Effect Of Heat Treatment Research Articles

Effect of heat treatment on the interface and property enhancement of reduced graphene oxide/2024Al matrix composites

Effect of heat treatment on the interface and property enhancement of reduced graphene oxide/2024Al matrix composites

Effect of Cryogenic Heat Treatment on Multiple Tempered D-2 Tool Steel

The present day scenario in the manufacturing sector demands high productivity and the life of cutting tools plays a major role in increasing productivity. The freezing of metals has been acknowledged, for many decades, as an effective method for increasing" wear life" and decreasing residual stress in tool steels. Wear test using pin-on-disc machine was used to investigate the effect of multiple tempering after cryogenic treatment of D-2 tool steel. Conventional quenching (1010◦C) and tempering (515◦C) treatments were given along with intermediate cryogenic treatment (−196◦C). Specimens were subjected to wear tests on pin-on-disc machine in dry sliding condition for sliding distance of 6000 m at 6 kg load and for sliding speed of 3.0 m/s. Hardness data, microstructures, wear loss and Microstructure analys is analysis of worn surface throw light on the underlying metallurgical mechanism responsible in improving wear resistance property of the D-2 tool steel

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Supramolecular Structure of Copolymers Based on Poly(propylene glycol fumarate phthalate) with Acrylic Acid

Previous studies investigating the thermal decomposition of p-PGFPh:AA copolymers in an inert atmosphere have provided only a general understanding of the changes that occur during thermolysis. Comprehensive studies are required to gain a better understanding of these processes [1]. The most comprehensive information on the influence of various factors on both the kinetics and the supramolecular structure of the resulting products can be obtained by combining the method of thermal analysis with IR, mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The compounds studied have two different compositions, namely p‑PGFPh:AA 6.77:93.23 mol % and p-PGFPh:AA 86.67:13.33 mol %. These compounds were then subjected to a thermolysis process, which resulted in the emission of gases and a decrease in sample weight. The degradation process can be divided into three stages: 1) Depolymerization of the main chain; 2) Depolymerization of the side chain; 3) Final decomposition. These processes occur sequentially at different temperature ranges. According to TG- and DTG studies, complete decomposition of p-PGFPh:AA copolymers occurred at Tterm = 340–350 °C. In this temperature range, a slight loss of sample mass (less than 10 wt %) was observed along with a slight gas evolution. The main gaseous products from the transformation of the studied samples were CO and CO2. This was supported by IR-CO (2000–2200 cm−1) and CO2 (2310–2370 cm−1) as well as mass spectrometric observations. The final products resulting from the thermolysis of p-PGFPh:AA copolymers were examined under an electron microscope. The results showed a similar morphological pattern of mesostructures with sizes ranging from 0.3–1.5 μm, which were observed depending on the porous structure of the initial polymer material. Based on the experimental data, it can be concluded that the p-PGFPh:AA copolymers (in proportions of 6.77:93.23 mol % and 86.67:13.33 mol %) have a relatively high degree of resistance to heating and do not undergo any changes in chemical composition, particle size and shape. In conclusion, the results clearly indicate that the selection of conditions for pyrolysis plays a crucial role in increasing the thermal stability of polymeric materials. This method allows for purposeful changes in the structure and properties of polymers.

Effect of Pre-Weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of a Wind Power Steel after Simulated Welding

The effect of pre-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and low-temperature impact toughness of the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) after simulated welding was systematically investigated through the utilization of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD). The Charpy impact test validated the presence of an optimal pre-weld heat treatment condition, resulting in the highest impact toughness observed in the CGHAZ. Three temperatures for pre-weld heat treatment (690, 720 and 750 °C) were used to obtain three different matrices (Steel 1, Steel 2, Steel 3) for simulated welding. The optimal pre-weld heat treatment is 720 °C for 15 min followed by water quench. Microstructure characterization showed that there is an evident microstructure comprising bainite (B) in Steel 1 and Steel 2 after pre-weld heat treatment, while the addition of martensite (M) with the pre-weld heat treatment temperature exceeds Ac1 by almost 60 °C (Steel 3). These differences in microstructures obtained from pre-weld heat treatment influence the refinement of high-temperature austenite during subsequent simulated welding reheating processes, resulting in distinct microstructural characteristics in the CGHAZ. After the optimal pre-weld heat treatment, Steel 2 subjected to single-pass welding thermal simulation demonstrates a refined microstructure characterized by a high density of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) within the CGHAZ, particularly evident in block boundaries. These boundaries effectively prevent the propagation of brittle cracks, thereby enhancing the impact toughness.

