The research can give direction for temperature and humidity control in a tunnel where hot water gushes during construction.

Polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes fabricated from green solvents: Significance of coagulation bath composition

Even though membranes can lead to more environmentally sustainable separation processes, membrane casting typically involves toxic organic solvents. Recently, there has been increasing interest in substituting these toxic solvents for green solvents. In this study, polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated by nonsolvent induced phase separation using two green, bio-derived solvents: Cyrene and gamma-valerolactone (GVL). The effect of coagulation bath composition was investigated, with water, ethanol, and water/ethanol mixtures tested as nonsolvents in the bath. Membranes were characterized and their performance was tested by dead-end filtration. For both Cyrene and GVL, using pure water in the coagulation bath resulted in membranes with residual solvent trapped inside. During dead-end filtration, these membranes were either impermeable (in the case of GVL) or had very low bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection (in the case of Cyrene). Concentrations of ∼ 50–75 v% ethanol in the coagulation bath led to improved solvent removal and better pore formation, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. These membranes also had higher flux and rejection. For example, membranes cast using Cyrene with a 65:35 volumetric ratio of ethanol:water in the coagulation bath achieved 70.1 L/m2/h water flux at 2.41 bar and 96.7 % BSA rejection. Additionally, the effect of humidity on membranes cast using GVL was investigated. Membranes cast under moderate humidity had novel surface morphologies with porous dimples ∼ 1 µm wide. Overall, these results show that Cyrene and GVL are promising solvents for preparing polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes. The work highlights the importance of relating membrane properties to casting conditions.

Effect of relative humidity on methane explosion characteristics of curved pipes in pipe gallery

To explore the influence of relative humidity on the explosion characteristics of methane-premixed gas in the urban underground pipe corridor. The experiment took a 30° bend pipe as an example, and the relative humidity in the pipe had been set to 50% RH, 70% RH, and 90% RH while changing the methane volume fraction to 7%, 9.5%, and 12% to study its influence on the explosion characteristics. When the methane volume fraction is 9.5%, the relative humidity under the same conditions is set in the straight pipe to compare the parameter changes of flame morphology and explosion pressure. The results show that when the methane in the bend is entirely burned, the flame propagation time is delayed by 32.64% by the influence of relative humidity, the flame is hindered by the wall of the bend, the phenomenon of multiple enhancement occurs, and the flame in the straight pipe decays monotonically with the increase of relative humidity. The relative humidity stabilizes the explosion pressure; the relative humidity of 70% RH in the bend has the best impact on suppressing the explosion pressure, and the relative humidity of 90% RH in the straight pipe dramatically reduces the explosion pressure range. In the bending pipe, the relative humidity inhibited the flame propagation velocity, and the flame propagation velocity at 70% RH and 90% RH decreased by 15.46% and 10.65%, respectively, compared with 50% RH.

Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Absorption Spectrum and Concentration of N2O Using an Open-Path Sensor System

This paper examines the effects of temperature and humidity on the absorption spectrum and concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) using a compact, portable open optical-path gas detection sensor system. We obtained the absorption coefficient and widened the linear function of the N2O absorption spectrum related to temperature by theoretical analysis and the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption database (HITRAN). Afterward, we conducted real-time monitoring of N2O in both campus and laboratory environments using lasers for a duration of 32 h and 6 h, respectively, and the results were compared and analyzed with the theoretical derivation. The results show that the concentration of N2O increased with increasing environmental temperature but decreased with increasing humidity. Furthermore, the variations in temperature and humidity significantly affected the peak values of the second-harmonic (2f) and first-harmonic (1f) signals. Finally, the temperature N2O concentration and humidity N2O curves were calibrated separately, and temperature changes were positively correlated with the N2O concentration, while humidity changes were negatively correlated with the N2O concentration. The experimental results indicate that the concentration of N2O and its absorption spectra are influenced by humidity and temperature, which has a significant reference value in the absorption and measurement of N2O in practical applications.