The effect of heat treatment on the anisotropic mechanical properties of metastable β titanium alloy

The effect of heat treatment on the anisotropic mechanical properties of metastable β titanium alloy is investigated in this work. The anisotropic deformation behaviour is mainly due to the formation of band-like macrozone and texture during forging, which can be effectively weakened by solution + aging treatment. Both the microstructure and texture of the heat treated samples are favourable for the lower strength, higher ductility and impact toughness of axis direction (AD) samples than circumferential direction (CD) ones. Besides, the CD impact samples have stronger anisotropy than AD samples. The delamination along different directions happens in the impact fracture surface of CD samples.

Effects of Heat Treatment on the Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Characteristics of Resorcinol Formaldehyde Silicon Dioxide Ceramic Particles

In light of the pressing environmental and health issues stemming from electromagnetic pollution, advanced electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are urgently sought to solve these problems. The present study delved into the fabrication of the resorcinol formaldehyde (RF)/SiO2 ceramic particles using the sol–gel route. From SEM images and XRD and XPS analysis, it can be seen that the RF/SiO2 ceramic particles are successfully generated after heat treatment at 1500 °C. At room temperature, the sample treated at 1500 °C exhibited a minimum reflection loss of −47.6 dB in the range of 2–18 GHz when the matching thickness was 5.5 mm, showcasing strong attenuation capabilities. Moreover, these particles demonstrated a considerable effective electromagnetic wave absorption bandwidth of 3.14 GHz, evidencing their potential for wideband electromagnetic wave absorption. The temperature adjustment played a pivotal role in achieving optimal impedance matching. When the heat treatment temperature is increased from 800 °C to 1500 °C, the dielectric properties of the material are improved, thus achieving the best impedance matching, thereby optimizing the material’s absorption properties for specific frequency ranges, which makes it possible to customize the electromagnetic wave-absorbing characteristics to meet specific requirements across a range of applications.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-7Mo-8Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-7Mo-8Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Wear resistance optimized by heat treatment of an in-situ TiC strengthened AlCoCrFeNi laser cladding coating

Abstract An AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coating containing 20 % mass fraction of TiC was prepared using the laser cladding method. The effect of heat treatment on the coating’s microstructure was analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that following high-temperature heat treatment, the phase transition of AlCoCrFeNi–20%TiC shifted from BCC to FCC at 750 °C. Through microhardness and wear resistance tests, the increased diffusion of carbon post-heat treatment led to a higher precipitation of TiC-reinforced phases, resulting in exceptional wear resistance with a notable 128.3 % enhancement.

Effect of heat treatment on the radial structure of coaxial polyacrylonitrile/mesophase pitch composite fiber

AbstractCoaxial composite fibers with a cortex of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and a core layer of mesophase pitch (MP) and PAN were prepared by wet spinning, then heat‐treated in air. The effects of heat treatment on the thermal reaction characteristics, pre‐oxidation degree, radial structure, and thermal stability of coaxial composite fibers were studied by differential scanning calorometry, Raman, and thermogravimetric analysis. As the heat treatment temperature increases, the coaxial composite fibers only undergo cyclization without oxidation, the peak temperature of the thermal reaction increases from 258 to 270°C, and the enthalpy increases from 19.66 to 237.82 J g−1, the heat mainly arises from the PAN component. The Dr value of the coaxial fiber skin layer increases from 0.193 to 0.255 (330°C) and then decreases to 0.236; the core layer Dr value increases from 0.353 to 0.392 (310°C) and then decreases to 0.368. The pre‐oxidation reaction leads to an increase in sp2‐hybridized carbons and an increase in pre‐oxidation degree. When the heat treatment temperature <310°C, the pre‐oxidation degree of the composite fibers increases, leading to formation of a more stable structure compared with that at lower temperatures and an increase in the carbon residue rate.

Correction: Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Rolled Mg-4Y-3Nd-1.5Al Alloy

Correction: Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Rolled Mg-4Y-3Nd-1.5Al Alloy

Corrosion behaviour of SiC particulate reinforced AZ31 magnesium matrix composite in 3.5 % NaCl with and without heat treatment

Magnesium is a lightweight structural material widely utilised in automotive applications. To enhance its mechanical properties, ceramic particulate reinforcement can be incorporated, particularly for wear resistance and high-temperature applications. However, the addition of ceramic particles to magnesium can compromise its corrosion resistance due to microgalvanic cell formation at the interfaces between the Mg matrix and the second phase. This reduces the chemical protection provided by the passive film. In this study, the corrosion properties of AZ31 and AZ31-5SiC samples were investigated, with a focus on the effect of heat treatment. Detailed microstructural and electrochemical analyses revealed that the AZ31 cast sample forms an effective passive film, resulting in improved corrosion resistance. However, the addition of SiC particles to AZ31 increased the corrosion rate, with corrosion mechanisms evolving over time. To mitigate these effects, a heat treatment process was employed to dissolve β-Mg17Al12 eutectic and Al8Mn5 intermetallic phases. The heat-treated AZ31 with SiC exhibited an improvement in corrosion resistance. These findings highlight the potential for heat treatment to enhance their corrosion resistance, thereby broadening their application prospects.

Investigations on the Effect of Heat Treatment on Wear Behavior and Structure of Inconel 713 Alloy

Investigations on the Effect of Heat Treatment on Wear Behavior and Structure of Inconel 713 Alloy

Effect of Aging Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Al–Cu–Mg Alloy

Effect of Aging Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Al–Cu–Mg Alloy

Catalytic performance of modified carbon black on methane decomposition for hydrogen production.

Carbon-based catalysts catalyze methane decomposition to produce hydrogen is a very attractive technical route. Carbon black in carbon-based catalysts has the advantages of high catalytic activity, good stability and better tolerance to toxic impurities such as sulphur in the feedstock, which has become a hot topic of research for many scientists. In this work, the effect of heat treatment on the structural and surface properties of carbon blacks and their catalytic performance in hydrogen production from methane decomposition was investigated. A commercial carbon blacks N110 was selected to heat treatment with nitrogen or carbon dioxide atmosphere at 850 °C, respectively. The Raman spectrums indicated that the graphitization degree of modified carbon under two atmospheres were promoted with the treatment time increasing. BET results revealed that the specific surface area of the carbon black treated under carbon dioxide increased, while the specific surface area was unchanged for that of the carbon black treated under nitrogen. The catalytic test of the two modified carbon blacks for methane decomposition exhibited the almost same activity, which meant that the graphitization degree of carbon black is the key factor for methane decomposition rather than the specific surface area. It was suggested that highly graphitized carbon black could be used as the potential catalysts for hydrogen production from methane decomposition.

Heat treatment Effect of Mg-5Sn-3Zn-1Mn Alloy with different Silicon addition

Heat treatment Effect of Mg-5Sn-3Zn-1Mn Alloy with different Silicon addition

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Material Property and Cell Viability of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4 V.

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) holds promise for producing medium to large industrial components. Application of WAAM in the manufacturing of biomedical materials has not yet been evaluated. The current study addresses two key research questions: first, the suitability of the WAAMed Ti6Al4V alloy for biomedical applications, and second, the effect of Ti6Al4V's constituents (α and β phases) on the cell viability. The WAAMed Ti6Al4V alloy was fabricated (as-deposited: AD) using a metal inert gas (MIG)-based wire arc system using an in-house designed shielding chamber filled with argon. Subsequently, samples were subjected to solution treatment (950 °C for 1 h), followed by aging at 480 °C (T1), 530 °C (T2), and 580 °C (T3) for 8 h and subsequent normalization to ambient conditions. Microstructural analysis revealed ∼45.45% of α'-Ti colonies in the as-deposited samples, reducing to 23.26% postaging at 580 °C (T3). The α-lath thickness and interstitial oxygen content in the sample were observed to be proportional to the aging temperature, peaking at 580 °C (T3). Remarkably, during tribocorrosion analysis in simulated body fluid, the 580 °C-aged T3 sample displayed the lowest corrosion rate (7.9 μm/year) and the highest coefficient of friction (CoF) at 0.58, showing the effect of increasing oxygen content in the alloy matrix. Cell studies showed significant growth at 530 and 580 °C by day 7, correlated with higher oxygen content, while other samples had declining cell density. Additionally, optimal metallurgical property ranges were identified to enhance the Ti6Al4V alloy's biocompatibility, providing crucial insights for biomedical implant development.