Effect of plasticizer composition on the properties of injection molded cassava starch-based bioplastics

Sustainability has led to an exponential increase in the interest for using renewable resources. The abundance of starch in nature has promoted the production of starch-based bioplastics through widespread industrial techniques employed for conventional polymers, such as injection molding (IM). This research specifically aims to assess the effect of different plasticizers (i.e., glycerol, glycerol/water) on the properties of cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch bioplastics obtained through IM. Through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile tests, viscoelastic and mechanical properties of the bioplastics at different plasticizer to starch ratios (30–40 %, w/w) were analyzed. Other properties, such as water uptake capacity (WUC) or soluble matter loss were studied and related to the structure of the materials analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on dynamic mechanical response of bioplastics was explored. Mixed plasticizer fractions, including glycerol and water, gave rise to hardened materials with rougher surfaces that were dramatically softened at both low and high RH. The low WUC and uniform structure displayed by materials produced from cassava starch and 30 % of glycerol might be of interest for its application in food packaging due to their optimal performance with temperature at high RH (80 %).

The effects of humidity on the adhesion of pharmaceutical excipients to steel surfaces

The adhesion between powders and surfaces is influenced by their topography. We investigate the relationships between the topography on stainless steel, the humidity, and the adhesion of three pharmaceutical powders. These relationships are captured within ‘effective’ work of adhesion parameters tuned using the enhanced centrifuge method (ECM). The parameters describe the effects of the size, shape, humidity, and topography on the adhesion. The powders' ability to nestle into features on the steel drove the work of adhesion. When the powders absorbed moisture, the balance of moisture-driven deformation and increased mass dictated the powder removal from the surface. The irregularly shaped hypromellose (HPMC) adhered more strongly to the stainless steel at low humidity than at high. The lactose monohydrate and ABT-089 showed the opposite behavior. The HPMC adhered more strongly to the rough steel than to the smooth or untreated steel. The lactose monohydrate and ABT-089 again showed the opposite behavior.

Regimes of Soil Moisture–Wet-Bulb Temperature Coupling with Relevance to Moist Heat Stress

Abstract Human heat stress depends jointly on atmospheric temperature and humidity. Wetter soils reduce temperature but also raise humidity, making the collective impact on heat stress unclear. To better understand these interactions, we use ERA5 to examine the coupling between daily average soil moisture and wet-bulb temperature (Tw) and its seasonal and diurnal cycle at global scale. We identify a global soil moisture–Tw coupling pattern with both widespread negative and positive correlations in contrast to the well-established cooling effect of wet soil on dry-bulb temperature. Regions showing positive correlations closely resemble previously identified land–atmosphere coupling hotspots where soil moisture effectively controls surface energy partition. Soil moisture–Tw coupling varies seasonally closely tied to monsoon development, and the positive coupling is slightly stronger and more widespread during nighttime. Local-scale analysis demonstrates a nonlinear structure of soil moisture–Tw coupling with stronger coupling under relatively dry soils. Hot days with high Tw values show wetter-than-normal soil, anomalous high latent and low sensible heat flux from a cooler surface, and a shallower boundary layer. This supports the hypothesis that wetter soil increases Tw by concentrating surface moist enthalpy flux within a shallower boundary layer and reducing free-troposphere-air entrainment. We identify areas of particular interest for future studies on the physical mechanisms of soil moisture–heat stress coupling. Our findings suggest that increasing soil moisture might amplify heat stress over large portions of the world including several densely populated areas. These results also raise questions about the effectiveness of evaporative cooling strategies in ameliorating urban heat stress. Significance Statement The purpose of this study is to provide a global picture of the relationship between soil moisture anomalies and a heat stress metric that includes the joint effects of temperature and humidity. This is important because a better understanding of this relationship will help improve the prediction of extreme heat stress events and inform strategies for ameliorating heat stress. We find a widespread positive correlation between soil moisture and heat stress, in contrast to studies relying on temperature alone. This raises the possibility that, over much of the world, and in the most populous regions, strategies like irrigation or “greening” that can reduce temperature might be ineffective or even harmful in reducing heat stress with humidity incorporated.

Optimizing BSF Maggot Larva Cultivation: Effect of Temperature, pH, and Humidity with Arduino Mega Monitoring

Optimizing BSF Maggot Larva Cultivation: Effect of Temperature, pH, and Humidity with Arduino Mega Monitoring