Investigation of Two Laser Heat Treatment Strategies for Local Softening of a Sheet in Age-Hardening Aluminum Alloy by Means of Physical Simulation

AbstractCar manufacturers increasingly aid high-strength aluminum alloys for their advantageous weight-to-strength ratio, but their limited formability poses challenges in plastic deformation processes. Tailored heat-treated blanks (THTBs) are a propitious approach to improve formability. Surface laser treatment is the predominant technology for obtaining THTB. To design this process quickly and accurately, without material waste, the use of physical simulation is increasingly promising. It allows replicating the process on a lab-scale and studying posttreatment mechanical and metallurgical properties. By adopting Gleeble® physical simulator, this study investigates the softening effects of local surface laser heat treatment on a EN AW 6082 T6 aluminum alloy blank. Two laser movement strategies—single linear path and multiple rectangular paths—were investigated at two treatment speeds for each. A finite element (FE) model was developed for simulating the process under all explored conditions. FE-derived thermal cycles were reproduced by means of physical simulation. After physical tests, alloy mechanical properties were evaluated. Results show that these properties depend on both the peak temperature thermal cycle and the interaction time between the laser source and the material surface. The comparison between the two strategies revealed that the multiple rectangular paths strategy allows to achieve a wider softened area at comparable interaction times.

Effect of direct aging heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Laser Powder Bed Fused Maraging steel 300 grade alloy

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of a 6-hour direct aging heat treatment at 490°C on the mechanical, tribological, and microstructure characteristics of laser powder bed fused maraging 300 steels, which is produced at various laser energy densities. After direct aging heat treatment, the grain boundaries become irregular and vague due to the residual stress releasing, squeezing of precipitates into the grain boundaries, and phase transformations. The XRD analysis reveals the reverted austenite (γ') phase forms during age treatment due to the inevitable reversion of metastable martensite to the stable reverted γ' phase. The heat-treated samples microhardness rises with rising the Laser Energy Density (LED) from 61.33 to 92.10 J/mm3 due to a decrease in the reversed austenite phase and a further rise in LED decreases the microhardness due to a rise in the reversed austenite phase. The heat-treated sample produced at LED of 92.10 J/mm3 shows maximum yield, ultimate tensile strengths, and minimum elongation percentage due to its high microhardness, and the fractography results show the failure mode as a mixed brittle and ductile fracture. The wear rate of the heat-treated additively manufactured maraging 300 steel decreases as the LED increases from 61.41 to 92.1 J/mm3 and a further rise in LED increases the wear rate. The wear rate rises with a rise in sliding velocity from 1.5-3.5 m/s. The dominant wear mechanism was observed as abrasion with small grooves and saplings.

Enhancing tensile properties of MIG welded AA6061 joints: Effect of pulse mode and post-weld heat treatment

Metal-Inert Gas (MIG) welding is one of the most important welding technologies commonly used in the manufacturing industry due to its high degree of automation and welding adaptability. However, softening is prone to occur in fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) of AA6061 MIG welded joint, which limits its application. In this work, AA6061 was welded by MIG welding with different pulse modes, and the post-welding heat treatment was carried out. The results show that the dual pulse MIG (DP-MIG) and PWHT can significantly improve the mechanical properties of AA6061 butt joint, and its ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is 331.3 MPa, even more than 90% of the base material (BM). In this paper, the microstructure of welded joints under different pulse conditions before and after PWHT was compared, and the relationship between the welding process, microstructure, and mechanical properties was established Furthermore, the influence mechanisms of pulse mode and PWHT on the mechanical properties of welded joints were explained in detail.

Effect of Post-Deformation Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 617 Alloy

Effect of Post-Deformation Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 617 Alloy